桁架式支撑结构海上风电机组研究

本文基于国际能源署(IEA)课题30"海上风电机组动态学仿真软件和模型的比较"项目第一阶段桁架式支撑结构的海上风电机组仿真结果,针对海上风电模型复杂的特点,给出桁架式支撑结构细节,研究用BladedV3.80建立桁架式支撑结构的海上风电机组模型。与其他软件建立的模型比较质量和模态,验证海上风电机组的模型。     

海上风电机组塔架基础一体化设计

  [目的]  随着国家对于海上风电竞价上网指导意见的出台,降低开发成本的需求越来越迫切,急需通过技术创新降低成本。而海上塔架和基础的成本,显著影响着海上风电的平准化度电成本LCoE(Levelized Cost of Energy),直接决定着海上风电项目的竞争力。  [方法]  为了有效降低塔架基础的成本,文章提出了基于数字化云平台iDO(integrated Design Offshore)的一体化设计方法,对极端极限状态ULS工况下结构的静强度、疲劳极限状态FLS工况下结构的疲劳损伤进行了数值计算分析。为验证一体化设计方法在降低海上风电塔架基础成本的效果,文章针对两个实际工程项目,基于iDO云平台和传统分步迭代法SIA(Sequentially Iterated Approach)进行设计分析,对比ULS工况和FLS工况下的结构安全衡准指标。  [结果]  计算结果表明:ULS和FLS工况下,基于iDO云平台的一体化设计方法比SIA在结构强度、变形、疲劳损伤等指标有较大幅度下降,可显著优化塔架基础结构,降低结构重量,减小整个支撑结构成本,降低海上风电的LCoE。  [结论]  在实际海上风电工程项目应用中,基于iDO云平台的一体化设计方法可有效降低塔架基础结构成本,从而提高海上风电项目的竞争力,同时可对未来海上风电支撑结构优化设计提供借鉴。     

基于综合模态能的海上风电支撑结构损伤识别研究

文章研究了基于模态能的海上风电支撑结构损伤识别方法。利用结构损伤前后模态能的变化,构建了一种综合模态能损伤判别指标。该指标的最突出特点是同时使用了结构的模态应变能和模态动能。通过引入统计假设检验,给出了该损伤指标的判别阈值。为验证该方法的有效性,开展了三脚架式海上风电支撑结构的数值和试验研究。结果表明,文章所提出的综合模态能指标可有效地识别海上风电支撑结构的损伤;与传统的模态应变能法相比,该方法具有更强的噪声鲁棒性。     

基于柔性基础模型的海上风电机组支撑结构优化

相比陆上风电机组,海上风电机组支撑结构长期处于风载荷与海浪载荷作用,在设计时还需考虑土壤与基础的相互作用。以某5 MW单桩式海上风电机组支撑结构为模型,考虑基础柔性对机组载荷的影响,应用耦合弹簧模型建立基础模型,计算极限设计载荷,结合有限元模型计算基础部分设计载荷,采用粒子群优化算法,在满足多约束条件下,最小化支撑结构重量。结果表明:考虑基础柔性条件下,应用粒子群优化算法优化支撑结构,在满足各项约束条件的前提下,总体重量降低7.41%。     

海上风机支撑结构整体优化设计

  [目的]  当前国内海上风电项目在投标阶段通常采用分步迭代设计(Sequentially Iterated Approach，缩写为SIA)方法和流程，风机厂家给出塔架设计并担保工程量，但最终得到的设计往往是塔架最轻的局部最优设计而不是整体支撑结构最轻的设计。为了降低海上风电平准化度电成本(Levelized Cost of Energy，缩写为LCoE)，提出了整体优化设计(Integrated Design Optimization，缩写为IDO)的流程和优化列式，建议在海上风电项目招标阶段业主可要求风机厂家联合设计院编制并提交整体设计投标方案，把设计域扩大到整体支撑结构进行优化设计，寻找全局最优的设计。  [方法]  为了说明IDO方法和流程的优势，以某海上单桩基础项目为例，分别计算不同塔架直径和单桩基础直径的共18种设计方案，比较了采用SIA方法与IDO方法获得的结果。  [结果]  结果表明:IDO相比SIA可在塔架质量增加较小时大幅减少整体支撑结构的质量。  [结论]  在今后的海上风电工程项目应用中，可通过IDO优化设计方法和流程给出整体支撑结构最轻的设计方案，为降低海上风电LCoE提供可行的解决方案。     

海上风电大数据发展研究——以广东省海上风电大数据中心建设为例

[目的]海上风电已成为全球可再生能源发展的研究热点,虽然前期取得了显著成绩,但勘测设计、建设管理、运行维护、技术创新、产业融资等方面还不太成熟,技术创新是解决以上问题主要途径。其中,大数据技术已经成为提升海上风电的可靠性和电力质量,降低运维成本的至关重要的一环。[方法]基于大数据技术探讨了海上风电大数据的价值与意义。[结果]以广东省海上风电大数据中心建设为例,提出了海上风电大数据的总体框架和主要任务。[结论]海上风电大数据发展对充分发掘广东省海域风能资源,推动广东省海上风电产业发展,促进能源结构优化转型和节能减排提供了有力支撑。     

基于拓扑优化的海上风电机组三脚架结构设计

为实现海上风电机组支撑结构的轻量化设计,提出基于拓扑优化的海上风电机组三脚架结构设计方法。首先,以结构柔顺度最小化为目标设置体积比约束,基于变密度法实现三脚架结构的概念设计;然后,以拓扑优化结果为依据,通过删除参考结构的水平连杆及增加斜支撑与中心主筒厚度的方式实现三脚架结构的重构;最后,从固有频率、极限强度及疲劳强度3个方面验证优化结构的可靠性及有效性。结果表明:与参考结构相比,优化结构在满足静动态和疲劳设计要求的同时实现了结构大幅减重,充分证明了所提拓扑优化方法的可行性及优越性。     

一种基于模型修正的海上风电桩基弱化识别方法

海上风电桩基弱化对风机整体结构动力特性影响较大,严重时会造成风机停机,甚至结构失效。文章对海上风电支撑结构的桩基弱化识别方法进行了研究。首先,基于等效固定桩模型,构建了桩基边界单元刚度矩阵,提出了一种基于有限元模型修正的桩基弱化识别方法;其次,推荐了一种迭代修正过程,用于处理实测模态空间不完备问题;最后,以某个3.0 MW的Tripod海上风电支撑结构为算例,对该方法的有效性进行了数值验证。结果表明,在桩侧无任何测点的情况下,该方法可准确地识别桩基的侧向刚度弱化,且具有较强的噪声鲁棒性;另外,结合一定的损伤定位技术,该方法可对上部结构的损伤和桩基的弱化进行同时识别。     

新型海上风电支撑结构设计与分析

为解决海上风电基础结构存在的材料强度利用率低、应力集中等问题,提出一种新型桁架式海上风电支撑结构.建立设计水深为10m的三维有限元模型,利用ANSYS有限元分析软件首先进行结构模态分析,得出固有频率值,以确定结构不会与风机的工作频率耦合发生共振.对包括风机运转载荷在内的6种不同工况进行静力和动力分析,得到静力分析结果和单元的时程曲线,与传统的单柱式进行比较,结果表明:新型海上风电支撑结构动力分析结果与静力相比,顶部最大位移增大0.002m,最大yon Mises应力增大2.3MPa,低于相同刚度单柱式结构的0.026m、25.7MPa,具有良好的动力性能.     

新型张力腿平台双模块浮式海上风电机组结构系统的动力响应研究

从浮式海上风电机组的全寿命设计角度出发,以此类风电机组便于安装、替换、维修和拆除为目标,提出了一种新型张力腿平台双模块浮式海上风电机组结构系统。基于BEM方法研究了采用该结构系统的海上风电机组的叶片的气动性能,并综合考虑了风电机组浮体模块和张力腿平台模块的多体机械耦合和水动力耦合效应。选取海上风电机组4种典型工作海况,将新型张力腿平台双模块浮式海上风电机组结构系统与常规张力腿平台单体浮式海上风电机组结构系统的主要动力响应特征进行了对比分析,揭示了该新型张力腿平台双模块浮式海上风电机组结构系统可以有效降低浮式海上风电机组平台的纵荡位移响应,对改善浮式海上风电机组的运行性能具有积极意义。此外,还对该双模块结构系统拆除风电机组的可行性进行了初步验证。     

Short‐term extreme response analysis of a jacket supporting an offshore wind turbine

Wind turbines must be designed in such a way that they can survive in extreme environmental conditions. Therefore, it is important to accurately estimate the extreme design loads. This paper deals with a recently proposed method for obtaining short‐term extreme values for the dynamic responses of offshore fixed wind turbines. The 5 MW NREL wind turbine is mounted on a jacket structure (92 m high) at a water depth of 70 m at a northern offshore site in the North Sea. The hub height is 67 m above tower base or top of the jacket, i.e. 89 m above mean water level. The turbine response is numerically obtained by using the aerodynamic software HAWC2 and the hydrodynamic software USFOS . Two critical responses are discussed, the base shear force and the bending moment at the bottom of the jacket. The extreme structural responses are considered for wave‐induced and wind‐induced loads for a 100 year return‐period harsh metocean condition with a 14.0 m significant wave height, a 16 s peak spectral period, a 50 m s ^{? 1} (10 min average) wind speed (at the hub) and a turbulence intensity of 0.1 for a parked wind turbine. After performing the 10 min nonlinear dynamic simulations, a recently proposed extrapolation method is used for obtaining the extreme values of those responses over a period of 3 h. The sensitivity of the extremes to sample size is also studied. The extreme value statistics are estimated from the empirical mean upcrossing rates. This method together with other frequently used methods (i.e. the Weibull tail method and the global maxima method) is compared with the 3 h extreme values obtained directly from the time‐domain simulations. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

海上升压站Laplace域振动响应预报方法研究

针对传统时域预报方法的准确性依赖计算时间步长、频域法只能得到稳态响应的问题,基于Laplace变换提出一种新的海上升压站动力振动响应预报方法。通过解耦得到模态坐标系振动方程,在Laplace域求解海上升压站结构振动响应的极值和留数,进而得到时域响应。该方法考虑海上升压站的初始条件,可避免时域积分引起的误差。分别采用悬臂梁模型和导管架式海上升压站模型对该方法进行验证,结果表明了其振动响应预报的准确性。     

新型张力腿平台漂浮式风力机动态响应研究

未来海上风电场的建设需要大量动态响应低且相互干扰小的漂浮式风力机,为此研究一种尺寸更小,能减少或防止相互间干扰及安装费用更低的新型张力腿平台漂浮式风力机(TLP风力机),基于辐射/绕射理论并结合有限元方法,运用水动力学软件AQWA对其在不同海况下及不同系泊系统下的动态响应进行模拟研究,得到了频域和时域的动态响应数据。结果表明:频域分析中,新型张力腿平台漂浮式风力机的运动响应主要集中在低频区域,其中横荡、垂荡及纵摇的峰值频率分别为0.1、0.35和0.19 rad/s;TLP风力机垂荡和纵摇方向上的运动响应都小于Spar风力机运动响应;横荡、垂荡及纵摇方向上,TLP风力机附加质量均远大于辐射阻尼;时域分析中,4根张紧系泊设计优于单根张紧系泊设计,能有效降低横荡和纵摇运动响应和延长系泊绳的寿命;随着海况恶劣程度的加剧,TLP风力机的动态响应也随之增大。     

大型海上风力机地震冲击角动力学响应分析

为研究海上风力机在不同地震冲击角下的动力学响应,基于p-y曲线法构建土-构耦合模型,基于DTU 10 MW 单桩式近海风力机建立有限元模型,研究地震冲击角变化对大型海上风力机地震动力学响应的影响。结果表明：0°和90°地震冲击角下风力机结构受载荷响应最剧烈;当地震冲击角为锐角时,塔顶前后向和侧向位移幅值均下降,总应变能集聚现象显著缓解;地震冲击角为15°和30°时风力机等效应力均值相对其他角度有明显下降。因此,主动调整风力机叶轮朝向以调整地震冲击角可能成为风力机受地震冲击后降低损害的有效控制方式。     

Computationally efficient modelling of dynamic soil–structure interaction of offshore wind turbines on gravity footings

The formulation and quality of a computationally efficient model of offshore wind turbine surface foundations are examined. The aim is to establish a model, workable in the frequency and time domain, that can be applied in aeroelastic codes for fast and reliable evaluation of the dynamic structural response of wind turbines, in which the geometrical dissipation related to wave propagation into the subsoil is included. Based on the optimal order of a consistent lumped-parameter model obtained by the domain-transformation method and a weighted least-squares technique, the dynamic vibration response of a 5.0 MW offshore wind turbine is evaluated for different stratifications, environmental conditions and foundation geometries by the aeroelastic nonlinear multi-body code HAWC2. Analyses show that a consistent lumped-parameter model with three to five internal degrees of freedom per displacement or rotation of the foundation is necessary in order to obtain an accurate prediction of the foundation response in the frequency and time domain. In addition, the required static bearing capacity of surface foundations leads to fore–aft vibrations during normal operation of a wind turbine that are insensitive to wave propagating in the subsoil—even for soil stratifications with low cut-in frequencies. In this regard, utilising discrete second-order models for the physical interpretation of a rational filter puts special demands on the Newmark β-scheme, where the time integration in most cases only provides a causal response for constant acceleration within each time step.     

基于改进Prony变换的时频分析方法及其在海上风电结构中的应用研究

针对现行的时频分析方法（包括小波变换和希尔伯特黄变换等）在分析海上风力机的实测信号时的不足,发展一种基于改进Prony变化的短时时频分析方法,并使用风电基础结构与风电整机结构的海上实测数据验证该方法的正确性。通过与现有的几种主要使用的时频分析方法进行对比研究,对比论证新方法及传统时频分析方法在应用于海上风电结构时的实用性和可行性。     

基于风电机组状态的超短期海上风电功率预测

提出一种基于风电机组状态的超短期海上风电功率预测模型。首先,综合考虑海上环境因素以及风电机组部件间的相互作用建立指标的预测模型,以长短期记忆神经网络的预测误差作为监测指标的动态劣化度;然后采用模糊综合评价法对风电机组的运行状态进行评估,依据评估结果对风电机组历史运行数据进行划分;最后根据分类后历史运行数据建立基于机组状态的超短期风电功率预测模型。结合国内某海上风电场实例数据进行分析,算例结果表明所提方法可有效提高风电功率预测精度。     

Accurate and efficient modeling of complex offshore wind turbine support structures using augmented superelements

Traditionally, wind turbine dynamics are analyzed using computationally efficient but geometrically coarse aeroelastic models. With ever larger offshore turbines being installed in deeper waters, the wind industry is gradually moving toward more complex foundation types such as jackets and tripods. Even the simplest models of such structures have many more degrees of freedom (DoFs) than the complete wind turbine model, leading to excessive computation times. To cope with this, we can employ reduced ‘superelement’ modeling of the support structure. However, since these structures are subjected to hydrodynamic loading at a large portion of their DoFs, traditional reduction methods fail to properly describe the response to this excitation. In this paper, we therefore propose to combine superelement modeling with the concept of modal truncation augmentation, which consists in extending the reduction basis by adding ‘residual vectors’. Furthermore, we use principal component analysis to find the predominant hydrodynamic loading on the support structure. A case study is performed on a reference wind turbine model on a jacket structure, revealing both the need for coupled dynamic analysis and the shortcomings of traditional superelement models for offshore support structures. Most importantly, this case study shows that the proposed augmented superelement approach allows to create very compact yet accurate models of the complex support structure, thereby enabling efficient integrated simulation of offshore wind turbines.Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Characterization of the unsteady aerodynamics of offshore floating wind turbines

Large‐scale offshore floating wind turbines were first proposed in 1972 by Prof. William E. Heronemus at the University of Massachusetts. Since then, very little progress has been made in the deployment of these systems despite the significant advantages afforded by floating wind turbines, namely access to superior wind resources and increased placement flexibility. Aside from the large capital costs associated with construction, one of the most significant challenges facing offshore floating wind turbines is a limited simulation and load estimation capability. Many wind turbine aerodynamic analysis methods rely on assumptions that may not be applicable to the highly dynamic environment in which floating wind turbines are expected to operate. This study characterizes the unique operating conditions that make aerodynamic analysis of offshore floating wind turbines a challenge. Conditions that may result in unsteady flow are identified, and a method to identify aerodynamically relevant platform modes is presented. Operating conditions that may result in a breakdown of the momentum balance equations are also identified for different platform configurations. It is shown that offshore floating wind turbines are subjected to significant aerodynamic unsteadiness fixed‐bottom offshore turbines. Aerodynamic analysis of offshore floating wind turbines may require the use of higher‐fidelity ‘engineering‐level’ models than commonly in use today. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Stochastic dynamic response analysis of a floating vertical‐axis wind turbine with a semi‐submersible floater

Floating vertical‐axis wind turbines (FVAWTs) provide the potential for utilizing offshore wind resources in moderate and deep water because of their economical installation and maintenance. Therefore, it is important to assess the performance of the FVAWT concept. This paper presents a stochastic dynamic response analysis of a 5 MW FVAWT based on fully coupled nonlinear time domain simulations. The studied FVAWT, which is composed of a Darrieus rotor and a semi‐submersible floater, is subjected to various wind and wave conditions. The global motion, structural response and mooring line tension of the FVAWT are calculated using time domain simulations and studied based on statistical analysis and frequency‐domain analysis. The response of the FVAWT is compared under steady and turbulent wind conditions to investigate the effects of turbulent wind. The advantage of the FVAWT in reducing the 2P effect on the response is demonstrated by comparing the floating wind turbine with the equivalent land‐based wind turbine. Additionally, by comparing the behaviour of FVAWTs with flexible and rigid rotors, the effect of rotor flexibility is evaluated. Furthermore, the FVAWT is also investigated in the parked condition. The global motions and structural responses as a function of the azimuthal angle are studied. Finally, the dynamic response of the FVAWT in selected misaligned wind and wave conditions is analysed to determine the effects of wind‐wave misalignment on the dynamic response. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.