Shaking table model test and FE analysis of a reinforced concrete mega‐frame structure with tuned mass dampers

To study the damage characteristics and to evaluate the overall seismic performance of reinforced concrete mega‐frame structures, a shaking table test of a 1/25 scaled model with a rooftop tuned mass damper (TMD) is performed. The maximum deformation and acceleration responses are measured. The dynamic behavior and the damping effect with and without TMD are compared. The results indicate that the mega‐frame structure has excellent seismic performance and the TMD device has a significant vibration reduction effect. A finite element (FE) model simulating the scaled model is also developed, and the numerical and experimental results are compared to provide a better understanding of the overall structural behavior in particular those related to the dynamic characteristics and damping effect. Upon verification of the FE model, other important structural behavior can also be predicted by the FE analysis. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

含减振子结构的巨型框架结构模型振动台试验研究

在含减振子结构的巨型框架结构(MFVCS)中,通过在部分主、次框架的连接处,即次框架柱底部和主框架梁之间设置隔震支座,从而形成减振子结构。为研究MFVCS的减震效果,设计并制作了一个几何缩尺比为1/25的模型,通过更换最顶部的子结构柱底的支座类型,形成非减振和单减振巨型框架两个结构。通过振动台试验,得到了两结构的动力特性和加速度、位移响应,并对比分析了不同地震动作用下的减震效果。结果表明：试验过程中主体结构损伤轻微;不同地震波作用下加速度和位移峰值减震系数平均值分别为15.1%和12.3%,加速度和位移均方根减震系数平均值均为22.2%;含减振子结构的巨型框架结构具有较明显的减震效果。     

子结构隔震的巨型框架结构地震反应分析与振动台试验研究

为考察基于子结构隔震的巨型框架结构的实际振动控制效果,对一巨型框架结构和采用子结构隔震的巨型框架结构进行数值分析和振动台试验。介绍了巨型框架结构原型,采用有限元方法对巨型框架结构和采用子结构隔震的巨型框架结构进行分析,研究子结构隔震技术对外部主框架和内部子框架的地震反应控制效果。介绍了缩尺模型结构及其试验方案,对其进行了模拟地震的振动台试验,测量和分析了主框架和子框架的地震反应。有限元分析和振动台试验结果表明：子框架隔震后,巨型框架结构的基本周期得到延长,但隔震结构前6阶振型的振动都是以子框架振动为主,而非隔震结构前6阶振型的振动都是以主框架的振动为主。子框架隔震后,主框架和子框架的地震反应都显著减小,位置较低的子框架2的地震反应及其隔震效果一般要比上部子框架3的大。隔震子框架的变形主要集中在隔震层上,但隔震层变形小于主、子框架间的隔震缝宽度。     

基于响应面法的LRB基础隔震结构地震易损性分析

提出了一种基于响应面法的LRB基础隔震结构地震易损性分析方法,考虑了LRB基础隔震结构中各子结构之间(即上部结构和LRB隔震支座)地震需求的相关性。分析中考虑地震动与LRB基础隔震结构物理参数的不确定性,以均匀设计法建立地震动-LRB基础隔震结构样本,通过对有限元模型进行非线性时程分析,分别建立各子结构响应均值、方差及其相关系数与不确定参数之间的响应面模型。在此基础上,采用蒙特卡罗模拟得到LRB基础隔震结构在不同性能水准下的地震易损性曲线。分析结果表明,所建立的响应面模型精度高、结构可靠,减小了复杂有限元模型非线性时程分析计算的工作量,有效提高了LRB基础隔震结构地震易损性分析的时效性。为了准确建立LRB基础隔震结构的地震易损性曲线,应考虑各子结构地震响应需求之间的相关性。     

Structural performance and cost analysis of wind-induced vibration control schemes for a real super-tall building

To evaluate different energy dissipation systems used to control wind-induced vibrations of a 456 m super-tall building in fluctuating wind excitations, the finite element (FE) method was employed to simulate the dynamic responses of the building. A series of wind tunnel pressure tests were conducted on a 1:450 scale model to determine the wind forces acting on the super-tall building. A FE model was also constructed and mass, damping and stiffness matrices were subsequently formulated as an evaluation model for numerical analysis. The evaluation model was further simplified to a state reduced-order system using the state order reduction method. Three different vibration control schemes, namely a tuned mass damper (TMD) system, a system containing only nonlinear viscous dampers and a hybrid control system combining TMD and viscous dampers, were examined through simulations with respect to their effectiveness in reducing the accelerations at the top of the building. Furthermore, a cost evaluation was conducted to determine the most economical structural design and vibration control scheme. The results show that the wind-induced vibrations of the analysed building can be controlled effectively by all the three examined schemes, while the hybrid control scheme and the scheme containing only viscous dampers further reduce the wind-induced vibration to satisfy a more stringent criterion for a six-star hotel. In addition, the hybrid vibration control scheme is also the most cost-effective among the examined schemes.     

装有3DB的三维隔震建筑的平扭-竖向地震反应分析

首先提出了一种铅芯橡胶碟簧三维隔震支座(3DB)。它由铅芯叠层橡胶支座LRB和加有阻尼材料的碟形弹簧支座DSB串联组成,能有效地解决三维隔震支座竖向阻尼的难题,并可以有效地抑制摇摆。然后,建立了3DB三维隔震框架结构多维地震反应的分析模型和运动方程,并以一栋五层3DB三维基础隔震框架结构为例,对其多维地震反应进行了仿真分析。研究结果表明,本文提出的3DB能简单有效地解决建筑结构的三维基础隔震问题,装有3DB的隔震建筑的多维地震反应降低了50％以上。     

半刚性连接组合梁框架足尺模型模拟地震振动台试验

为了研究半刚性连接组合梁框架在地震作用下动力特性以及破坏模式,为半刚性框架抗震设计及在地震区的使用提供依据,进行了1个足尺半刚性连接组合梁框架结构模型振动台试验研究。通过试验,分析了小震、中震和大震作用下半刚性连接组合梁框架结构的动力特性、位移反应、加速度反应、半刚性组合节点内力反应、结构破坏模式。研究结果表明:半刚性连接组合梁框架具有较好的抗震性能,在罕遇地震作用下(1.20g),整体结构仍然没有明显损坏,结构破坏形式为半刚性组合节点和柱脚处产生较大塑性变形,半刚性连接框架结构完全可以在高抗震设防烈度地区使用。对试验框架建立有限元分析模型,进行结构的非线性动力时程分析,计算结果与试验结果较为接近。     

Shaking table test and numerical simulation on a vertical hybrid structure under seismic excitation

A shaking table test of a 12‐story steel/reinforced concrete (S/RC) frame, which is composed of a 4‐story steel frame in the higher part, a 1‐story S/RC frame as a transition story in the middle part, and a 7‐story reinforced concrete (RC) frame in the lower part of the model, has been conducted, and its results are compared with those of a standard 12‐story RC frame to evaluate seismic performance of this S/RC frame. The numerical simulation on such hybrid frame structure has been performed and validated by the above experimental results. It is found that irregular lateral‐stiffness distribution along structural height will not only increase rotation at the joint of boundary between transition story and steel frame or concrete frame but also enlarge rotation at such joint and lead to more obvious rigid deformation in steel frame of S/RC frame, which will undoubtedly intensify bending failure. Meanwhile, acceleration response of the upper steel frame will reach its peak when characteristic site period is near the counterpart of the upper steel frame. Further, the maximum interstory drift under frequent earthquake excitation is at the lower substructure, namely, the RC frame, but this is not the case in rare earthquake situation. When it comes to determining damping ratio for vertical hybrid structure, a general method for engineering, which takes concrete and steel damping ratio for the whole structure analysis and then gets envelopes of these results for design, may yield conservative results. Meanwhile, such method may underestimate responses near the transition story.     

Experimental and numerical study on vibration control effects of a compound mass damper

A compound mass damper (CMD) was put forwarded based on the joint vibration control effects of tuned liquid damper and colliding particles. A series of shaking table tests were designed in order to investigate the dynamic response of a single degree of freedom bent frame structure with or without the damper (CMD, tuned mass damper, and tuned liquid damper) under three different kinds of earthquake waves. It is shown that the vibration reduction performance of CMD is generally better than the traditional dampers no matter from peak response attenuation rate or root mean square response attenuation rate. The vibration reduction effect of traditional dampers is susceptible to the characteristics of earthquake waves, whereas CMD is effective in a broader frequency bands. Also, the vibration reduction effect of CMD is not sensitive to the amplitude of earthquake waves, which means the system has good robustness. In addition, CMD has the advantage of fast start‐up. The numerical simulation results of the CMD are obtained through certain simplifications, and are in good agreement with the experimental results, which further verifies the damping effect of the proposed damper and provides a simplified method for its engineering design.     

Multi-objective fuzzy control of smart base isolated spatial structure

Base isolation systems are used widely to reduce the dynamic responses of structures subjected to a seismic load. Recently, research has been conducted actively on smart base isolation systems that can effectively reduce the dynamic responses of isolated structures without accompanying increases in the base drifts. On the other hand, control performance of smart base isolation systems for spatial structures has not attracted significant attention. This study examined the dynamic response reduction capacity of a smart base isolation system for a spatial structure subjected to seismic excitation. MR dampers and low damping elastomeric bearings were used to compose a smart base isolation system, and its vibration control performance was compared with that of the optimally-designed, lead-rubber bearing (LRB) isolation system. A fuzzy controller was used to effectively control the spatial structure with a smart base isolation system. The dynamic responses of the spatial structure with an isolation system conflicted with the base drift. Therefore, these two responses were selected as the objective functions to apply a multi-objective genetic algorithm to optimize a fuzzy controller. The numerical simulation results showed that the smart base isolation system proposed in this study can reduce drastically the base drifts and seismic responses of the example spatial structure compared to the optimally designed LRB isolation system.     

采用颗粒调谐质量阻尼器的钢框架结构振动台试验研究

通过附加和不附加颗粒调谐质量阻尼器的5层钢框架振动台试验,研究其在实际地震波以及上海人工波激励下的减震效果。通过调整不同悬挂长度（频率比）、质量比、颗粒到阻尼器壁净距等参数,分析阻尼器参数对其减震效果的影响。试验结果表明：不同地震作用下该类阻尼器均能达到较好的减震效果,其中上海人工波的减震效果最好;对于多层钢框架结构,阻尼器能够有效控制第1振型的振动,但是对于高阶振型的控制作用无法保证;当阻尼器频率与主体结构基频相同时,能够达到最优减震效果,而当二者频率不同时,依然有一定的减震效果,说明其具有一定的鲁棒性;在合适的质量比（0.66%）下,阻尼器能够达到最佳减震效果;当颗粒到容器内壁净距为1.6D~3.6D时,可使阻尼器响应最小,且减震效果较好。     

Numerical Modeling of Dynamic Behavior of Annular Tuned Liquid Dampers for Applications in Wind Towers

Abstract: In this study, the performance of annular liquid tanks as a tuned liquid damper (TLD) in mitigating the vibration of wind turbines was investigated using a numerical model. A proposed hybrid wind tower model composed of a concrete shaft and a steel mast with a height of 150 m was simulated using a single‐degree‐of‐freedom system. The structural domain including the tank wall and a rigid mass was modeled using finite element method, while the fluid domain was simulated by finite volume method using CFX software. A parametric study was carried out to investigate the behavior of annular TLD under harmonic loads for different mass and frequency ratios as well as displacement amplitudes. The damping characteristics of the annular TLD model were derived by comparing the numerical results with an equivalent linear model. In addition, the effectiveness of annular TLD was estimated by comparing the numerically calculated damping ratios with those corresponding to the optimum damping ratio values derived for a particular mass ratio based on the concept of tuned mass damper. It was found that that the annular TLD is effective when the amplitude of excitation is small. Moreover, the response of TLD in terms of nonlinear free surface sloshing and the energy dissipated by the system was discussed. Finally, the effectiveness of annular TLD in reducing the structural response of wind turbine towers under random vibrations was evaluated and discussed.     

Investigation and optimization of nonlinear pendulum vibration absorber for horizontal vibration suppression of damped system

Nonlinear pendulum vibration absorber is investigated in this paper to control resonance peak of linear primary system with horizontal vibrations subjected to forced and motion excitations. Pendulum vibration absorbers have been utilized as tuned mass damper for many years, but by this knowledge, nonlinear analysis of this problem has not been investigated anywhere. Harmonic balance (HB) method is used to solve nonlinear differential equations and analyze the stability of their results. Optimum damping and natural frequency ratios are derived by minimizing the maximum steady‐state response of primary system with numerical optimization. The presented analysis shows that the pendulum absorber design based on linear model resulting in a small area around the original frequency for vibration absorption. For linear pendulum design, with a small deviation from the linear range, the amplitude of initial system greatly increased, and its performance will fall sharply. But if the design is based on a nonlinear pendulum with larger amplitude of motion, the resulting design will have a higher accuracy. In this paper, responses with inferior periods are inspected beside main period one. Different methods are used for optimized nonlinear pendulum. Finally, system robustness and chance of bifurcation will be predicted. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experimental parametric study on wind‐induced vibration control of particle tuned mass damper on a benchmark high‐rise building

A particle tuned mass damper system is an integration of tuned mass damper and particle damper. The damping performance of such device is investigated by an aero‐elastic wind tunnel test on a benchmark high‐rise building. The robustness of the system is studied by comparing the damping performance to that of a traditional tuned mass damper, and the results show that the damper has excellent and steady wind‐induced vibration control effects. Meanwhile, the parameters (filling ratio, mass ratio, and mass ratio of the container to particles), which have great influence on the vibration reduction performance of the system, are also analyzed, and it is found that the particles filling ratio plays the most important role in deciding the damping effects of the dampers. There exists an optimum filling ratio and mass ratios in which the damper can reach the best damping state. Proper parameter selections can greatly improve the damping performance.     

Effects of model updating on the estimation of stochastic seismic response of a concrete-filled steel tubular arch bridge

The objectives of this paper are to integrate the structural health monitoring (SHM) technique with the structural seismic analysis, and to make the SHM technique serve, benefit and promote the structural seismic analysis integrally. Therefore, considering a concrete-filled steel tubular arch bridge structure, the SHM technique is used to calibrate the finite element (FE) model through the model-updating scheme to minimise the structural response differences caused by FE model errors. Effects of model updating on structural seismic responses are investigated using the stochastic vibration analysis approach. It is observed that effects of model updating are significant on structural seismic responses, and these effects may become more evident in structural nonlinear dynamic analysis. Hence, it is of prime importance to calibrate the FE models through the SHM technique for seismic evaluations of some operational critical structures.     

地震作用下某高层结构MTMD减震控制研究

通过数值模拟研究了地震作用下高层结构多个调谐质量阻尼器(MTMD)减震控制。根据实际工程,利用国际通用软件ETABS建立了结构三维有限元模型,进行了动力特性的分析,得到了结构的前几阶频率;根据不同场地类型,选取了4条典型的地震波;研究了调谐质量阻尼器(TMD)的参数选取和有限元的模拟;运用时程分析方法,分别研究了不同地震作用下高层结构有无控制下的反应。研究结果表明,MTMD对高层结构的减震控制效果明显,场地类型对减震控制效果有一定的影响。所获得的结果为高层结构减震控制设计提供参考和依据。     

钢筋混凝土巨型框架结构及附单向TMD装置的减震结构振动台试验研究

为了研究钢筋混凝土巨型框架结构体系的抗震性能及其地震作用损伤机理,设计制作1/25的缩尺模型,并设计加工了一套调谐质量阻尼器（TMD）装置安装在模型结构顶部,进行振动台试验,得到结构的动力特性和位移响应,并对比分析了TMD的减震效果。结果表明：当在峰值加速度为0.140g的地震波作用后（相当于原型7度多遇地震）,模型结构处在弹性工作状态,在峰值加速度为0.400g的地震波作用后（相当于原型7度基本烈度）,模型结构出现轻微破坏,在峰值加速度为0.880g的地震波作用后（相当于原型7度罕遇地震）,模型结构出现中等破坏,该原型结构可以满足抗震设计的要求;TMD装置具有较好的减震效果。     

Identification of Instantaneous Modal Parameter of Time‐Varying Systems via a Wavelet‐Based Approach and Its Application

This work presents an efficient approach using time‐varying autoregressive with exogenous input (TVARX) model and a substructure technique to identify the instantaneous modal parameters of a linear time‐varying structure and its substructures. The identified instantaneous natural frequencies can be used to identify earthquake damage to a building, including the specific floors that are damaged. An appropriate TVARX model of the dynamic responses of a structure or substructure is established using a basis function expansion and regression approach combined with continuous wavelet transform. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is validated using numerically simulated earthquake responses of a five‐storey shear building with time‐varying stiffness and damping coefficients. In terms of accuracy in determining the instantaneous modal parameters of a structure from noisy responses, the proposed approach is superior to typical basis function expansion and regression approach. The proposed method is further applied to process the dynamic responses of an eight‐storey steel frame in shaking table tests to identify its instantaneous modal parameters and to locate the storeys whose columns yielded under a strong base excitation.     

结构广义调谐体系及其减震控制的参数影响分析

针对工程结构调谐减振体系的地震反应控制,提出广义调谐体系的概念,从地面输入的复频域分量入手,对广义调谐体系的影响参数进行了理论分析.文中将广义调谐体系模型化为上下两质点模型,采用复频域地面激励输入,得出了稳态响应解析式,得出了调谐体系地震反应的4个主要影响参数,进一步分析得出了窄带激励下调谐子结构周期的优化配置.在此基础上,计算分析了其它参数对调谐体系位移反应和底部剪力幅值的影响,包括调谐子结构与主结构质量比ρ、主结构与激励的周期比βsE、结构阻尼等参数的影响.最后评析了多高层结构在地震作用下调谐减震控制的有关问题,指出了提高质量比ρ的重要性及方法,对拓展调谐减振体系的减震研究应用具有指导意义.     

Hybrid Control of Smart Structures Using a Novel Wavelet-Based Algorithm

Abstract:   A tuned liquid column damper (TLCD) system provides the same level of vibration suppression as a conventional tuned mass damper (TMD) system but with several advantages. A new hybrid control system is presented through judicious combination of a passive supplementary damping system with a semi-active TLCD system. The new model utilizes the advantages of both passive and semi-active control systems, thereby improving the overall performance, reliability, and operability of the control system during normal operations as well as a power or computer failure. The robust wavelet-hybrid feedback least mean square (LMS) control algorithm developed recently by the authors is used to find optimal values of the control parameters. The effectiveness and robustness of the proposed hybrid damper-TLCD system in reducing the vibrations under various seismic excitations are evaluated through numerical simulations performed for an eight-story frame using three different simulated earthquake ground accelerations. It is found that the new model is effective in significantly reducing the response of the structure under various seismic excitations.