风力机玻璃钢叶片疲劳寿命分析

该文对大型风力机玻璃钢叶片疲劳寿命的工程估算方法进行了研究。运用片条理论分析了影响风力机叶片疲劳寿命的气动载荷分布；根据有限元模态叠加法，计算了叶片在气动力、重力和旋转惯性力等确定性载荷作用下的动态应力响应；介绍了玻璃钢材料的疲劳破坏过程、破坏准则，探讨了玻璃钢材料疲劳性能及疲劳寿命估计方法；最后，运用Palmgren Miner的线性疲劳损伤累积法则提出了一种玻璃钢叶片安全寿命估计方法。通过所设计的1．5兆瓦变速变桨距风力机叶片疲劳寿命估计的算例表明，本文提出的玻璃钢叶片疲劳寿命估计方法是可靠和实用的。     

基于风剪切的多风轮风力发电系统叶片载荷研究

搭建由10个50 W水平轴风力机组成的多风轮发电系统,并对该系统所在位置风剪切系数进行测试。基于叶素理论建立水平轴风力发电机叶片载荷简化计算公式。在同样的风剪切条件下,计算总功率为500 W单风轮风力机和多风轮风力发电机的叶片载荷,考察叶片方位角、风轮半径、风力机安装高度、风剪切系数和风速对叶片载荷的影响。结果表明,风轮半径越长、风力机安装高度越低、风剪切系数越大,叶片旋转过程中载荷变化越大;用多个小型风力机取代单个大型风力机可有效减小风剪切的影响。     

水平轴风力机轮毂强度和疲劳寿命分析方法研究

针对水平轴风力机轮毂复杂的几何外形、载荷与边界条件,研究其强度和疲劳寿命数值分析方法。应用结构分析软件ANSYS并结合疲劳分析软件FE-safe对风力机轮毂进行强度和多轴疲劳寿命分析。研究了风力机轮毂结构强度数值分析中的一些关键技术问题,如网格划分、载荷施加、边界约束条件的处理及分析技巧等;利用叶片根部极限载荷对轮毂进行强度校核,得出轮毂极限载荷下的应力分布。基于风力机叶片根部随机载荷谱和线性累积损伤方法,研究了轮毂多轴疲劳特性及疲劳寿命分析方法;研究了轮毂材料的S-N曲线定义和各工况下随机载荷谱的分析处理方法。算例表明:本文的工作为水平轴风力机轮毂强度、刚度及多轴疲劳寿命分析等提供了实用的分析方法。     

RESEARCH ON ANALYSIS APPROACH OF STRENGTH AND FATIGUE LIFE OF HORIZONTAL AXIS WIND TURBINE HUB

针对水平轴风力机轮毂复杂的几何外形、载荷与边界条件,研究其强度和疲劳寿命数值分析方法.应用结构分析软件ANSYS并结合疲劳分析软件FE-safe对风力机轮毂进行强度和多轴疲劳寿命分析.研究了风力机轮毂结构强度数值分析中的一些关键技术问题,如网格划分、载荷施加、边界约束条件的处理及分析技巧等;利用叶片根部极限载荷对轮毂进行强度校核,得出轮毂极限载荷下的应力分布.基于风力机叶片根部随机载荷谱和线性累积损伤方法,研究了轮毂多轴疲劳特性及疲劳寿命分析方法;研究了轮毂材料的S-N曲线定义和各工况下随机载荷谱的分析处理方法.算例表明:本文的工作为水平轴风力机轮毂强度、刚度及多轴疲劳寿命分析等提供了实用的分析方法.     

合成射流控制策略对垂直轴风力机性能影响研究

设计一种斜出口合成射流激励器并将其应用于垂直轴风力机控制其动态失速,建立不同射流孔数量的叶片并采用5种不同合成射流激励器控制策略,通过FLUENT15.0并采用Realizable k-ε湍流模型分析射流孔数量与控制策略对垂直轴风力机气动性能的影响,进一步研究垂直轴风力机涡量场结构。结果表明:当采用上开口抛物线控制策略、射流吹气系数为0.035,射流孔数量为2时,风能利用系数与平均力矩系数均提升15.2%,随着射流孔数量增多,气动性能降低;采用传统合成射流控制策略的垂直轴风力机承受近乎2倍的载荷波动,改进的控制策略可减小叶片在小攻角时的载荷波动,从而相对提升垂直轴风力机的运行稳定性;另外,合成射流技术可抑制叶片吸力面大涡的生成与发展并使叶片强尾涡削弱成多个小尾涡,减小多个叶片间的流动干扰并降低转轴尾涡强度,从而改善全局流场结构。     

基于Ansys与nCode联合仿真的风力机叶片疲劳分析

为了研究风力机叶片疲劳破坏问题,文章建立了某1.5 MW商用叶片模型,通过Ansys与nCode软件联合仿真,对其进行了疲劳寿命分析。为进一步研究叶片疲劳损伤规律,对叶片在各个疲劳载荷工况下的损伤进行了分析,结果表明:疲劳损伤主要位于叶根前缘和前缘与主梁连接处,并且主要出现在风速较大、发生次数较多、纵向湍流强度较强的工况;叶片总体疲劳寿命约为24.5 a,满足疲劳强度设计要求。     

兆瓦级风力机结构系统可靠性分析的样本分数阶矩最大熵方法

以兆瓦级风力机塔架和叶片极限载荷的概率外推模型为基础,结合载荷动态响应峰值的独立同分布假设和三参数威布尔模型,外推获取了正常湍流和极端湍流强度条件下风力机关键部件长期服役载荷概率分布;进一步通过无量纲极值统计量定义系统失效的结构可靠性状态函数,结合样本分数阶矩和最大熵理论提出兆瓦级风力机关键部件结构可靠性分析的数值方法,对比湍流模型对兆瓦级风力机关键部件结构失效概率的影响。计算结果表明：样本分数阶矩最大熵方法能有效重构结构可靠性状态函数的概率分布;基于无量纲极值统计量的系统可靠性建模方法能有效表征风力机关键部件耦合相关失效问题,结合该文方法可获得系统失效概率的准确预测结果;湍流模型对风力机结构失效概率影响较大,难以预先判定何种模型将得到结构失效概率的保守预估结果,需结合IEC 61400-1标准中的设计载荷工况细致分析后才能确定。     

叶片覆冰对风电机组关键结构安全性的影响

为研究低温条件下叶片覆冰对风电机组关键部位振动频率、翼型气动性能、发电功率、极限载荷和疲劳载荷的影响,对某3.XMW风电机组在覆冰、未覆冰条件下,基于IEC61400-1标准、线性疲劳累计损伤理论、雨流循环计数法,通过仿真软件建立该机型覆冰、未覆冰两种模型并进行计算。计算结果表明,叶片覆冰导致叶片和塔筒振动降低,翼型升力系数降低,阻力系数升高,发电功率降低,覆冰条件下的叶根、旋转轮毂中心、固定轮毂中心、偏航中心、塔筒底部极限载荷和等效疲劳载荷增大,最大累计循环次数降低,其中叶片挥舞载荷增幅最大。研究成果可为叶片覆冰时机组优化提供参考。     

风波联合作用下的风力机塔架疲劳特性分析

研究了海上风力机圆筒型塔架在随机风载荷和波浪载荷作用下的动力响应数值分析方法;建立了基于Palmgren Miner线性累积损伤法则的混泥土塔架安全寿命估计方法.应用线性波理论仿真非规则的海浪,分析作用在圆筒型塔架上的波浪载荷.通过坐标变换,将二维线性波理论扩展为三维线性波理论,建立了波浪力的分析计算模型;用有限元数值分析方法,求解了塔架在风波联合作用下的位移、速度、加速度以及应力响应等;用雨流计数法统计循环参量,将工作循环应力水平等寿命转换成对称循环下疲劳载荷谱,分析了变幅载荷谱下塔架的疲劳损伤及疲劳寿命.算例表明:该文的工作为海上风力机系统气动弹性分析、风力机塔架振动分析和疲劳寿命分析等提供了实用的分析方法.     

风电叶片疲劳试验载荷确定方法研究

文章以1.0MW风电叶片(DF64A)为例,研究了在单点单轴恒幅值加载方式下,疲劳试验的疲劳载荷计算方法。根据Bladed软件仿真得出的叶片在风场的疲劳载荷谱(Markov矩阵),利用疲劳损伤理论分析方法及有限元软件研究分析了叶片疲劳试验载荷设计点的位置;最终确定了疲劳载荷设计点在单轴疲劳载荷My作用下的疲劳损伤值;并给出了单点恒幅值加载方式下,该位置的静态载荷参数和动态加载载荷。最终确定出试验方案。     

低速冲击载荷下的风电叶片刚度退化规律

该文主要研究低速冲击载荷下叶片的刚度退化规律.首先用相邻2个时段风速的线性增量来定义风速突变量并获得低速冲击载荷,然后通过实验获得低速冲击载荷下的损伤规律,最后基于实测风速对疲劳试验结果进行修正,并对服役1年内的叶片刚度退化量进行分析并与实测记录进行对比.结果表明:考虑低速冲击损伤时,疲劳试验结果更准确且在役叶片刚度退...     

Model of wind shear conditional on turbulence and its impact on wind turbine loads

We analyse high‐frequency wind velocity measurements from two test stations over a period of several years and at heights ranging from 60 to 200 m, with the objective to validate wind shear predictions as used in load simulations for wind turbine design. A validated wind shear model is thereby proposed for flat terrain and that can significantly decrease the uncertainty associated with fatigue load predictions for wind turbines with large rotors. An essential contribution is the conditioning of wind shear on the 90% quantile of wind turbulence, such that the appropriate magnitude of the design fatigue load is achieved. The proposed wind shear model based on the wind measurements is thereby probabilistic in definition, with shear jointly distributed with wind turbulence. A simplified model for the wind shear exponent is further derived from the full stochastic model. The fatigue loads over different turbine components are evaluated under the full wind measurements, using the developed wind shear model and with standard wind conditions prescribed in the IEC 61400‐1 ed. 3. The results display the effect of the Wöhler exponent and reveal that under moderate turbulence, the effect of wind shear is most pronounced on the blade flap loads. It is further shown that under moderate wind turbulence, the wind shear exponents may be over‐specified in the design standards, and a reduction of wind shear exponent based on the present measurements can contribute to reduced fatigue damage equivalent loads on turbine blades. Although the influence of wind shear on extreme loads was found to be negligible, the IEC 61400‐1 wind shear definition was found to result in non‐conservative estimates of the 50 year extreme blade deflection toward the tower, especially under extreme turbulence conditions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于激光雷达的风力机分离测风独立变桨控制策略

在基于叶片根部载荷的PID独立变桨控制的基础上,引入激光雷达并提出优化的独立变桨控制方法.利用激光雷达可重建风力机前方风场信息的特点,对风力机前方风速进行提前测量.提出并使用统一风演化模型对所测数据进行二次处理,得到更贴近实际的叶轮中心风速,进一步使用所提出的分离测风方法对叶根载荷进行提前计算,根据载荷的计算值进行独立...     

Matching experimental and numerical data of dynamic power train loads by modeling of defects

Defects on wind turbines such as power train misalignments or blade pitch angle deviations are dealt with. These defects cause additional dynamic excitations and thus can reduce the fatigue life of wind turbine components. In order to improve the reliability of dynamic load computations and related fatigue dimensioning of wind turbines, a highly discretized simulation model that incorporates potential system defects is set up. A sensitivity analysis of the impact of system defects on power train dynamics is performed. Experimental measurements of gearbox orbital paths and of the corresponding torque arm loads could be reproduced with good correlation when the simulation model was complemented by power train misalignments and by blade pitch angle deviations. Comparisons of experimental and numerical data are presented in time and frequency domains. Feasible consequences about the impact of alignment defects on the resulting fatigue damage are presented. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Load alleviation of wind turbines by yaw misalignment

Vertical wind shear is one of the dominating causes of load variations on the blades of a horizontal axis wind turbine. To alleviate the varying loads, wind turbine control systems have been augmented with sensors and actuators for individual pitch control. However, the loads caused by a vertical wind shear can also be affected through yaw misalignment. Recent studies of yaw control have been focused on improving the yaw alignment to increase the power capture at below rated wind speeds. In this study, the potential of alleviating blade load variations induced by the wind shear through yaw misalignment is assessed. The study is performed through simulations of a reference turbine. The study shows that optimal yaw misalignment angles for minimizing the blade load variations can be identified for both deterministic and turbulent inflows. It is shown that the optimal yaw misalignment angles can be applied without power loss for wind speeds above rated wind speed. In deterministic inflow, it is shown that the range of the steady‐state blade load variations can be reduced by up to 70%. For turbulent inflows, it is shown that the potential blade fatigue load reductions depend on the turbulence level. In inflows with high levels of turbulence, the observed blade fatigue load reductions are small, whereas the blade fatigue loads are reduced by 20% at low turbulence levels. For both deterministic and turbulent inflows, it is seen that the blade load reductions are penalized by increased load variations on the non‐rotating turbine parts. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Representation of wind turbine blade responses in power production load cases by linear mode shapes

The wind turbine industry is designing large MW size turbines with very long blades, which exhibit large deflections during their operational life. These large deflections decrease the accuracy of linear models such as linear finite element and modal‐based models, in which the structure is represented by linear mode shapes. The aim of this study is to investigate the competence of the mode shapes to represent the large blade responses in normal operation load cases. For this purpose, blade deflections are projected onto the linear modal space, swept by mode shape vectors. The projection shows the contribution of each mode and the projection error. The blade deflections are calculated by a nonlinear aero‐servo‐elastic solver for power production fatigue load cases with normal turbulence. The mode shapes are calculated at the steady‐state deflected blade position computed at different wind speeds. Three reference turbine blades are used in the study to evaluate the effects of various blade design parameters such as length, stiffness, mass, and prebend. The results show that although the linear mode shapes can represent the flapwise and edgewise deflections accurately, axial and torsional deflections cannot be captured with good accuracy. The geometric nonlinear effects are more apparent in the latter directions. The results indicate that the blade deflections occur beyond the linear assumptions.     

TMT40.3大型风力机叶片气动性能分析

基于BLADED软件平台,对TMT40.3大型风力机叶片的气动性能进行了分析.分析结果表明:TMT40.3大型风力机叶片应用在GL3A风场时的额定功率能达到1 650 kW,所承受的疲劳强度和极限载荷均能满足该款风力机叶片的设计要求,在叶尖速比为7.8～11.4的风能利用系数均在0.46以上,最高可达0.486,具有较好的气动性能和较宽的风速适应范围.     

极端风况下双转子风力机降载复合控制策略

为降低双转子风力机在极端风况下的大波动载荷,基于双转子风力机气动与控制仿真系统,提出了基于独立变桨自抗扰控制器和偏航模糊控制器的降载复合控制策略,并分析了正常风况和极端风况下该策略的控制效果。结果表明：与传统PID独立变桨控制相比,在极端运行阵风和极端湍流模型下,独立变桨自抗扰控制方法使叶根挥舞弯矩标准差减小18%以上;与传统恒速偏航控制相比,在极端风向变化下,偏航模糊控制方法使偏航轴承滚动力矩标准差减小约27%。降载复合控制策略有效降低了极端风况下双转子风力机的大载荷,抑制了功率波动。     

Influence of atmospheric stability on wind turbine loads

Simulations of wind turbine loads for the NREL 5 MW reference wind turbine under diabatic conditions are performed. The diabatic conditions are incorporated in the input wind field in the form of wind profile and turbulence. The simulations are carried out for mean wind speeds between 3 and 16 m s ^{? 1} at the turbine hub height. The loads are quantified as the cumulative sum of the damage equivalent load for different wind speeds that are weighted according to the wind speed and stability distribution. Four sites with a different wind speed and stability distribution are used for comparison. The turbulence and wind profile from only one site is used in the load calculations, which are then weighted according to wind speed and stability distributions at different sites. It is observed that atmospheric stability influences the tower and rotor loads. The difference in the calculated tower loads using diabatic wind conditions and those obtained assuming neutral conditions only is up to 17%, whereas the difference for the rotor loads is up to 13%. The blade loads are hardly influenced by atmospheric stability, where the difference between the calculated loads using diabatic and neutral input wind conditions is up to 3% only. The wind profiles and turbulence under diabatic conditions have contrasting influences on the loads; for example, under stable conditions, loads induced by the wind profile are larger because of increased wind shear, whereas those induced by turbulence are lower because of less turbulent energy. The tower base loads are mainly influenced by diabatic turbulence, whereas the rotor loads are influenced by diabatic wind profiles. The blade loads are influenced by both, diabatic wind profile and turbulence, that leads to nullifying the contrasting influences on the loads. The importance of using a detailed boundary‐layer wind profile model is also demonstrated. The difference in the calculated blade and rotor loads is up to 6% and 8%, respectively, when only the surface‐layer wind profile model is used in comparison with those obtained using a boundary‐layer wind profile model. Finally, a comparison of the calculated loads obtained using site‐specific and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) wind conditions is carried out. It is observed that the IEC loads are up to 96% larger than those obtained using site‐specific wind conditions.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

海上风电场功率提升和疲劳平衡综合优化控制

针对海上风电场,综合功率提升和疲劳平衡分配的优化目标,提出一种以天为优化周期的优化策略。在电网高负荷时段,基于Jensen尾流模型,以轴向诱导因子为优化变量,风电场整场功率最大为目标,运用随机粒子群算法进行风功率利用提升优化控制;在电网低负荷时段,基于风电机组综合疲劳系数计算方法,以机组轴向诱导因子为优化变量,应用尾流计算模型调整轴向诱导因子来满足电网限功率指令,以机组疲劳系数标准差最小为目标,采用粒子群算法寻优进行疲劳平衡优化。以某海上风电场进行算例分析,结果表明该优化策略在一天的优化周期内可较好地实现风电场功率提升和疲劳平衡的综合优化。