加工肉制品中杂环胺的研究进展

存在于加工肉制品中的杂环胺主要包括氨基咪唑氮和氨基咔啉两大类,两类杂环胺大多数都具有致癌、致突变作用,特别是2- 氨基-3- 甲基IQ 咪唑并[4,5-f]喹啉(IQ),已被国际癌症研究中心归类为“对人类高可疑致癌物(2A 级)”。长期研究表明,随着加工温度的升高和加工时间的延长,杂环胺含量显著上升;原料肉的种类会对产品中杂环胺含量产生影响;此外肉汁和肉汤中的杂环胺含量也是评估其每日摄取量的重要因素之一。本文对杂环胺的结构、分类、生物毒性、提取检测方法等进行综述,重点述评影响其形成的因素,以增进公众对杂环胺的认识。     

Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines in Cooked Meat Products: Causes,Formation, Occurrence,and Risk Assessment

Meat products are sources of protein with high biological value and an essential source of other nutrients, such as vitamins and minerals. Heating processes cause food to become more appetizing with changes in texture, appearance, flavor, and chemical properties by the altering of protein structure and other ingredients. During heat treatment, heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs), potent mutagens/carcinogens, are formed due to the Maillard reaction. The HAAs are classified in at least 2 groups: thermic HAAs (100 to 300 °C) and pyrolytic HAAs (>300 °C). This review focuses on the parameters and precursors which affect the formation of HAAs: preparation, such as the marinating of meat, and cooking methods, including temperature, duration, and heat transfer, as well as levels of precursors. Additionally, factors are described subject to pH, and the type of meat and ingredients, such as added antioxidants, types of carbohydrates and amino acids, ions, fat, and other substances inhibiting or enhancing the formation of HAAs. An overview of the different analytical methods available is shown to determine the HAAs, including their preparation to clean up the sample prior to extraction. Epidemiological results and human daily intake of HAAs obtained from questionnaires show a relationship between the preference for very well‐done meat products with increased HAA levels and an enhanced risk of the incidence of cancer, besides other carcinogens in the diet. The metabolic pathway of HAAs is governed by the activity of several enzymes leading to the formation of DNA adducts or HAA excretion and genetic sensitivity of individuals to the impact of HAAs on human cancer risk.     

国内外肉制品中食品添加剂硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的标准管理探讨

目的 探讨肉制品中食品添加剂硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的标准管理.方法 通过对国际食品法典以及美国、加拿大、欧盟、澳新、日本、韩国和中国肉制品中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐食品添加剂标准规定的分析,结合风险评估、监测结果和食品中毒事件数据分析的情况,探讨相关标准未来的发展方向.结果 从生产加工过程控制、终产品检测可操作性或进出口口岸检测便利...     

A comprehensive review of furan in foods: From dietary exposures and in vivo metabolism to mitigation measures

Furan is a thermal food processing contaminant that is ubiquitous in various food products such as coffee, canned and jarred foods, and cereals. A comprehensive summary of research progress on furan is presented in this review, including discussion of (i) formation pathways, (ii) occurrence and dietary exposures, (iii) analytical techniques, (iv) toxicities, (v) metabolism and metabolites, (vi) risk assessment, (vii) potential biomarkers, and (viii) mitigation measures. Dietary exposure to furan varies among different countries and age groups. Furan acts through various toxicological pathways mediated by its primary metabolite, cis-2-butene-1,4-dial (BDA). BDA can readily react with glutathione, amino acids, biogenic amines, or nucleotides to form corresponding metabolites, some of which have been proposed as potential biomarkers of exposure to furan. Present risk assessment of furan mainly employed the margin of exposure approach. Given the widespread occurrence of furan in foods and its harmful health effects, mitigating furan levels in foods or exploring potential dietary supplements to protect against furan toxicity is necessary for the benefit of food safety and public health.     

肉制品中杂环胺的形成机制及植物提取物对其抑制作用的研究进展

肉制品中杂环胺(heterocyclic aromatic amines,HAAs)主要是由其中的氨基酸、葡萄糖与肌酸(肌酸酐)在高温长时间加工处理下产生的一类多环芳香族化合物,该类物质具有强致癌、致突变作用以及神经、心肌毒性等.本文主要介绍HAAs的分类、危害、形成机制及影响因素,并综述植物提取物对肉制品中HAAs的...     

Effects of breeds on the formation of heterocyclic aromatic amines in smoked lamb

Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) are mutagenic and carcinogenic compounds, which are commonly detectable in cooked meat products. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of sheep breeds on the formation of HAAs in smoking cooked lamb. The results showed that HAAs in smoked lamb meat products were generally low (2.74–5.42 ng g^?1), with most being Harman and Norharman. IQ, MeIQx, 4,8‐DiMeIQx, Trp‐p‐2, PhIP and MeAaC were not detected in smoked lamb meat products in the present study. The total content of HAAs differed between meat products of different sheep breeds, but no difference in the order of magnitude was determined. Smoking altered the content of protein, fat, moisture and free amino acids in lamb meat products, which was probably mostly contributed by the reduction in meat moisture. Free tryptophan decreased in all breeds after smoking, which was probably used to synthesise HAAs. In summary, HAAs were low in smoked lamb meat products of all sheep breeds; thus, consumption of smoked lamb meat products should contribute very limited intake of HAAs.     

熟肉制品中杂环胺的形成与抑制研究进展

杂环胺是熟肉制品中最常见的危害物,其种类繁多,形成途径复杂,抑制机制也不尽相同。本文介绍了2 类杂环胺的结构,主要阐述喹啉和喹喔啉类、2-氨基-1-甲基-6-苯基咪唑[4,5-b]吡啶、β-咔啉类（1-甲基-9H-吡啶[4,3-b]吲哚（1-methyl-9H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole,harman）、9H-吡啶[4,3-b]吲哚（9H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole,norharman））以及结合态杂环胺的形成途径,归纳减少杂环胺形成的措施及机理（控制加工条件和前体物、添加外源物质清除自由基和中间体、抑制美拉德反应等）,并对目前的研究现状进行概括。     

Salt Intake from Processed Meat Products: Benefits,Risks and Evolving Practices

Currently, there is major consumer concern about dietary salt intake worldwide. However, even with the development of contemporary preservation practices, sodium chloride is still essential in processed meat products. Despite a long history of use, salt is now seriously controversial in food due to health concerns that are mostly related to high blood pressure and cardiovascular risks. Changes in meat processing methods have reduced those potential risks, but different perceptions continue to shape how consumers and society view dietary salt. The current consumer demand for additive‐free food, such as the clean‐label movement, has renewed consumer willingness for naturalness in food products.     

加工肉制品中杂环胺的研究进展

杂环胺(heterocyclic amines,HAs)是一类致癌致突变的多环芳香族化合物,通常在肉类等富含蛋白质的食品原料的热处理过程中产生,能通过其环外游离氨基与DNA反应生成加合物而产生致癌致突变毒性。当前,肉类产品加工过程中杂环胺的生成及控制已逐渐成为食品安全领域研究的热点。本文阐述了杂环胺的结构、分类和生物毒性,探讨分析了肉制品加工过程中杂环胺的形成路径和机制,总结了近年来杂环胺抑制方法的研究进展,并对利用模拟体系与先进检测技术探索杂环胺形成机制的研究进行了展望。     

肉类休闲食品品质提升与安全控制研究进展

随着经济的快速发展与人民消费水平的不断提升,肉类休闲食品产业也随之快速发展。肉类休闲食品属于零食的一种,是人们在闲暇时所享用的食品,也是快速消费食品中重要的组成部分之一。肉类休闲食品种类繁多,在味道、便利、营养、口感和健康方面备受人们青睐。与此同时,随着消费理念不断更新,肉类休闲食品品质与食品安全问题日益受到关注。肉类休闲食品在目前的发展面临诸如肉制品的品质较低等问题,因此需要提升其品质,尤其是在减盐、减糖、减脂、增鲜等方面。在食品加工中存在一些危害物等安全隐患,如化学性、物理性及加工伴生危害物等,需要建立起检测技术和控制技术以做到安全控制。基于此,文章系统性总结了肉类休闲食品品质提升的方法及安全控制领域近十年来的研究进展,以期为肉类休闲食品品质安全保证及产业升级提供借鉴与参考,进而促进肉类休闲食品产业的高质量发展。     

煎炸肉制品中杂环胺的控制技术及体内代谢调控研究进展

杂环胺是富含蛋白质的食物在烹饪加工过程中产生的一类有害物质。由于煎炸过程温度较高,反应复杂,导致煎炸肉制品中杂环胺生成量较多。杂环胺具有较强的生物毒性,是一种潜在的致癌、致突变物质,长期摄入富含杂环胺的煎炸肉制品会对人体产生不良影响。本文对煎炸肉制品中的杂环胺进行了简介,包括其分类、结构以及生物毒性,综述了影响煎炸肉制品中杂环胺生成的因素和控制杂环胺生成的方法,并根据杂环胺的消化吸收和代谢机制,探讨了其在体内代谢的调控方式。     

Comparability and repeatability of methods for estimating the dietary intake of the heterocyclic amine contaminant 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5b]pyridine (PhIP)

Inconsistent risk estimates for dietary heterocyclic amine (HCA) exposure and cancers may be due to differences in exposure assessment methods and the associated measurement error. We evaluated repeatability and comparability of intake estimates of the HCA 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5b]pyridine (PhIP) among two food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) collections, three diary collections, and three measurements of urinary PhIP and its metabolites in 36 non-smokers in Baltimore, Maryland, during 2004–2005. Collections spanned ～9 months. Method repeatability was characterised with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Comparability among methods was assessed with Spearman correlation coefficients. Within-subject variability in PhIP intake was comparably high across all methods (ICCs of 0.20, 0.30, and 0.15 for FFQ, diary, and creatinine-adjusted urinary PhIP, respectively). Mean diary-based PhIP intake and mean urinary PhIP concentration were strongly correlated when restricting the analysis to participants with at least one non-zero diary-based estimate of PhIP intake (n?=?15, r?=?0.75, p?=?0.001), but not in the full study population (n?=?36, r?=?0.18, p?=?0.28). Mean PhIP intake from the FFQ was not associated with that either based on the diary or urinary PhIP separately, but was modestly correlated with a metric that combined the diary- and biomarker-based approaches (r?=?0.30, p?=?0.08). The high within-subject variability will result in significantly attenuated associations if a single measure is used to estimate exposure within an epidemiologic study. Improved HCA assessment tools, such as a combination of methods or validated biomarkers that capture long term exposure, are needed.     

Strategies and novel technologies to control Campylobacter in the poultry chain: A review

Campylobacteriosis is one of the most common bacterial infections worldwide causing economic costs. The high prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in poultry meat is a result of several contamination and cross‐contamination sources through the production chain. Moreover, survival mechanisms, such as biofilm formation, viable but nonculturable state, and antimicrobial resistance, enable its persistence during food processing. Therefore, mitigation strategies are necessary in order to avoid and/or inactivate Campylobacter at farm, abattoir, industry, and retail level. In this review, a number of potential strategies and novel technologies that could reduce the prevalence of Campylobacter in poultry meat have been identified and evaluated to provide a useful overview. At farm level for instance, biosecurity, bacteriocins, probiotics, feed and water additives, bacteriophages, and vaccination could potentially reduce colonization in chicken flocks. However, current technologies used in the chicken slaughter and processing industry may be less effective against this foodborne pathogen. Novel technologies and strategies such as cold plasma, ultraviolet light, high‐intensity light pulses, pulsed electric fields, antimicrobials, and modified atmosphere packaging are discussed in this review for reducing Campylobacter contamination. Although these measures have achieved promising results, most have not been integrated within processing operations due to a lack of knowledge or an unwillingness to implement these into existing processing systems. Furthermore, a combination of existing and novel strategies might be required to decrease the prevalence of this pathogen in poultry meat and enhance food safety. Therefore, further research will be essential to assess the effectiveness of all these strategies.     

冷鲜肉中致病菌定量风险评估研究进展

随着生鲜畜禽产品消费需求的增加,食源性致病菌在冷鲜肉加工、贮藏和消费过程中的存在与消长规律及其消费者健康的影响逐渐进入公众视野,其引发的食品安全风险逐渐受到重视。微生物定量风险评估（quantitative microbialriskassessment,QMRA）是此类食品安全风险分析的核心,为冷鲜肉加工过程中危害分析与关键控制点、食品安全目标与法规的制定提供了理论依据。我国自《食品安全法》颁布、食品安全风险评估中心成立以来,QMRA工作已取得一定进展。本文对近年来在畜禽肉制品中已开展的常见的食源性致病菌的定量风险评估进行归纳,并对过程风险模型、模块化过程风险模型与组学技术在QMRA中的研究进展进行综述,总结了QMRA在生鲜肉食品安全管理中的应用现状,以期为冷鲜肉中的致病菌定量风险评估发展应用提供参考。     

A three-prong strategy to develop functional food using protein isolates recovered from chicken processing by-products with isoelectric solubilization/precipitation

BACKGROUND: Skin‐on bone‐in chicken drumsticks were processed with isoelectric solubilization/precipitation to recover muscle proteins. The drumsticks were used as a model for dark chicken meat processing by‐products. The main objective of this study was conversion of dark chicken meat processing by‐products to restructured functional food product. An attempt was made to develop functional food product that would resemble respective product made from boneless skinless chicken breast meat. A three‐prong strategy to address diet‐driven cardiovascular disease (CVD)with a functional food was used in this study. The strategy included addition of three ingredients with well‐documented cardiovascular benefits: (i) ω‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid‐rich oil (flaxseed‐algae, 9:1); (ii) soluble fiber; and (iii) salt substitute. Titanium dioxide, potato starch, polyphosphate, and transglutaminase were also added. The batters were formulated and cooked resulting in heat‐set gels. RESULTS: Color (L*a*b*), texture (torsion test, Kramer shear test, and texture profile analysis), thermal denaturation (differential scanning calorimetry), and gelation (dynamic rheology) of chicken drumstick gels and chicken breast gels were determined and compared. Chicken drumstick gels generally had comparable color and texture properties to the gels made from chicken breast meat. The endothermic transition (thermal denaturation) of myosin was more pronounced and gelation properties were better for the drumstick gels. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated a feasibility to develop functional food made of muscle proteins recovered with isoelectric solubilization/precipitation from low‐value dark chicken meat processing by‐products. The functional food developed in this study was enriched with CVD‐beneficial nutrients and had comparable instrumental quality attributes to respective products made of chicken breast meat. Although the results of this study point towards the potential for a novel, marketable functional food product, sensory tests and storage stability study are recommended. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

The Influence of Dietary Habits and Meat Consumption on Plasma 3‐Methylhistidine—A Potential Marker for Muscle Protein Turnover

1 Scope

3‐Methylhistidine (3‐MH) as a potential biomarker for muscle protein turnover is influenced by meat intake but data on the impact of meat on plasma 3‐MH are scarce. We determined the association of plasma 3‐MH, 1‐methylhistidine (1‐MH), and creatinine with dietary habits and assessed the impact of a single white meat intervention during a meat‐free period.

2 Methods and results

Plasma 3‐MH, 1‐MH, and creatinine concentrations of healthy young omnivores (n = 19) and vegetarians (n = 16) were analyzed together with data on anthropometry, body composition, grip strength, and nutrition. After baseline measurements omnivores adhered to a meat‐free diet for 6 days and received a defined administration of chicken breast on day four. At baseline, omnivores had higher plasma 3‐MH and 1‐MH concentrations than vegetarians. White meat administration led to a slight increase in plasma 3‐MH in omnivores. The elevated 3‐MH concentrations significantly declined within 24 h after white meat intake.

3 Conclusion

1‐MH concentrations in plasma seem to be suitable to display (white) meat consumption and its influence on 3‐MH plasma concentration. 3‐MH in plasma may be used as a biomarker for muscle protein turnover if subjects have not consumed meat in the previous 24 h.     

How meaty? Detection and quantification of adulterants,foreign proteins and food additives in meat products

The worldwide consumption of meat is increasing, especially in developing countries. Many studies have correlated a diet characterised by high intake of processed red meats with a risk of colorectal cancer, stroke, coronary heart diseases and diabetes. Moreover, the quality and safety of meat products may be compromised by several admitted and not admitted procedures (i.e. addition of food additives and/or foreign proteins). For these reasons, the topic ‘meat products’ quality and safety’ has gained much in importance during last few years. In this review, the recent advances in the field of analytical methods for the evaluation of meat adulteration due to the addition of foreign proteins and food additives are reported, compared and critically evaluated. Moreover, the most representative monitoring practices, developed worldwide, related to meats adulteration are described and discussed.     

Effect of Dietary Red Meat on Colorectal Cancer Risk—A Review

Heme iron overload has been implicated as the main cause of the increased risk of cancer due to the consumption of red meat. However, fish and shellfish, teas, and spices contain up to five times more iron than red meat. There is insufficient evidence that iron intake in dietary red meat is the primary causal factor for colorectal cancer. In addition, harmful substances produced during the preparation of red meat, including heterocyclic amines (HCAs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), N‐nitroso compounds, and acrylamide, are extrinsic factors that increase carcinogenicity. HCAs are produced during the cooking of red meat, poultry meat, and fish. PAHs may also be produced during the cooking of diverse food groups, such as dairy products, fruits, vegetables, and cereals. The average daily intake of red meat among Korean individuals is 62 g; the amount of PAHs entering the body via red meat is less than the average amount of PAHs the body is exposed to in the air. Therefore, it is difficult to conclude that dietary red meat is the main cause of colorectal cancer. Rather, there may be an intricate influence of multiple factors, including fruit and vegetable intake, alcohol consumption, smoking, overweight, obesity, and stress.     

膳食反式脂肪酸的风险评估研究进展

反式脂肪酸是一类包含一个或多个反式构型双键的不饱和脂类分子。膳食中的反式脂肪酸有2类:微量的天然反式脂肪酸和可观的人造反式脂肪酸。过去的研究认为反式脂肪酸的摄入仅仅是一个营养问题,但越来越多的毒理学和暴露评估的研究结果表明反式脂肪酸对人体健康有诸多不良影响。因此,反式脂肪酸的摄入已成为一个食品安全问题。目前,许多国家已经对反式脂肪酸的摄入量做了规定。本文主要围绕膳食反式脂肪酸的来源、对人体产生的生理效应和病理影响、产生这些效应的细胞或分子机制,以及如何有效控制反式脂肪酸的摄入等进行综述,并讨论了反式脂肪酸的风险评估现状和未来展望。