Novel technologies applied for recovery and value addition of high value compounds from plant byproducts: A review

Plant byproducts of food processing industry line are undervalued yet important resource. These byproducts contain large percentage of high value functional substances such as antioxidants, pectin, polyphenols and so on. Recently, many research studies concentrated on innovative technologies that promise to overcome such issues as time consuming, inefficiency, and low yield, among others, which exist in most conventional techniques. Consequently, to achieve the recovery of nutraceuticals from high added-value by-products, it is necessary to have more knowledge of these novel technologies and more importantly explore the possibility of application of these latest technologies to the recovery downstream processing. The present work will summarize state-of-the-art technological approaches concerning extraction, superfine and drying applied to plant food processing residues. Simultaneously, the application of the bioactive components originated from byproducts in food industry will also be reviewed.     

Novel technologies in utilization of byproducts of animal food processing: a review

Abstract

China is one of the countries with most abundant livestock and poultry resources in the world. The average annual growth rate of output value of livestock and poultry industry reaches 13%, and the output value of livestock and poultry industry accounts for more than 35% of total agricultural output. A large number of byproducts are produced in animal slaughtering and processing operations. If livestock and poultry byproducts are effectively utilized, this will make a huge contribution to GDP. At the same time, aquaculture is China's pillar industry. During fish processing, a large number of byproducts (including fish heads, fish skins, fish bones, fish scales, and viscera) are produced, which weighs approximately 40-55% of the raw fish. The byproducts of freshwater fish are more than 2.5 million tons per annum, most of which are not used. The effective use of byproducts has a direct influence on China's economic and environmental pollution. The nonuse or underutilization of byproducts not only leads to loss of potential revenue, but also results in to an increase in these products and their disposal costs. This paper makes a comprehensive review of the research progress of animal byproduct utilization to date, and aims to provide reference for the utilization and research of animal byproducts.     

亲水胶体对植物蛋白凝胶影响的研究进展

凝胶性作为植物蛋白重要的功能特性之一，对改善食品加工品质具有重要影响。但多数植物蛋白凝胶对pH、温度和离子强度等环境因素敏感，导致其凝胶制品存在黏结性不强、纹理结构差、成品率低等问题，在食品加工中的应用受到限制。亲水胶体具有较好的凝胶性、增稠性和稳定性，利用亲水胶体对植物蛋白凝胶进行改性，日益受到广泛关注。本文综述了植物蛋白和亲水胶体的凝胶机制，离子型、非离子型亲水胶体、复配亲水胶体与植物蛋白共混凝胶的性质，及温度、pH、离子强度、亲水胶体与蛋白比例及混合方式对亲水胶体-植物蛋白共混凝胶体系稳定性的影响，以期对植物蛋白凝胶制品加工与利用提供理论依据。     

金鲳鱼加工技术与综合利用研究进展

金鲳鱼是一种重要的海洋生物资源,其肉质鲜美、营养丰富,是鱼片及鱼糜制品深加工的优质原料。随着我国人民生活水平的提高,以金鲳鱼为代表的海洋养殖鱼类深受青睐。但目前我国的金鲳鱼加工利用水平仍处于起步阶段,为促进我国金鲳鱼加工利用技术的研究,本文分别从金鲳鱼肉的营养价值、冷冻加工、鱼糜制品、保鲜技术、超高压加工和副产物（内脏蛋白酶、鱼油和胶原蛋白）综合利用等方面综述了金鲳鱼的加工利用技术研究现状。为实现金鲳鱼精深加工与综合利用、增加产品附加值提供参考,有效地减少环境污染,促进金鲳鱼产业的高效、绿色和创新发展。     

Legume byproducts as ingredients for food applications: Preparation,nutrition, bioactivity,and techno-functional properties

The demand for high-quality alternative food proteins has increased over the last few decades due to nutritional and environmental concerns, leading to the growing consumption of legumes such as common bean, chickpea, lentil, lupin, and pea. However, this has also increased the quantity of non-utilized byproducts (such as seed coats, pods, broken seeds, and wastewaters) that could be exploited as sources of ingredients and bioactive compounds in a circular economy. This review focuses on the incorporation of legume byproducts into foods when they are formulated as flours, protein/fiber or solid/liquid fractions, or biological extracts and uses an analytical approach to identify their nutritional, health-promoting, and techno-functional properties. Correlation-based network analysis of nutritional, technological, and sensory characteristics was used to explore the potential of legume byproducts in food products in a systematic manner. Flour is the most widely used legume-based food ingredient and is present at levels of 2%–30% in bakery products, but purified fractions and extracts should be investigated in more detail. Health beverages and vegan dressings with an extended shelf-life are promising applications thanks to the techno-functional features of legume byproducts (e.g., foaming and emulsifying behaviors) and the presence of polyphenols. A deeper exploration of eco-friendly processing techniques (e.g., fermentation and ohmic treatment) is necessary to improve the techno-functional properties of ingredients and the sensory characteristics of foods in a sustainable manner. The processing of legume byproducts combined with improved legume genetic resources could enhance the nutritional, functional, and technological properties of ingredients to ensure that legume-based foods achieve wider industrial and consumer acceptance.     

Valorization of byproducts from tropical fruits: A review,Part 2: Applications,economic, and environmental aspects of biorefinery via supercritical fluid extraction

The global trade of tropical fruits is expected to increase significantly in the coming years. In 2018, the production was approximately 100 million tones, an increase of 3.3% compared to the previous year. Nevertheless, according to the Food and Agricultural Organization, every year one-third of the food produced in the world for human consumption is lost or wasted. More specifically, around 45% of the fruits, constituted mainly by peels, seeds, and pulps after juice extraction, are discarded mainly in the agricultural and processing steps. Therefore, decreasing and/or using these byproducts, which are often rich in bioactive components, have become an important focus for both the scientific community and the fruit processing industry. In this line, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) technology is expected to play a significant role in the valorization of these byproducts. This review presents the concepts of a tropical fruit biorefinery using supercritical CO₂ extraction and the potential applications of the isolated fractions. There is a specific focus on the extraction of bioactive compounds, that is, carotenoids and phenolics, but also oils and other valuable molecules. Moreover, the techno-economic and environmental performance is assessed. Overall, the biorefinery of tropical fruits via SFE provides new opportunities for development of food and pharmaceutical products with improved economic and environmental performance.     

Chitosan application for active bio-based films production and potential in the food industry: Review

During the past decade, there was an increasing interest to develop and use bio-based active films which are characterized by antimicrobial and antifungal activities in order to improve food preservation and to reduce the use of chemical preservatives. Biologically active bio-molecules such as chitosan and its derivatives have a significant potential in the food industry in view of contaminations associated with food products and the increasing concerns in relation with the negative environmental impact of conventional packaging materials such as plastics. Chitosan offers real potential for applications in the food industry due to its particular physico-chemical properties, short time biodegradability, biocompatibility with human tissues, antimicrobial an antifungal activities, and non-toxicity. Thus, chitosan-based films have attracted serious attention in food preservation and packaging technology. This is mainly due to a fact that chitosan exhibits high antimicrobial activity against pathogenic and spoilage micro-organisms, including fungi, and both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The aim of the present review was to summarize the most important information on chitosan from its bioactivity point of view and to highlight various preparative methods used for chitosan-based active bio-films and their potential for applications in the food preservation and packaging technology.     

Composition and antioxidant capacity of a novel beverage produced with green tea and minimally-processed byproducts of broccoli

Organic green tea, one of the most-consumed beverages worldwide, is rich in bioactive compounds (flavonols and flavanols) with healthy properties. Broccoli byproducts, consisting of leaves and stalks, are rich in bioactive compounds, including nitrogen–sulphur compounds (glucosinolates and isothiocyanates) and phenolics (chlorogenic and sinapic acid derivatives, and flavonoids), as well as essential nutrients (minerals and vitamins). They are of high interest as a source of health-promoting compounds, useful as ingredients for the development of functional foods. This work analyses minimally-processed broccoli byproducts as a source of bioactive ingredients to design novel beverages, using organic green tea as a food matrix. Green tea enriched with broccoli concentrates showed improved physical quality, phytochemical composition and antioxidant capacity. The functional quality of these novel beverages depends on the proportion of broccoli extracts added to the green tea. The results obtained in the present work should encourage the use of broccoli byproducts as ingredients in novel functional foods.

Industrial relevance

The industrial use of broccoli byproducts as an ingredient in the development of novel, functional foods may help to add value to the large amount of plant wastes generated in every cropping season, thus reducing their environmental impact. The objectives and aims of the EU producers, industry and stakeholders on the relationships between foods, nutrition and health, and therefore, the use of suitable ingredients from the agriculture to have impact on human health and the environment, with a sustainable use of natural resources are in agreement with this work, adding value to broccoli byproducts and encouraging the production of novel products and applications for nutritional and/or health claims under the EU Regulations (EC) No. 1924/2006 and 834/2007.     

植物基人造肉的营养特性与食用安全性

植物肉的出现为动物肉类食品供应短缺和养殖业环境污染问题带来希望。食品加工技术的快速发展弥补了植物基肉制品外观和口感的不足, 但其营养价值和安全性也应引起重视。本文综述了以植物蛋白为主要原料所制肉类替代品的营养价值, 包括植物肉中碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂肪、水分、维生素和矿物质的相对含量和营养性质。分析了植物肉在生产及食用过程中可能出现的物理、化学、生物因素在内的安全问题, 并探讨目前植物肉发展所存在的局限性与挑战, 以期为我国植物蛋白肉制品的研发与推广提供理论参考。     

Sustainable edible packaging systems based on active compounds from food processing byproducts: A review

The global food processing industries represent a challenge and a risk to the environment due to the poor handling of residues, which are often discarded as waste without being used in further sidestreams. Although some part of this biomass is utilized, large quantities are, however, still under- or unutilized despite these byproducts being a rich resource of valuable compounds. These biowastes contain biopolymers and other compounds such as proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, pigments, micronutrients, and minerals with good nutritional values and active biological properties with applications in various fields including the development of sustainable food packaging. This review offers an update on the recent advancement of food byproducts recycling and upgrading toward the production of food packaging materials, which could be edible, (bio)degradable, and act as carriers of biobased active agents such as antimicrobials, antioxidants, flavoring additives, and health-promoting compounds. This should be a global initiative to promote the well-being of humans and achieve sustainability while respecting the ecological boundaries of our planet. Edible films and coatings formulations based on biopolymers and active compounds extracted from biowastes offer great opportunities to decrease the devastating overuse of plastic-based packaging. It has become evident that a transition from a fuel-based to a circular bio-based economy is potentially beneficial. Therefore, the exploitation of food discards within the context of a zero-waste biorefinery approach would improve waste management by minimizing its generation, reduce pollution, and provide value-added compounds. Most importantly, the development of edible packaging materials from food byproducts does not compete with food resources, and it also helps decrease our dependency on petroleum-based products. Practical Application Almost 99% of current plastics are petroleum-based, and their continuous use has been devastating to the planet as plastic-derived components have been detected in all trophic levels. Besides, the increasing amounts of food by-products are a socioeconomic and environmental challenge, and halving food loss and waste and turning it into valuable products has become necessary to achieve sustainability and economic circularity. The development of new packaging systems such as edible materials could be one of the solutions to limit the use of persistent plastics. Edible films and coatings by-products-based could also enhance food packaging performance due to their compounds' bioactivities.     

Changes in Particle Size Distribution of Bran and Flour Obtained from Vacuum Impregnated and Infra-red Heated Wheat Grain

This study aims to provide comprehensive information on the process of vacuum impregnation of wheat grains. Vacuum impregnation, saturating materials with additional liquid components, is a well-known process originally developed to ensure leak tightness or reduce the porosity of various materials. We describe its potential uses in the food processing industry relating to the impregnation of grains and leguminous plant seeds. The objective of the study was to determine the influence of impregnation and infrared heating of wheat grains on flour efficiency, moisture content and particle size distribution in the resulting flour and bran. The experimental material comprised three varieties of wheat. The results showed that the method of preparing the wheat grains for milling combined with impregnation had a significant impact on the particle size distribution of bran but not on the particle size distribution of flour. A more complete view of the process characteristics requires further investigation of factors related to the structural and textural properties of the impregnated material, factors which are highly varied in the case of food materials and food products.     

Tomato and Tomato Byproducts. Human Health Benefits of Lycopene and Its Application to Meat Products: A Review

During recent decades, the food industry, consumers, and regulatory authorities have developed a significant interest in functional foods because of their potential benefits for human health over and above their basic nutritional value. Tomato is the second most important vegetable crop in the world. The amount of the related wastes is estimated at up to 50,000 tons per year, representing a serious disposal problem with a consequent negative impact on the environment. Tomato byproducts contain a great variety of biologically active substances, principally lycopene, which have been demonstrated by in vitro and in vivo studies to possess antioxidant, hypolipidemic, and anticarcinogenic activities. The aim of this review is to present an overview of the functional and physiological properties of the principal bioactive compound present in tomato and tomato byproducts, lycopene, its addition to meat, and meat products.     

Food byproducts as amendments in trace elements contaminated soils

Trace elements stabilization in contaminated soils is frequently the most convenient option for the remediation of large areas with moderate to high levels of contaminants. The use of organic and/or inorganic amendments is often necessary for the amelioration of the soil in order to immobilize trace metals and metalloids and prevent their transfer to groundwater or to any living organism in the soil, and to allow the establishment of plants when the aim is the regeneration of a vegetation cover. The great upsurge of the agri-food industry in recent decades has led to the generation of huge amounts of waste materials and byproducts throughout the entire cycle of food production and processing. Some of these byproducts, which may give rise to serious environmental concerns regarding their accumulation, handling and transformation, have been satisfactorily used as amendments in the remediation of trace elements contaminated soils. This review offers a general outline of the use of food byproducts from olive oil, sugar beet, wine, and certain other industries for the stabilization of trace metals and metalloids in the soil. Both the benefits of using these materials and the potential limitations or inconveniences that their utilization may pose, as well as some considerations regarding possible future uses and challenges, are pointed out in the text.     

Agro-industrial potential of exotic fruit byproducts as a source of food additives

Exotic fruit consumption and processing is increasing worldwide due to the improvement in preservation techniques, transportation, marketing systems and consumer awareness of health benefits. The entire body of tropical exotic fruits is rich in bioactive compounds, such as phenolic constituents, carotenoids, vitamins and dietary fiber. However, the fruit processing industry deals with the large percentage of byproducts, such as peels, seeds and unused flesh, generated in the different steps of the processing chains. In most cases, the wasted byproducts can present similar or even higher contents of bioactive compounds than the final produce does. The aim of this review is to promote the production and processing of exotic fruits highlighting the possibility of the integral exploitation of byproducts rich in bioactive compounds. Amongst the possible uses for these compounds that can be found in the food industry are as antioxidants (avoiding browning and lipid oxidation and as functional food ingredients), antimicrobials, flavoring, colorants and texturizer additives. Finally, the importance of extraction techniques of bioactive compounds designated as food additives is also included.     

茶叶加工中美拉德反应对品质形成与安全的影响分析

美拉德反应主要是氨基化合物和羰基化合物之间发生的非酶促反应,广泛存在于热加工食品中。茶叶是重要的农产食品,在加工过程中美拉德反应对其香气、色泽、滋味品质的形成都具有重要作用。同时,随着美拉德反应在食品加工中研究的深入,其产物的功能性与安全性越来越受人们的关注。基于此,本文重点从美拉德反应对茶叶香气、色泽、滋味形成及安全性等方面进行综述分析,为探索茶叶加工中合理利用美拉德反应,充分发挥其功能作用而减少其不利影响提供参考意义。     

Impact of Preharvest Sprouting on Endogenous Hydrolases and Technological Quality of Wheat and Bread: A Review

The cereal‐based food industry faces the challenge to produce food of high and uniform quality to meet consumer demands. However, adverse weather conditions, including prolonged and repeated rainfall, before harvest time evoke germination of the kernels in the ear of the parent plant, which is known as preharvest sprouting (PHS). PHS results in the production of several hydrolytic enzymes in the kernel, which decreases the technological quality of wheat and causes problems during processing of the flour into cereal‐based products. Therefore, wheat that is severely sprouted in the field is less suitable for products for human consumption, and is often discounted to animal feed. Up till now, most knowledge on PHS is obtained by research on laboratory‐sprouted wheat as a proxy for field‐sprouted wheat. Knowledge on PHS in the field itself is more scarce. This review gives a comprehensive overview of the recent findings on PHS of wheat in the field, compared to knowledge on controlled sprouting. The physiological and functional changes occurring in wheat during PHS and their impact on wheat and bread quality are discussed. This review provides a useful background for further research concerning the potential of field‐sprouted wheat to be used as raw material in the food industry.     

我国食品及包装机械面临产业升级——访中国食品和包装机械工业协会副会长 何南至

<正> 我国食品工业和食品包装机械真正形成行业也就20年的时间。这20年是世界技术发展最快的时期,新技术不断在行业上应用,而我国食品工业整体基础薄弱,技术及科研力量不足,因而造成我国食品机械工业的发展相对滞后。大量技术含量高的成套食品机械设备仍依靠进口。要改变这种状况,我国食品机械面临产业升级。日前,记者特别专访了中国食品和包装机械工业协会副会长何南至,倾听他的独到见解。     

Mathematical model of Listeria monocytogenes cross-contamination in a fish processing plant

Listeriosis is a foodborne disease caused by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. The food industry and government agencies devote considerable resources to reducing contamination of ready-to-eat foods with L. monocytogenes. Because inactivation treatments can effectively eliminate L. monocytogenes present on raw materials, postprocessing cross-contamination from the processing plant environment appears to be responsible for most L. monocytogenes food contamination events. An improved understanding of cross-contamination pathways is critical to preventing L. monocytogenes contamination. Therefore, a plant-specific mathematical model of L. monocytogenes cross-contamination was developed, which described the transmission of L. monocytogenes contamination among food, food contact surfaces, employees' gloves, and the environment. A smoked fish processing plant was used as a model system. The model estimated that 10.7% (5th and 95th percentile, 0.05% and 22.3%, respectively) of food products in a lot are likely to be contaminated with L. monocytogenes. Sensitivity analysis identified the most significant input parameters as the frequency with which employees' gloves contact food and food contact surfaces, and the frequency of changing gloves. Scenario analysis indicated that the greatest reduction of the within-lot prevalence of contaminated food products can be achieved if the raw material entering the plant is free of contamination. Zero contamination of food products in a lot was possible but rare. This model could be used in a risk assessment to quantify the potential public health benefits of in-plant control strategies to reduce cross-contamination.     

脉冲电场技术在食品工业上的应用进展

当前食品工业加工方法主要依赖于传统的热处理与化学方法,这些方法往往会对食品质量和安全性产生负面影响,且存在高成本、环境不友好等弊端,开发高效、绿色的食品加工方法已成为食品业界亟待解决的难题。脉冲电场(Pulsed Electric Field,PEF)技术是一种利用高电压振幅的电磁脉冲对物料进行处理的物理方法,作为一种新兴的非热加工技术,PEF技术因其独特的优势吸引了广大学者对其进行广泛而深刻的讨论,以期将其应用于食品工业。该研究综述了脉冲电场技术的原理、应用机制,包括电穿孔理论、电流体、等离子体以及电化学反应与自由基激活假说,并对其在食品工业上的应用进行总结与归纳,为食品加工领域提供了有效的解决方法,有利于推动脉冲电场技术在食品加工领域的发展与应用。