Omics in traditional vegetable fermented foods and beverages

Abstract

For a long time, food microbiota has been studied using traditional microbiological techniques. With the arrival of molecular or culture-independent techniques, a strong understanding of microbiota dynamics has been achieved. However, analyzing the functional role of microbial communities is not an easy task. The application of omics sciences to the study of fermented foods would provide the metabolic and functional understanding of the microbial communities and their impact on the fermented product, including the molecules that define its aroma and flavor, as well as its nutritional properties. Until now, most omics studies have focused on commercial fermented products, such as cheese, wine, bread and beer, but traditional fermented foods have been neglected. Therefore, the information that allows to relate the present microbiota in the food and its properties remains limited. In this review, reports on the applications of omics in the study of traditional fermented foods and beverages are reviewed to propose new ways to analyze the fermentation phenomena.     

中药材及食品中丙烯酰胺的检测及抑制方法的 研究进展

丙烯酰胺是一种有毒化合物,具有潜在致癌、遗传、神经、生殖和发育毒性。据文献报道,长期接触丙烯酰胺可严重影响人体健康。中药材及食品中富含氨基酸和还原糖等物质,为丙烯酰胺的生成奠定了物质基础;中药材及食品的加工过程,为丙烯酰胺的生成奠定了条件基础。所以丙烯酰胺在中药材及食品中普遍存在。研究丙烯酰胺的毒性、检测、形成和抑制(消除)方法,对优化中药材及食品加工工艺、提高中药材及食品的质量和食用安全水平具有科学指导意义。本文对丙烯酰胺的毒性、检测和抑制方法进行总结归纳,并对目前检测和抑制方法进行比较和展望,以期为中药材及食品的科学安全加工提供参考。     

A review of traditional fermented foods and beverages of Zimbabwe

Several traditional fermented foods and beverages are produced at household level in Zimbabwe. These include fermented maize porridges (mutwiwa and ilambazi lokubilisa) fermented milk products (mukaka wakakoralamasi and hodzeko) non-alcoholic cereal-based beverages (mahewu, tobwa and mangisi) alcoholic beverages from sorghum or millet malt (doroluthwala and chikokivana) distilled spirits (kachasu) and fermented fruit mashes (makumbi). There are many regional variations to the preparation of each fermented product. Research into the processing technologies of these foods is still in its infancy. It is, therefore, important that the microbiology and biochemistry of these products, as well as their technologies be studied and documented in order to preserve them for future generations. This article reviews the available information regarding traditional fermented foods in Zimbabwe and makes recommendations for potential research areas.     

Lactic acid bacteria in traditional fermented Chinese foods

Food fermentation is a widely practiced and ancient technology in China. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are involved in many fermentation processes of Chinese traditional foods, demonstrating their profound effects on improving food quality and food safety. This review article outlines the main types of LAB fermentation as well as their typical fermented foods such as koumiss, suan-tsai, stinky tofu and Chinese sausage. The roles of LAB and the reasons for their common presence are also discussed.     

Traditional and novel fermented foods and beverages from tropical root and tuber crops: review

Tropical root and tuber crops [cassava, sweet potato, yams, colocasia (taro), etc] are important staples for food security for about a fifth of the world population. Bulk of cassava in Africa and Latin America are processed into fermented foods and food additives such as organic (acetic, citric and lactic) acids, mono-sodium glutamate, etc. The fermented foods from cassava are gari , fufu , lafun , chickwanghe , agbelima , attieke and kivunde in Africa, tape in Asia and ' cheese ' bread , and ' coated peanut ' in Latin America. Lactic acid bacteria and yeasts are the major group of micro-organisms associated with cassava fermentation. Similarly, sweet potatoes can be fermented into soy sauce, vinegar, lacto-juices, lacto-pickles and sochu (an alcoholic drink produced in Japan), and yams into fermented flour. Most of these fermented food products are functional foods rich in phytochemicals, dietary fibres, anti-oxidant compounds (β-carotene, anthocyanin, etc) and probiotic components (lactic acid bacteria and yeasts).     

An introduction to the traditional fermented foods and beverages of Turkey

Fermented foods and beverages, whether of plant or animal origin, play an important role in the diet of people in many parts of the world. Fermented foods not only provide important sources of nutrients but have also great potential in maintaining health and preventing diseases. Lactic acid bacteria and yeasts are the major group of microorganisms associated with traditional fermented foods. Many different types of traditional fermented foods and beverages are produced at household level in Anatolia. These include fermented milks (yoghurt, torba yoghurt, kurut, ayran, kefir, koumiss), cereal-based fermented food (tarhana), and non-alcoholic beverage (boza), fermented fruits, and vegetables (tur?u, ?algam, hardaliye), and fermented meat (sucuk). However, there are some differences in the preparation of traditional foods and beverages from region to region. The focus of this article is to describe the traditional fermented foods and beverages of Turkey.     

Fermented foods in a global age: East meets West

Fermented foods and alcoholic beverages have long been an important part of the human diet in nearly every culture on every continent. These foods are often well‐preserved and serve as stable and significant sources of proteins, vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients. Despite these common features, however, many differences exist with respect to substrates and products and the types of microbes involved in the manufacture of fermented foods and beverages produced globally. In this review, we describe these differences and consider the influence of geography and industrialization on fermented foods manufacture. Whereas fermented foods produced in Europe, North America, Australia, and New Zealand usually depend on defined starter cultures, those made in Asia and Africa often rely on spontaneous fermentation. Likewise, in developing countries, fermented foods are not often commercially produced on an industrial scale. Although many fermented products rely on autochthonous microbes present in the raw material, for other products, the introduction of starter culture technology has led to greater consistency, safety, and quality. The diversity and function of microbes present in a wide range of fermented foods can now be examined in detail using molecular and other omic approaches. The nutritional value of fermented foods is now well‐appreciated, especially in resource‐poor regions where yoghurt and other fermented foods can improve public health and provide opportunities for economic development. Manufacturers of fermented foods, whether small or large, should follow Good Manufacturing Practices and have sustainable development goals. Ultimately, preferences for fermented foods and beverages depend on dietary habits of consumers, as well as regional agricultural conditions and availability of resources.     

Development of a chemometric-assisted deep eutectic solvent-based microextraction procedure for extraction of caffeine in foods and beverages

ABSTRACT

In this research article, a novel and green deep eutectic solvent-based microextraction (DES-ME) procedure based on chemometric-assisted (CA) optimization was developed for the extraction of caffeine in foods and beverages prior to its spectrophotometric determination. Ultrasound was used to accelerate the extraction of caffeine. Deep eutectic solvents (DES), prepared in an ultrasonic bath at 20–60 min for 60–80°C, were used as extraction solvents. The important experimental variables (pH, DES amount, temperature, sonication time and metal concentration) were modelled and optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite design (CCD). Under the optimum conditions, the proposed method allowed the determination of caffeine with limits of detection (LOD, 3s_blank/m) and quantification (LOQ, 3s_blank/m) of 7.5 and 25.0 µg L^?1, respectively. For 40 µg L^?1 and 100 µg L^?1 of caffeine (n = 5), relative standard deviations (RSDs%) and recoveries% were 1.2–1.6% and 96.7–98.2%, respectively. Validation studies (accuracy, precision, trueness, reliability and selectivity) of the method were performed before the analysis of real samples. The results showed that the combination of the CCD with the DES-ME can be considered as a new perspective for the extraction and determination of caffeine in foods and beverages.     

饮料酒中阿魏酸的研究进展

阿魏酸是天然的抗氧化剂,也是近年来国际认知的防癌物质。该文综述了阿魏酸的功效、酚酸类化合物的分析方法及饮料酒（葡萄酒、啤酒、黄酒、果酒和白酒）中阿魏酸的研究进展,为“适量饮酒,有益健康”提供科学依据。阐明阿魏酸在饮料酒中的含量差异 及形成机理,综述了提高饮料酒中阿魏酸含量的方法,为未来我国饮料酒中多酚类物质的研究提供理论指导和方法参考。     

Intake of bisphenol A from canned beverages and foods on the Belgian market

Bisphenol A (BPA), a contaminant which may be present in the coating of cans, was determined in 45 canned beverages and 21 canned food items from the Belgian market. Beverages had an average BPA concentration of 1.0 ng/ml, while canned foods had a higher average concentration of 40.3 ng/g. The amount of BPA present in food items was dependent on the type of can and sterilisation conditions rather than the type of food. For example, BPA was not detected in non-canned beverages (<0.02 ng/ml), while non-canned food items had a very low average concentration of 0.46 ng/g. Using detailed information from the Belgian food consumption survey, the BPA intake of adults through canned foods and beverages was estimated to be 1.05 µg/day or 0.015 µg/kg body weight/day (assuming an average adult weight of 70 kg). Intake assessments, based on urinary metabolite concentrations from the literature, resulted in slightly higher BPA intakes (range 0.028–0.059 µg/kg body weight/day). This suggests that sources other than canned foods and beverages contribute to BPA exposure in humans.     

传统发酵豆制品中原核微生物多样性的研究

通过构建16SrDNA基因文库的方法,对2份不同种类的豆酱样品中原核微生物的多样性进行了分析。另外动态监测了一份酱油酱醅样品发酵过程中3个不同阶段原核微生物的变化情况。研究表明,发酵样品中的优势乳酸菌为魏斯氏菌（Weissella cibaria,Weissella confusa,Weissella paramesenteroides）和嗜盐四联球菌（Tetragenococcus halophilus）。另外还检测到芽孢杆菌、葡萄球菌、肠杆菌、柠檬酸杆菌、泛菌、不动杆菌、库特氏菌等细菌种群的存在。     

植物源性食品中乙烯利残留分析方法的研究进展

乙烯利是一种常见的含有磷酸基团的植物生长调节剂,主要作用为释放乙烯与促进植物体释放乙烯,起到使农作物催熟、增产的效果,由于其经济易得,在农业生产中被广泛使用。然而生产实践中缺乏科学有效的指导,存在不合理或过量使用乙烯利的现象,影响人民群众健康的同时导致环境的污染。乙烯利在植物源性食品上的残留量低,常需要进行痕量分析。但由于乙烯利物理性质特殊,极性大、难挥发、无生色基团,且植物源性食品的种类繁多、基质复杂,无法并入现有常用农药多残留分析方法,而目前主流的检测方法步骤烦琐、危险性大,给分析检测造成了一定的困难。因此,本文从国内外研究乙烯利残留分析方法入手,围绕前处理方法及检测方法进行综述,总结现有分析方法的优缺点,并阐述其发展趋势,为研究人员开发简便、经济、可靠的新方法提供参考,为保障食品质量安全研究提供依据。     

Formation of trihalomethanes in foods and beverages

Trihalomethanes (THMs) are suspected carcinogens and reproductive toxicants commonly found in chlorinated drinking water. This study investigates THM formation during the preparation of beverages and foods using chlorinated drinking water. A total of 11 foods and 17 beverages were tested. Under the experimental conditions, each food and beverage formed THMs, primarily chloroform, although low or trace levels of brominated THMs were also detected. Tea formed the highest THM levels (e.g., chloroform levels from 3 to 67 µg l^?1), followed by coffee (from 3 to 13 µg l^?1), rice (9 µg l^?1), soups (from 0.4 to 3.0 µg l^?1), vegetables (<1 µg l^?1), and baby food (<0.7 µg l^?1). Chloroform formation with instant tea, used as a highly reproducible model system, increased with free chlorine concentration, decreased with higher food (tea) concentration, and was unaffected by reaction (steeping) time and bromide ion concentration. These findings indicate that chlorine-food reactions are fast, but that formation decreases as the chlorine demand of the food system increases. THMs are formed in the preparation and cooking of a wide variety of foods if free chlorine is present, and our results suggest that tea can be a significant source of exposure to THMs.     

The nutritional,biochemical and health effects of makgeolli – a traditional Korean fermented cereal beverage

Makgeolli is a traditional alcoholic beverage prepared from rice, barley, wheat or malt grains by fermentation using a natural starter called nuruk. The makgeolli flavour depends mainly on the content of the metabolic products (free sugars, amino acids, organic acids and aromatic compounds) produced during the fermentation of rice by moulds and yeasts. Compared with other alcoholic beverages, makgeolli contains high concentrations of nutrients, organic acids and 6–8% alcohol. Makgeolli is nutritious and is composed of 80% water, 2% protein, 0.8% carbohydrates, 0.1% fat and 10% dietary fibre, along with vitamins B and C, as well as a significant amount of lactobacilli and yeast. It has been reported that makgeolli has medicinal effects including antioxidant, anti‐hypertensive, anti‐diabetes and anti‐cancer activities. Since makgeolli is a good source of vitamins, minerals, sugars, proteins, organic acids and free amino acids, as well as having significant medicinal importance, it can be considered a functional, medicinal and probiotic beverage. Copyright © 2015 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

A review on selection of fermentative microorganisms for functional foods and beverages: the production and future perspectives

Fermentation has been employed as a traditional means of improving the shelf life and nutritional contents of foods, thus making fermented foods and beverages functional and therapeutic. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) plays a major role in determining the health benefits of fermented milk and related products. This review takes into cognizance numerous investigations reporting certain microbial strains and mixes to contribute safety, quality, stability, health and organoleptic properties to fermented foods, due to increased consumers’ awareness of food products with health claims. A look was taken at selection criteria for the ideal fermentative microbial species and strains, their usefulness and prospective ‘OMICS‘-based approaches to elucidating fermentative complex communities in relation to their effects on fermented food products. Moreover, recommendations were given for improved fermentation of beverages and functional foods. It is projected that fermented foods and beverages will continually be a paramount in the global food and emerging functional food market.     

Traditional fermented foods and beverages of Darjeeling and Sikkim–a review

The various ethnic groups of the Darjeeling district of West Bengal and Sikkim consume a variety of fermented foods including kinema (based on soya beans),gundruk (Brassica campestris leaves),sinki (radish, Raphanus sativus), mesu (bamboo shoots),churpi (milk),shel rod (rice preparation) and jnards (beers). These have not previously been investigated, and their method of preparation and consumption are reported here. The flora of murcha, the starter culture of jnards, contains mainly Pediococcus, yeasts belonging to the genera Saccharomycopsis, Pichia and Saccharomyces and the moulds Rhizopus and Mucor.     

宏基因组测序技术在传统酿造食品微生物群落分析中应用研究进展

我国传统酿造食品发展历史悠久,种类丰富,以其独特的魅力深受消费者喜爱。传统酿造食品中微生物群落的多样性是影响产品风味、品质与安全的重要因素,因此微生物群落结构特征、演替变化和功能基因挖掘等成为近年来的研究热点。高通量测序技术以其通量高和结果准确等优势,成为传统酿造食品微生物群落研究中的重要工具。该文以基于高通量测序技术的宏基因组测序技术出发,综述了宏基因组测序技术在传统酿造食品微生物群落分析研究中的进展,并分析讨论其面临的主要问题和发展趋势,为酿造食品的科学研究和工业生产提供相关理论基础。     

Metaproteomics reveals protein composition of multiple saccharifying enzymes in nongxiangxing daqu and jiangxiangxing daqu under different thermophilic temperatures

Daqu provides hydrolytic enzymes that saccharifying the macromolecular carbohydrate in fermenting grains. The process of saccharification is the premise of Baijiu production. But little is known about the protein composition associated with the activity of saccharifying enzymes in daqu. This study investigated related proteins between nongxiangxing daqu and jiangxiangxing daqu by metaproteomics. We present that the amylase system (α-amylase, glucoamylase and α-glucosidase) and cellulase system (cellobiohydrolases, endoglucanase and β-glucosidase) are regarded as the main saccharifying enzymes. Combined with protein-based taxonomic annotation, the key proteins involving in amylase system were mainly from Kroppenstedtia, Lichtheimia, Byssochlamys and Thermomyces, while Thermoascu contributed the most to cellulase system. Moreover, it was found that the up-regulated amylase proteins at thermophilic fermentation period in jiangxiangxing daqu in comparison with nongxiangxing daqu were affiliated to Aspergillus, Rhizomucor, Byssochlamys and Thermomyces, along with Thermoascu contributing to cellulase system. These findings will provide clues for improving saccharification efficiency in Baijiu production.     

高通量测序技术在传统发酵食品微生物群落中的应用研究

传统发酵食品风味独特,营养丰富,历史悠久,生产方式多采用自然接种,部分食品的生产工艺已有数千年的历史,其最终质量与发酵过程中存在的多种微生物密切相关。研究表明,运用现代分子生物学技术,可从基因水平上揭示微生物的多样性和群落结构的动态变化,系统阐明其发酵机理。该文综述高通量测序技术在传统发酵食品微生物群落中的应用研究,对聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳（PCR-DGGE）、实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应（RT-FQPCR）、宏基因组、宏转录组测序等研究方法的原理、操作方法及其研究成果进行了总结,并对各分析技术优缺点进行了比较,旨在为传统发酵食品的微生物群落研究提供参考。