Effect of Tempering Temperature on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Steel Containing Ni of 9 %

  Mechanical properties of quenching, intercritical quenching and tempering (QLT) treated steel containing Ni of 9% were evaluated from specimens subject to various tempering temperatures. The detailed microstructures of steel containing Ni of 9% at different tempering temperatures were observed by optical microscope (OM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The volume fraction of austenite was estimated by XRD. The results show that high strength and cryogenic toughness of steel containing Ni of 9% are obtained when the tempering temperature are between 540 and 580 ℃. The microstructure keeps the dual phase lamellar structure after the intercritical quenching and there is cementite created in the Ni rich constituents when tempering temperature is 540 ℃. When tempering temperatures are between 560 and 580 ℃, the reversed austenites (γ′) grow up and the dual phase lamellar structure is not clear. The γ′ becomes instable at 600 ℃. When tempered at temperature ranging from 500 to 520 ℃, the increase of dislocation density in the lamellar matrix makes both tensile strength and yield strength decrease. When tempered at 540 ℃ and higher temperature, the yield strength decreases continuously because the C and alloying elements in the matrix are absorbed by the cementite and the γ′, so the yield ratio is decreased by the γ′. There are two toughness mechanisms at different tempering temperatures. One is that the precipitation of cementite absorbs the carbon in the steel which plays a major role in improving cryogenic toughness at lower temperature. Another is that the γ′ and the purified matrix become major role at higher tempering temperature. When the tempering temperature is 600 ℃, the stability of γ′ is decreased quickly, even the transformation takes place at room temperature, which results in a sharp decrease of Charpy V impact energy at 77 K. The tempering temperature range is enlarged by the special distribution of cementite and the lamellar structure.     

回火温度对渗碳钢18Cr2Ni4WA组织和硬度的影响

为满足用户加工HBW硬度值≤269的需要,降低18Cr2Ni4WA钢Φ60 mm材硬度,利用连轧厂实际辊底式退火炉进行了630～750℃5h炉冷至500℃空冷的回火试验,并借助金相显微镜对18Cr2Ni4WA钢不同回火温度下的组织进行了分析,以确定最佳的回火温度。结果表明,18Cr2Ni4WA钢随回火温度的升高硬度先下降后上升,当温度为670℃时,钢材平均HBW硬度值最低(HBW238左右),回火组织为均匀的回火珠光体组织。     

Influence of Tempering Process on Mechanical Properties of 00Cr13Ni4Mo Supermartensitic Stainless Steel

To investigate the influence of tempering process on microstructural evolutions and mechanical properties of 00Cr13Ni4Mo supermartensitic stainless steel(SMSS),specimens were tempered in the temperature range of 520-720 ℃ for 3 h followed by air cooling and an optimized tempering temperature was chosen to prolong holding time from 3 to 12 h.After heat treatments,microstructure examination was conducted by scanning electron microscope,X-ray diffraction examinations,hardness measurements and tensile tests.The results revealed that the superior mechanical properties were achieved by quenching at 1040 ℃ for 1 h+water cooling and tempering at 600 ℃ for 3 h+air cooling.Increasing isothermal tempering time could improve the toughness notably.It was believed that the property was correlated with the microstructure of tempered lath martensite and retained austenite.More retained austenite content is beneficial to the higher toughness of the SMSS.     

Microstructure Evolution and Precipitation Behavior of 0Cr16Ni5Mo Martensitic Stainless Steel during Tempering Process

The microstructure,morphology of precipitates and retained austenite and the volume fraction of retained austenite in 0Cr16Ni5 Mo stainless steel during the tempering process were analyzed using optical microscope(OM),transmission electron microscope(TEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD)and scanning transmission electron microscope(STEM).The results show that the microstructure of the tempered steel is mainly composed of tempered martensite,retained austenite,and delta ferrite.In the case of samples tempered from 500 to 700 ℃,the precipitates are mainly M_(23)C_6,which precipitate along the lath martensite boundaries.The precipitate content increases with the tempering temperature.During the tempering process,the content of retained austenite initially increases and then decreases,the maximum content of retained austenite being 29 vol.% upon tempering at 600 ℃.TEM analysis of the tested steel reveals two morphology types of retained austenite.One is thin film-like retained austenite that exists along the martensite lath boundary.The other is blocky austenite located on packet at the boundary and the original austenite grain boundary.To further understand the stability of reversed austenite,the Ni content in reversed austenite was measured using STEM.Results show a significant difference in nickel concentrations between reversed austenite and martensite.     

回火温度对高锰钢ZGMn13Cr2性能的影响

通过系列回火工艺及拉伸试验 ,研究了回火温度对ZGMn13Cr2性能的影响。结果表明 :ZGMn13Cr2经水韧处理后 ,再经过 2 5 0℃× 6h回火 ,在韧性不降低的情况下 ,强度提高 10 % ,达到国外牌号GX12 0Mn12性能要求。     

Observation and Analysis of the Microstructure in CarburizedSurface Layer of Steel 20Cr2Ni4A Treated with ConventionalAnd Rare Earth Carburizing Processes

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Microstructure of Steel 5Cr21Mn9Ni4N Alloyed by Rare Earth

The microstructure, composition and shape of precipitated phase under as-cast and finished product state of 5Cr21Mn9Ni4N steel with different rare earth （RE） amount were studied. Mechanical properties of 5Cr21Mn9Ni4N steels withont RE addition and with RE added by 0. 2% in mass percent were tested respectively. The results indicate that the solid solution amount of RE is about 10^-6 -10^-5 order of magnitude in 5Cr21Mn9Ni4N steel. Dendrite of as-cast condition is refined obviously and dimension of interstitial phase is shortened when RE is added by 0.10%-0.20%. But the microstructure will be coarser if surplus RE is added. Precipitated phase under finished product state distributes evenly in nearly same size with RE added by 0. 2% which leads to a largely improved high temperature mechanical property.     

节镍型奥氏体不锈钢1Cr17Mn9Ni4N的组织和力学性能

从热处理工艺对室温拉伸性能的影响和试验温度对拉伸性能的影响两个方面分析了1Cr17Mn9Ni4N钢组织和力学性能之间的关系。试验结果表明：随着固溶处理温度(950～1075℃)的提高,强度降低、塑性提高;水冷或空冷对力学性能的影响不大;材料的锻比对力学性能具有一定的影响;与同类钢相比,1Cr17Mn9Ni4N钢具有优异的室温和低温力学性能。该钢在低温变形时的TRIP效应是低温综合力学性能良好的根本原因。     

回火温度对热轧双相钢组织和力学性能影响研究

研究了100~300℃回火对0.054C-1.18Si-1.16Mn-0.49Cr成分热轧双相钢DP600的显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:回火温度主要影响热轧双相钢中铁素体位错密度和马氏体微观结构;随着回火温度的增加,热轧双相钢中铁素体可动位错密度降低,马氏体部分发生分解,析出碳化物;回火温度对抗拉强度影响不大,对屈服强度和屈强比的影响显著,175℃以上回火,热轧双相钢屈服强度显著提高,并出现屈服平台,150℃以下回火热轧双相钢屈服强度增加不明显,不出现屈服现象。     

Constitutive Modeling for Elevated TemperatureFlow Behavior of 30Cr2Ni4MoV Ultra-super-crit- ical Rotor Steel

In order to perform numerical simulation of forging and determine the hot deformation processing parameters for 30Cr2Ni4MoV steel, the compressive deformation behaviors of 30Cr2Ni4MoV steel were investigated at the temperatures from 970 to 1270 ℃ and strain rates from 0. 001 to 0.1 s-1 on a Gleeble-3500 thermo-mechanical simulator. The flow stress constitutive equations of the work hardening-dynamical recovery period and dynamical recrystallization period were established for 30Cr2Ni4MoV steel. The stress-strain curves of 30Cr2Ni4MoV steel predicted by the proposed model well agreed with experimental results, which confirmed that the proposed equations can be used to determine the hot deformation processing parameters for 30Cr2Ni4MoV steel.     

二次固溶温度对1Cr16Ni4Mo2Cu2W1VN力学性能的影响

研究了二次固溶温度对1Cr16Ni4Mo2Cu2W1VN钢力学性能的影响。结果表明,二次固溶温度为970和1 020℃时,原奥氏体晶界分布着大量连续的M23C6,晶界阻碍位错运动,屈服强度较高,裂纹沿晶界扩展,抗拉强度较低,塑性很低。二次固溶温度为1 070和1 100℃时,原奥氏体晶界对位错的阻碍作用降低,屈服强度较低,残余奥氏体的TRIP效应较大,抗拉强度较高,塑性很高。     

Hot Deformation Behavior and Microstructure Evolution of 2Cr12Ni4Mo3VNbN Steel Used for Last-Stage Large Blades of Steam Turbine

The hot deformation behavior and microstructure evolution of a recently developed 2Cr12Ni4Mo3VNbN martensitic stainless steel are examined through hot compression tests conducted within the temperature range of 900–1200 °C and the strain rate range of 0.01–10 s⁻¹. The constitutive equation and processing maps corresponding to hot deformation are established. The activation energy for hot deformation of 2Cr12Ni4Mo3VNbN steel is determined to be ≈457491.77 J mol⁻¹. Simultaneously, the microstructure evolution during hot deformation is studied. Based on the processing maps and microstructure evolution analysis, it is concluded that the optimal windows for hot processing are within the temperature range of 1106–1150 °C and the strain rate range of 0.01–2.7 s⁻¹, as well as at 1200 °C within the strain rate range of 1–2.7 s⁻¹, exhibiting a power dissipation efficiency of 0.32. As the temperature increases and the strain rate decreases, the degree of dynamic recrystallization escalates.     

对Cr18Ni9型不锈钢的时间—温度—敏化—稳定度关系图的修正

介绍了大量经不同处理的Ｃｒ１８Ｎｉ９型不锈钢试样的ＥＰＲ数据测试结果，并基于这些结果对以Ｓｔｒａｕｓｓ测试为基础建立的Ｒｏｃｈａ ＴＴＳ－Ｓ图进行了修正，修正后的关系图符合实验结果，并得到以下结论：①修正后ＴＴＳ－Ｓ图的晶间腐蚀区域大于Ｒｏｃｈａ图中的晶间腐蚀区域；修正后的ＴＴＳ－Ｓ图中的Ｔｍ线高于Ｒｏｃｈａ图中的Ｔｍ线。②当游离碳小于０．０６％时，修正后ＴＴＳ－Ｓ图上的各Ｔｍ点比Ｒｏｃｈａ图上的