用于无线传感器网络的光伏微能源系统设计

微型传感器节点通常采用能量有限的电池供电,电池的使用寿命限制了传感器节点的寿命.针对传感器网络的特征和需求,设计了光伏微能源系统,并与微型传感器节点集成,形成自供电的微系统.光伏微能源系统主要包括光伏电池、聚合物锂电池和能源管理子系统.本文阐述了光伏微能源系统的设计,并对微系统的实验测试结果进行了分析.实验结果证明,光伏微能源系统能够自行补充能量,延长传感器网络的使用寿命.     

钙钛矿太阳能电池技术发展历史与现状

简要回顾了钙钛矿太阳能电池的发展历史,解释了钙钛矿太阳能电池本质上是固态染料敏化太阳能电池。介绍了钙钛矿太阳能电池的微观发电机理,结合钙钛矿太阳能电池的能级图分析讨论了钙钛矿与电子传输层和空穴传输层的能级匹配。分析总结了钙钛矿太阳能电池的光伏技术参数,包括光生电流密度、开路电压、填充因子、能量转换效率以及光伏性能的稳定性。钙钛矿太阳能电池的能量转换效率、短路电流密度和开路电压均已超过非晶硅薄膜太阳能电池,填充因子与非晶硅薄膜太阳能电池很接近。钙钛矿太阳能电池有希望实现产业化而成为下一代薄膜太阳能电池。指出了钙钛矿太阳能电池大规模市场应用在制造技术上的瓶颈即空穴传输层的造价昂贵,并综述了解决该瓶颈的最新研究工作。     

聚合物光伏薄膜电池活性材料研究进展

聚合物光伏薄膜电池材料同时具有聚合物(塑料)优异的加工性和无机半导体的导电特性,并具有柔性、质量轻、可进行化学修饰和表现出较高的开路电压(2V)等特性在近年来受到了广泛的关注。文中就聚合物光伏薄膜电池的发展,聚合物薄膜活性材料的特点、分类、发展趋势以及瓶颈进行了概述。     

迎接太阳能光伏产业发展的新高潮

介绍百年来太阳能电池(光伏)发展历程与现状,结合国家<可再生能源中长期发展规划>及(可再生能源发展十一五规划>指明我国光伏产业发展的光明前景.分析晶体硅电池及薄膜电池产业链各个环节中的真空技术装备及存在问题,联系真空行业技术创新与企业运营现状,指出迅猛发展的光伏产业蕴涵巨大商机与空前的挑战.     

迎接太阳能光伏产业发展的新高潮(二)

介绍百年来太阳能电池(光伏)发展历程与现状,结合国家<可再生能源中长期发展规划>及<可再生能源发展十一五规划>指明我国光伏产业发展的光明前景.分析晶体硅电池及薄膜电池产业链各个环节中的真空技术装备及存在问题,联系真空行业技术创新与企业运营现状,指出迅猛发展的光伏产业蕴涵巨大商机与空前的挑战.     

新能源材料

全球光伏模件材料需求激增美国Linx-AEI咨询公司和国际半导体设备材料产业协会(SEMI)发布的最新报告显示,受全球经济逐步回暖、太阳能市场需求强劲增长的刺激,2015年全球多晶硅和薄膜光伏模件材料市场总值将达到169亿美元,比2010年的65亿美元增长逾1倍。报告同时指出,2010年全球应用于光伏太阳能电池的先进化学品和材料的需求增长114%,达到65亿美元。不过2011年的需求增速将放缓,因为德国在光伏太阳能电池方面的激励政策将减少,模件价格将下跌。(中国化工报)     

NiO层作为空穴传输层的钙钛矿太阳能电池的制备和性能研究

有机-无机杂化钙钛矿太阳能电池因具有光吸收强、载流子扩散长度长等优点,近年来在光伏领域吸引了广泛的关注,其中,无机NiO薄膜在电池结构中作为空穴传输层已发展成为钙钛矿电池研究的重要方向。采用溶液旋涂法制备了NiO薄膜,系统优化了不同烧结温度和不同浓度条件下NiO薄膜对钙钛矿电池性能的影响。采用扫描电镜、X射线衍射、紫外-可见分光光度计、电流-电压测试、光量子效率等方法分别观察和分析了NiO薄膜以及相应电池的光电性能。结果表明:溶液旋涂法制备的NiO薄膜具有良好的覆盖性、非常低的表面粗糙度,当制备NiO的预制溶液浓度为0.05mol/L,NiO的烧结温度为500℃时,获得了最优的电池性能,最高电池转换效率为14.62%。     

硅太阳能电池的应用研究与进展

介绍了三代太阳能电池的发展历程和最新研究进展,晶体硅太阳能电池在光伏产业中主要朝高效方向发展,认为廉价、高效多晶硅薄膜太阳能电池,是当前太阳能电池研究的热点,也是未来太阳能电池发展的方向。     

锑掺杂氧化锡薄膜的制备及其对硅基太阳能电池工作温度的影响

硅基太阳能电池占据着光伏发电的最大份额, 但是在阳光下其工作温度过高会降低电池效率和功率输出, 因此降低硅基太阳能电池在阳光下的工作温度具有重要意义。本研究以氯化亚锡和三氯化锑为原料, 通过简单的溶胶-凝胶法制备锑掺杂氧化锡(ATO)薄膜, 将其作为硅电池盖板, 研究了锑(Sb)掺杂量和薄膜厚度对薄膜红外阻隔性能和硅电池降温性能的影响。研究表明, ATO薄膜的红外遮蔽性能随薄膜厚度增加而提高, 但可见光透过率随之降低。用AM1.5太阳光持续照射30 min后, 使用旋涂1~4层ATO薄膜盖板的硅电池温度比使用普通玻璃盖板的电池最大降低2.7 ℃, 晶硅电池效率可以保持在10.79%以上。此外, 使用10mol%锑掺杂的3层ATO薄膜盖板的硅电池在连续光照30 min后, 温度比使用普通玻璃盖板最大降低1.5 ℃, 效率提高了0.43%。     

钙钛矿太阳能电池稳定性研究进展及模组产业化趋势

有机无机杂化钙钛矿材料具有优异的光电特性，在光伏、显示和传感领域均获得了广泛关注。近年来，钙钛矿太阳能电池技术发展迅速，在效率提升和面积放大方面不断取得突破，但钙钛矿材料和器件的稳定性问题一直没能得到根本性的解决，严重制约了钙钛矿光伏器件的实用性能及商业化推广进程。钙钛矿太阳能电池的不稳定性来源于器件中钙钛矿层、电荷传输材料和电极材料的失效，失效原因主要包括光照、水分、温度和氧气等环境因素，因此深入理解各因素对钙钛矿太阳能电池稳定性的作用机理至关重要。此外，与晶硅和其他薄膜电池相比，钙钛矿太阳能电池在材料性能、器件结构等方面都有较大差别。目前晶硅电池和其他薄膜电池的稳定性评价方法和测试手段对钙钛矿太阳能电池不能完全适用，为了使不同机构间钙钛矿太阳能电池稳定性的测试结果可以对比，需要统一稳定性测试标准。本文总结了钙钛矿材料及光伏器件稳定性的影响因素，剖析了光照、水分、温度和氧气等环境因素对钙钛矿器件稳定性的作用机理，并对提升钙钛矿太阳能电池稳定性的方法进行了综述。最后分析了钙钛矿太阳能电池稳定性的评价方法和测试手段，并对钙钛矿太阳能电池的未来发展方向进行了预测，以期为钙钛矿太阳能电池商业...     

A hybrid tandem solar cell based on hydrogenated amorphous silicon and dye-sensitized TiO2 film

Hydrogenated amorphous silicon film (a-Si:H) as top cell is introduced to dye-sensitized titanium dioxide nanocrystalline solar cell (DSSC) as bottom cell to assemble a hybrid tandem solar cell. The hybrid tandem solar cell fabricated with the thicknesses a-Si:H layer of 235 nm, ZnO/Pt interlayer of 100 nm and DSSC layer of 8.5 μm achieves a photo-to-electric energy conversion efficiency of 8.31%, a short circuit current density of 10.61 mA·cm^− 2 and an open-circuit voltage of 1.45 V under a simulated solar light irradiation of 100 mW·cm^− 2.     

New trends for solar cell development and recent progress of dye sensitized solar cells

This article reviews the new concepts and new trends of solar cell development. To increase the photoelectric conversion efficiency, reduce the cost, and for application in a much broader field, thin film solar cell, flexible solar cell, and tandem solar cell have become important subjects to be studied. As the representative of the solar cells of the third generation, the progress and challenges of dye sensitized solar cell was also reviewed.     

Single-graded CIGS with narrow bandgap for tandem solar cells

Multi-junction solar cells show the highest photovoltaic energy conversion efficiencies, but the current technologies based on wafers and epitaxial growth of multiple layers are very costly. Therefore, there is a high interest in realizing multi-junction tandem devices based on cost-effective thin film technologies. While the efficiency of such devices has been limited so far because of the rather low efficiency of semitransparent wide bandgap top cells, the recent rise of wide bandgap perovskite solar cells has inspired the development of new thin film tandem solar devices. In order to realize monolithic, and therefore current-matched thin film tandem solar cells, a bottom cell with narrow bandgap (~1 eV) and high efficiency is necessary. In this work, we present Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ with a bandgap of 1.00 eV and a maximum power conversion efficiency of 16.1%. This is achieved by implementing a gallium grading towards the back contact into a CuInSe₂ base material. We show that this modification significantly improves the open circuit voltage but does not reduce the spectral response range of these devices. Therefore, efficient cells with narrow bandgap absorbers are obtained, yielding the high current density necessary for thin film multi-junction solar cells.     

导电聚合物在纳米太阳能电池中的应用研究

导电聚合物以其特殊的性质及种种优点而越来越广泛地应用于光电化学太阳能电池,文中主要介绍了导电聚合物作为全固态太阳能电池的电解质以及作为纳米光电化学太阳能电池敏化剂的应用研究。     

11.2% All‐Polymer Tandem Solar Cells with Simultaneously Improved Efficiency and Stability

All‐polymer solar cells (all‐PSCs) that contain both p‐type and n‐type polymeric materials blended together as light‐absorption layers have attracted much attention, since the blend of a polymeric donor and acceptor should present superior photochemical, thermal, and mechanical stability to those of small molecular‐based organic solar cells. In this work, the interfacial stability is studied by using highly stable all‐polymer solar cell as a platform. It is found that the thermally deposited metal electrode atoms can diffuse into the active layer during device storage, which consequently greatly decreases the power conversion efficiency. Fortunately, the diffusion of metal atoms can be slowed down and even blocked by using thicker interlayer materials, high‐glass‐transition‐temperature interlayer materials, or a tandem device structure. Learning from this, homojunction tandem all‐PSCs are successfully developed that simultaneously exhibit a record power conversion efficiency over 11% and remarkable stability with efficiency retaining 93% of the initial value after thermally aging at 80 °C for 1000 h.     

Recent Progress in Interconnection Layer for Hybrid Photovoltaic Tandems

Hybrid tandem solar cells offer the benefits of low cost and full solar spectrum utilization. Among the hybrid tandem structures explored to date, the most popular ones have four (simple stacking design) or two (terminal/tunneling layer addition design) terminal electrodes. Although the latter design is more cost-effective than the former, its widespread application is hindered by the difficulty of preparing an interface between two solar cell materials. The oldest approach to the in-series bonding of two or more bandgap solar cells relies on the introduction of a tunneling layer in multijunction III–V solar cells, but it has some limitations, e.g., the related materials/technologies are applicable only to III–V and certain other solar cells. Thus, alternative methods of realizing junction contacts based on the use of novel materials are highly sought after. Here, the strategies used to realize high-performance tandem cells are described, focusing on interface control in terms of bonding two or more solar cells for tandem approaches. The presented information is expected to aid the establishment of ideal methods of connecting two or more solar cells to obtain the highest performance for different solar cell choices with minimized energy loss through the interface.     

Highly Efficient Porphyrin‐Based OPV/Perovskite Hybrid Solar Cells with Extended Photoresponse and High Fill Factor

Employing a layer of bulk‐heterojunction (BHJ) organic semiconductors on top of perovskite to further extend its photoresponse is considered as a simple and promising way to enhance the efficiency of perovskite‐based solar cells, instead of using tandem devices or near infrared (NIR)‐absorbing Sn‐containing perovskites. However, the progress made from this approach is quite limited because very few such hybrid solar cells can simultaneously show high short‐circuit current (J_SC) and fill factor (FF). To find an appropriate NIR‐absorbing BHJ is essential for highly efficient, organic, photovoltaics (OPV)/perovskite hybrid solar cells. The materials involved in the BHJ layer not only need to have broad photoresponse to increase J_SC, but also possess suitable energy levels and high mobility to afford high V_OC and FF. In this work, a new porphyrin is synthesized and blended with [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) to function as an efficient BHJ for OPV/perovskite hybrid solar cells. The extended photoresponse, well‐matched energy levels, and high hole mobility from optimized BHJ morphology afford a very high power conversion efficiency (PCE) (19.02%) with high V_oc, J_SC, and FF achieved simultaneously. This is the highest value reported so far for such hybrid devices, which demonstrates the feasibility of further improving the efficiency of perovskite devices.     

Mushrooms as Efficient Solar Steam‐Generation Devices

Solar steam generation is emerging as a promising technology, for its potential in harvesting solar energy for various applications such as desalination and sterilization. Recent studies have reported a variety of artificial structures that are designed and fabricated to improve energy conversion efficiencies by enhancing solar absorption, heat localization, water supply, and vapor transportation. Mushrooms, as a kind of living organism, are surprisingly found to be efficient solar steam‐generation devices for the first time. Natural and carbonized mushrooms can achieve ≈62% and ≈78% conversion efficiencies under 1 sun illumination, respectively. It is found that this capability of high solar steam generation is attributed to the unique natural structure of mushroom, umbrella‐shaped black pileus, porous context, and fibrous stipe with a small cross section. These features not only provide efficient light absorption, water supply, and vapor escape, but also suppress three components of heat losses at the same time. These findings not only reveal the hidden talent of mushrooms as low‐cost materials for solar steam generation, but also provide inspiration for the future development of high‐performance solar thermal conversion devices.     

Integrated solar capacitors for energy conversion and storage

Solar energy is one of the most popular clean energy sources and is a promising alternative to fulfill the increasing energy demands of modern society.Solar cells have long been under intensive research attention for harvesting energy from sunlight with a high power-conversion efficiency and low cost.However,the power outputs of photovoltaic devices suffer from fluctuations due to the intermittent instinct of the solar radiation.Integrating solar cells and energystorage devices as self-powering systems may solve this problem through the simultaneous storage of the electricity and manipulation of the energy output.This review summarizes the research progress in the integration of new-generation solar cells with supercapacitors,with emphasis on the structures,materials,performance,and new design features.The current challenges and future prospects are discussed with the aim of expanding research and development in this field.     

利用控制烧结曲线及其拓展预测ZrO2陶瓷烧结过程

将钇稳定氧化锆(3Y-PSZ)冷等静压素坯在原位测量仪中进行恒速无压烧结, 升温速率分别为2、5、8℃/min, 通过原位测量仪保存图像, 并用软件Image-Pro Plus 6.0对图像进行处理, 得到收缩数据, 建立氧化锆的控制烧结曲线(MSC), 成功计算出其烧结活化能Q为685.7 kJ/mol。并对控制烧结曲线进行扩展(EMSCE), 模拟出恒定加热速率下整个烧结过程中温度与相对密度的关系, 而不仅仅是预测最终密度。该研究提供了一种预测材料烧结制度的可能性, 确保了所选烧结时间和烧结温度的高精确度和可重复性。