Lateral drift constrained structural optimization of an actual supertall building acted by wind load

Recent trends towards constructing taller and increasingly slender buildings imply that these structures are more sensitive to wind excitation. This paper presents a technique for the wind‐resistant optimal design of supertall buildings with a complex structural system including concrete‐filled steel tube columns, shear walls, and various types of beams and columns. In each optimal design cycle, the dynamic wind load acting on a building is transformed into a set of multiple‐oriented equivalent static wind loads, which converts the optimal design for a building acted by dynamic loads into a simpler optimal design problem that considers only static loads. The objective function and constraint functions are explicitly formulated for various types of frame and area members, and consequently, the optimal design problem is mathematically modeled. The optimality criteria method is employed to seek a solution to the optimal design problem. A 68‐story actual supertall building with a height of 303 m is considered for a case study. The obtained results show that the presented technique is capable of giving a good numerical optimal solution for practical use. The technique and results obtained from this study are valuable for academic and professional engineers involved in wind engineering and structural design.     

A study on vortex‐induced vibration of supertall buildings in acrosswind

Modern tall buildings using innovative structural systems and high‐strength materials tend to be slender and lightly damped. Hence, they are vulnerable to the dynamic action of wind. Crosswind excitation on tall buildings can result in aeroelastic problems. Vortex‐induced vibration (VIV) is the prime problem in self‐excited vibration of the flexible structures, and it should be especially observed in order to avoid the ultimate limit state in the design stage. In order to predict the vortex‐induced response of a supertall building in China with the single‐degree‐of‐freedom (SDOF) mathematical model, wind tunnel tests were carried out with an improved aeroelastic model according to the similitude. The measured top acceleration of the structure showed that VIV was quite significant at some wind speeds and should be considered in the design. Based on the experimental data, the aerodynamic parameters were determined and the characteristics of VIV were investigated in some details. The time history of acceleration at the lock‐in wind speed was then obtained using the Runge–Kutta method with the SDOF model. The numerical results are in accordance with the measurements. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

深圳京基金融中心气动抗风措施试验研究

深圳京基金融中心高439m,风荷载是该超高层建筑的控制荷载。采用高频底座力天平方法对该建筑模型进行了风洞试验,考察了利用其顶部设备和避难层进行开敞形成不同的风走廊(气动措施)对结构风荷载和风致响应的影响。试验结果表明：在重现期100a敏感风向作用下结构漩涡脱落频率明显低于结构基阶固有频率;气动措施可显著抑制和削弱脱落漩涡的强度,当没有受到明显干扰影响时,气动措施显示出良好的抗风效果。不同气动措施可使重现期100a结构基底弯矩减少8.2%~21.2%,使重现期10a峰值加速度减少5.3%~16.0%;受到来自于地王大厦的干扰效应的影响,在所关注重现期风速范围内的结构风振响应为上游地王大厦的尾流所控制,影响了气动措施的控制效果,但在发生涡激共振的临界风速时气动控制措施效果显著。     

Wind tunnel test and field measurement study of wind effects on a 600‐m‐high super‐tall building

Ping An Finance Center with a height of 600 m and 118 storeys, located in Shenzhen, is currently the second tallest building in China. This paper presents a comprehensive study of wind effects on the supertall building through wind tunnel testing and field measurement. The wind‐induced loads and pressures on the skyscraper were measured by high‐frequency force balance technique and synchronous multipressure sensing system, respectively. In the wind tunnel study, a whole range of characteristic properties, including mean and r.m.s force coefficients, power spectral densities, coherences, correlations, and phase‐plane trajectories, wind‐induced displacement, and acceleration responses were presented and discussed. In addition, a field measurement study of the dynamic responses of Ping An Finance Center was conducted during a tropical cyclone, which aimed to verify the design assumptions and further the understanding of the dynamic properties and performance of the 600‐m‐high supertall building, including natural frequencies, damping ratios, and wind‐induced structural responses. Then, the serviceability of the skyscraper is assessed on the basis of the experimental results and field measurements. The outcomes of this combined model test and field measurement study are expected to be useful for the wind‐resistant design of future supertall buildings.     

Application of earthquake‐induced collapse analysis in design optimization of a supertall building

In recent years, a combination of rapid construction of supertall buildings and frequent occurrence of strong earthquakes worldwide demands a rational seismic design method for structures of this kind. Although earthquake‐induced collapse analysis is one of the most efficient methods to quantify the collapse resistance of buildings, little research has been reported on using the collapse analysis to evaluate the seismic safety of supertall buildings during the design stage. To optimize the design taking into account earthquake‐induced collapses, a real‐world supertall building with a height greater than 500 m is investigated in this work. Throughout its design procedure, earthquake‐induced collapse analyses are performed to optimize the design at three different levels (i.e. the structural system level, design parameter level and component level). At the structural system level, the influence of different lateral force‐resisting systems on the collapse resistance is discussed; at the design parameter level, the influence of minimum base shear force is discussed; and at the component level, the influence of high‐performance shear wall on the collapse resistance is studied. Based on these discussions, the optimal design scheme of the building is established to improve the seismic safety while maintaining the cost of construction. Given more and more supertall buildings will be constructed with new structural system and components, this work will provide important references for the seismic design of supertall buildings and the corresponding collapse resistance research in the future. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

某高度257 m公寓建筑的风效应及气动抗风措施

采用高频底座测力天平技术,对位于华南沿海城市的一建筑综合体的两栋超高层建筑(主塔和副塔,其高度分别为300 m和257 m)进行了风洞试验,考察了在副塔立面不同位置角区实施不同局部修改(包括凹角、切角和阳台不封闭)时相临主塔和上游高215 m的酒店对副塔横风向效应的影响。结果显示,副塔单体情况下,50 a横风向峰值基底弯矩和10 a重现期最大峰值加速度分别达到10.08 GN·m和0.50 m/s²,综合体的建筑布局可使副塔的峰值基底弯矩和最大峰值加速度分别减少64%和54%,但上游的酒店可使副塔最大峰值加速度增加16%;只考虑综合体时,推荐的上部凹角和下部阳台不封闭方案可使副塔的最大横风向峰值基底弯矩和最大峰值加速度分别减少20%和15%;考虑所有周边建筑的干扰效应时,推荐方案可使10 a重现期的最大峰值加速度减少12%,且在1～10 a重现期风速作用下的平均减振效果为11%。     

Wind effect and aerodynamic wind resistance measures of a 257 m high apartment building

采用高频底座测力天平技术，对位于华南沿海城市的一建筑综合体的两栋超高层建筑(主塔和副塔，其高度分别为300 m和257 m)进行了风洞试验，考察了在副塔立面不同位置角区实施不同局部修改(包括凹角、切角和阳台不封闭)时相临主塔和上游高215 m的酒店对副塔横风向效应的影响。结果显示，副塔单体情况下，50 a横风向峰值基底弯矩和10 a重现期最大峰值加速度分别达到10.08 GN·m和0.50 m/s²，综合体的建筑布局可使副塔的峰值基底弯矩和最大峰值加速度分别减少64%和54%，但上游的酒店可使副塔最大峰值加速度增加16%；只考虑综合体时，推荐的上部凹角和下部阳台不封闭方案可使副塔的最大横风向峰值基底弯矩和最大峰值加速度分别减少20%和15%；考虑所有周边建筑的干扰效应时，推荐方案可使10 a重现期的最大峰值加速度减少12%，且在1~10 a重现期风速作用下的平均减振效果为11%。     

Heat release rate of accidental fire in a supertall building residential flat

Residential highrise building fire of height above 200 m is now a concern in the Far East. Long-term survey study on fire load density indicated that high amount of combustibles over the local upper limit of 1135 M Jm⁻² used to be stored in residential flats. Wind-induced air-flow rates through openings at upper levels of those tall buildings can be very high. Stack effect in areas with large indoor and outdoor temperature differences (such as 14 °C indoor and − 30 °C outdoor at Harbin, Heilongjiang, China) will also give high ventilation rate through leakage areas. Adequate oxygen is then supplied to burn up all stored combustibles to give a big fire. In applying performance-based design to determine the fire safety provisions, heat release rate of the design fire is the first parameter to decide. In this paper, stack effect and wind action on possible increase in the heat release rate for fires in supertall residential buildings will be explored. Air intake rates through openings to rooms at high levels due to stack effect and wind action are estimated by simple empirical formula. The maximum heat release rates for well-developed room fires in these tall buildings under different stack and wind conditions are determined by varying two parameters. Air flow rate through openings in an 800 m tall building induced by wind gust can be over 20 times the value at ground level. Consequently, heat release rate can be much higher, confirming experimental studies on building fires under wind action.     

Evaluation of wind loads on super‐tall buildings from field‐measured wind‐induced acceleration response

With the nonstationary wind‐induced acceleration data from full‐scale measurements, an approach for estimation of the wind‐induced overturning bending moments for super‐tall buildings was proposed in this paper. The empirical mode decomposition was employed to decompose the measured acceleration data into a set of intrinsic mode functions and a residual component. To remove the baseline offset, the residual component and the intrinsic mode function components with long‐period were eliminated before their integrations into velocity and displacement components. Then, the intrinsic mode function components, which have the same dominant periods as the natural periods of the studied tall buildings, were extracted from the original signals, and the natural frequency and damping ratio for the first vibration mode of the building were identified. Finally, the wind‐induced overturning bending moments of the building were obtained from the generalized wind loads for the first vibration mode, which could be obtained from the time history analysis of dynamic equation. The Hilbert spectrum of wind‐induced overturning bending moments was utilized to observe its characteristics in both time and frequency domains, and the Strouhal number was thus identified. The proposed scheme and some selected results may be helpful for further understanding of wind effects on super‐tall buildings. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Vibration control study on a supertall building

Vibration control of a 288‐m supertall building with connective structure is studied in this work. Fluctuating wind time series of the structure in forward and reverse Y‐direction in a 10‐year frequency are simulated by modified auto‐regressive method (AR method) to perform wind vibration analysis, and six minor and major earthquake waves are provided by building designer to perform earthquake analysis. Three vibration control schemes with nonlinear viscous dampers are proposed to control structural dynamic responses under wind and earthquake excitations. The dynamic responses of the structure with the proposed control schemes in wind and earthquake excitations are investigated and their vibration control effects are analysed comparatively. The study results show that the modified AR method is reliable and effective for simulating the fluctuating wind exerted on the building. The excessive dynamic responses induced by wind and earthquake excitations can be controlled effectively by the proposed schemes. The peak acceleration of top storey can be reduced by almost 40% for the proposed control schemes in wind excitation. The elastic working state of the connective body between the high tower part and the low tower part in major earthquakes can also be ensured totally. So, the validity and feasibility of the proposed schemes in reducing structural vibration responses can be fully approved. Some suggestions about structural analysis and design under wind and earthquake excitations are proposed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

超高层建筑火灾防排烟研究

针对现代超高层建筑火灾的危害特点，阐述了防排烟设计在超高层建筑防火设计中的重要性，分析了超高层建筑火灾烟气蔓延的影响因素，提出了超高层建筑火灾防排烟的措施。     

正六边形超高层建筑横风向气弹效应研究

为研究正六边形超高层建筑横风向风致响应和气动阻尼比,开展了一系列多自由度气弹模型风洞试验。测量模型顶部风致位移和加速度响应,基于随机减量法识别了横风向气动阻尼比。结果表明,在顶角迎风时,正六边形超高层建筑易于出现大幅涡振现象,在立面迎风时没有出现涡振现象。顶角迎风时,横风向气动阻尼比随折算风速增大呈现出“先增大到最大正值、再迅速转为最小负值,再平稳回升到零值附近”完整过程。而立面迎风时,横风向气动阻尼比与折算风速近似呈线性关系。最后,建立横风向气动阻尼比的经验评估公式。相关研究可为正六边形超高层建筑的抗风设计和规范完善提供参考。     

群体风效应下高层建筑等效风荷载及舒适度分析

基于某复杂群体高层建筑项目风洞试验结果,采用覆面积分计算方法,对该项目最高塔楼进行了风荷载及风振响应分析,结构由于受到周围建筑的干扰影响,其实际风荷载与规范估算结果差异较大,计算还分析了不同风向下结构的等效基底倾覆力矩及其顶部峰值加速度,其结果可用于此结构的抗风设计。     

矩形截面高层建筑的横风向基底弯矩系数均方根值研究

利用高频天平技术,在4种不同风场中对71种不同外形尺寸的矩形截面高层建筑刚性模型进行风洞试验,测得高层建筑横风向基底弯矩系数,考察建筑厚宽比、长细比及所处风场类型对高层建筑横风向基底弯矩系数均方根值的影响。试验结果表明,厚宽比的影响效果最显著,长细比的影响可以忽略不计,风场类型的影响随着厚宽比的不同而不同。基于这些风洞试验数据,给出基底弯矩系数均方根值的拟合公式并对拟合公式进行误差分析,通过与国内外相关研究成果的比较,验证拟合公式的精度与合理性,可以为荷载规范的修订和补充提供很好的参考。     

基于风洞试验的高层建筑钢结构风致加速度研究

对钢结构高层建筑群中的典型狭长形建筑进行了表面风压的风洞模型试验,分别考虑了建筑为单体和群体的情况。利用试验获得的风荷载时程对该高层结构进行风振响应的动力时程分析,并着重对得到的与风致舒适度关联的加速度响应进行分析和讨论,对比群体效应对顺风向、横风向和扭转向峰值加速度的不同影响。结果表明,对于平面为狭长形的住宅钢结构高层建筑,扭转效应引起的风致峰值加速度不容忽略;而群体效应一般对结构的加速度呈增大趋势,而且对横风向及扭转向的增大程度通常大于对顺风向的程度。     

Dynamic wind response of tall buildings using artificial neural network

This paper presents an alternative approach for predicting the dynamic wind response of tall buildings using artificial neural network (ANN). The ANN model was developed, trained, and validated based on the data generated in the context of Indian Wind Code (IWC), IS 875 (Part 3):2015. According to the IWC, dynamic wind responses can be calculated for a specific configuration of buildings. The dynamic wind loads and their corresponding responses of structures other than the specified configurations in IWC have to be estimated by wind tunnel tests or computational techniques, which are expensive and time intensive. Alternatively, ANN is an efficient and economical computational analysis tool that can be implemented to estimate the dynamic wind response of a building. In this paper, ANN models were developed to predict base shear and base bending moment of a tall building in along‐ and across‐wind direction by giving the input as the configuration of the building, wind velocity, and terrain category. Multilayer perceptron ANN models with back‐propagation training algorithm was adopted. On comparison of results, it was found that the predicted values obtained from the ANN models and the calculated responses acquired using IWC standards are almost similar. Using the best fit model of ANN, an extensive parametric study was performed to predict the dynamic wind response of tall buildings for the configurations on which IWC is silent. Based on the results obtained from this study, design charts are developed for the prediction of dynamic wind response of tall buildings.     

强风作用下楔形外形超高层建筑横风效应试验研究

对正方形平面沿高度方向逐渐收缩的楔形外形超高层建筑进行同步测压试验,分析不同高度横风向气动荷载功率谱密度、相干特征、结构基底气动弯矩和相应的风振响应,在此基础上进一步考虑切角对结构气动荷载和响应的影响。研究结果表明：采用锥形外形可有效地消减作用于结构上的横风向气动荷载,并在一定条件下消减结构的风振响应;楔形外形可以抑制漩涡脱落的强度,但不能消除结构的漩涡脱落现象,且会升高结构的漩涡脱落频率并进而升高结构的风致响应;在楔形外形的基础上再进行切角处理可以基本消除结构的横风向漩涡脱落现象;经切角处理后,楔形外形结构的横风向风致峰值基底弯矩在结构1阶模态自振周期6.12~14.28 s范围内基本保持不变;对于锥度η为2.2%和 4.4%的高层建筑,切角处理后其100年重现期的峰值基底弯矩分别比未切角减少31.13%和14.58%。     

Wind‐induced inter‐story drift analysis and equivalent static wind load for multiple targets of tall buildings

In super high‐rise buildings with varying story heights, the wind‐induced inter‐story drifts might violate the specified limit. However, these effects have seldom been concerned in wind‐induced response analysis. The theory and application of equivalent static wind load (ESWL) for wind‐induced inter‐story drifts of super high‐rise buildings were studied in this paper. A spectral decomposition method suitable for multi‐point excitation problems was firstly proposed. The formula of ESWL targeting for largest inter‐story drift was derived. For more reasonable structural design, the ESWL for multiple targets including displacement atop of building and inter‐story drifts at all story levels is put forward, in which the dominant modal inertial forces are adopted as the based load vectors. The presented methods were finally verified by its application for the wind‐induced response analysis for a tallest super tall building in Guangzhou. The researched results showed that the proposed spectral decomposition method not only has the same precision as the complete quadratic combination method but also possesses higher computation efficiency. The ESWL for multiple targets produces the same static responses for all the specified wind‐induced response, so it is much more rational for wind‐resistant structural design. Meanwhile, it is more reasonable to select the wind‐induced responses in the same direction simultaneously as the targeted values for obtaining the required ESWLs; however, the ESWL targeting for the wind‐induced responses in all degrees of freedom would generate more queer and unrealistic ESWLs distribution. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Interference effects on aerodynamic and wind-induced responses for an upstream interfering building with small section size

上游来流经小截面施扰建筑可产生频率较高的漩涡，在较低的风速下会使受扰建筑发生涡激共振而受到较大的干扰作用。为此，通过同步测压风洞试验和风振响应计算，详细分析上游施扰建筑与下游受扰主建筑的截面宽度比为0.4时的受扰建筑基底气动弯矩、基底峰值弯矩响应以及结构顶部峰值加速度的干扰效应。结果表明：在B类和C类地貌风场下受扰建筑基底平均和脉动气动弯矩均表现为遮挡效应和弱放大效应，最大干扰系数仅为1.05；顺风向、横风向基底峰值弯矩响应和顶部峰值加速度的干扰效应都较基底平均和脉动气动弯矩的强；结构顶部峰值加速度的干扰效应明显强于基底峰值弯矩响应，其中在B类和C类地貌风场下的横风向峰值加速度均在串列位置(2b, 0)附近处呈现强放大效应，最大包络干扰系数分别为4.7和3.03。进一步对尾流涡激共振的干扰机理研究表明，基底峰值弯矩响应和结构顶部峰值加速度响应的放大效应干扰机理是一致的。对于受小截面施扰建筑影响的情况，仅分析气动力的干扰效应是不够的，必须考虑不同折算风速下的荷载响应包络干扰效应。     

小截面建筑干扰下的高层建筑气动力及风致响应研究

上游来流经小截面施扰建筑可产生频率较高的漩涡,在较低的风速下会使受扰建筑发生涡激共振而受到较大的干扰作用。为此,通过同步测压风洞试验和风振响应计算,详细分析上游施扰建筑与下游受扰主建筑的截面宽度比为0.4时的受扰建筑基底气动弯矩、基底峰值弯矩响应以及结构顶部峰值加速度的干扰效应。结果表明：在B类和C类地貌风场下受扰建筑基底平均和脉动气动弯矩均表现为遮挡效应和弱放大效应,最大干扰系数仅为1.05;顺风向、横风向基底峰值弯矩响应和顶部峰值加速度的干扰效应都较基底平均和脉动气动弯矩的强;结构顶部峰值加速度的干扰效应明显强于基底峰值弯矩响应,其中在B类和C类地貌风场下的横风向峰值加速度均在串列位置(2b, 0)附近处呈现强放大效应,最大包络干扰系数分别为4.7和3.03。进一步对尾流涡激共振的干扰机理研究表明,基底峰值弯矩响应和结构顶部峰值加速度响应的放大效应干扰机理是一致的。对于受小截面施扰建筑影响的情况,仅分析气动力的干扰效应是不够的,必须考虑不同折算风速下的荷载响应包络干扰效应。