适用于超高层建筑的改进地震动强度指标

地震动强度指标选取是基于性能抗震设计的重要组成部分,地震动强度指标是联系结构地震响应和地震动记录的关键参数。合理的地震动强度指标可以使结构地震响应预测结果更加准确。为此,以超高层建筑结构为基本研究对象,考虑超高层建筑结构地震响应中高阶振型参与显著的特点,并考虑地震动强度指标表达形式的简便性,提出了适合于超高层建筑结构抗震分析用的地震动强度指标,利用大量的时程分析给出了振型参与数量的取值方法;基于2个超高层建筑结构的倒塌分析实例,比较了建议的地震动强度指标和部分现有地震动强度指标对超高层建筑结构的适用性。分析表明：与已有的地震动强度指标相比,采用建议的地震动强度指标表征结构临界倒塌的地震动强度时,其变异系数最小,能较好地反映超高层建筑结构中高阶振型的影响,对超高层建筑结构的抗震设计具有较好的适用性。     

Stochastic seismic collapse and reliability assessment of high‐rise reinforced concrete structures

To provide knowledge beyond the conventional engineering insights, attention in this work is focused on a comprehensive framework for the stochastic seismic collapse analysis and reliability assessment of large complex reinforced concrete (RC) structures. Three key notions are emphasized: the refined finite element modeling and analysis approach towards structural collapse, a physical random ground motion model, and an energy‐based structural collapse criterion. First, the softening of concrete material, which substantially contributes to the collapse of RC structures, is modeled by the stochastic damage constitutive model. Second, the physical random ground motion model is introduced to quantitatively describe the stochastic properties of the earthquake ground motions. And then the collapse‐resistance performance of a certain RC structure can be systematically evaluated on the basis of the probability density evolution method combining with the proposed structural collapse criterion. Numerical results regarding a prototype RC frame‐shear wall structure indicate that the randomness from ground motions dramatically affects the collapse behaviors of the structure and even leads to entirely different collapse modes. The proposed methodology is applicable in better understanding of the anti‐collapse design and collapse prediction of large complex RC buildings.     

Uncertainty propagation in probabilistic seismic loss estimation

Probabilistic estimation of losses in a building due to earthquake damage is a topic of interest to decision makers and an area of active research. One promising approach to the problem, proposed by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research (PEER) Center, involves breaking the analysis into separate components associated with ground motion hazard, structural response, damage to components and repair costs. Each stage of this method has both inherent (aleatory) randomness and (epistemic) model uncertainty, and these two sources of uncertainty must be propagated through the analysis in order to determine the total uncertainty in the resulting loss estimates. In this paper, the PEER framework for seismic loss estimation is reviewed and options for both characterizing and propagating the various sources of uncertainty are proposed. Models for correlations (among, e.g., element repair costs) are proposed that may be useful when empirical data is lacking. Several options are discussed for propagating uncertainty, ranging from flexible but expensive Monte Carlo simulation to closed form solutions requiring specific functional forms for relationships between variables to be assumed. A procedure that falls between these two extremes is proposed, which integrates over the discrete element damage states, and uses the first-order second-oment method to collapse several conditional random variables into a single conditional random variable representing total repair cost given the ground motion intensity. Numerical integration is then used to incorporate the ground motion hazard. Studies attempting to characterize epistemic uncertainty or develop specific elements of the framework are referenced as an aid for users wishing to implement this loss-estimation procedure.     

An area‐based intensity measure for incremental dynamic analysis under two‐dimensional ground motion input

Incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) is a useful method in performance‐based earthquake engineering. IDA curves combine the intensity measure (IM) of ground motions with structural responses (as measured by engineering demand parameter) from nonlinear dynamic analysis. However, the curves display large record‐to‐record variability. And various IMs can lead to different results. Therefore, it is important to find a desirable IM to reduce the discreteness of the IDA results. So far, the studies on IM for IDA have been carried out by many scholars from scalar‐valued to vector‐valued, but few were based on 2‐dimensional ground motion input. To make the analysis more reasonable and practical as well as investigate the desirable IM under 2‐dimensional ground motion input, incremental dynamic analyses when ground motions are inputted in 2 directions should be investigated. In this paper, 2 combinational types of area‐based IM incorporating the influence of ground motion record components in secondary directions were proposed. To investigate the applicability, efficiency and desirable combinational form of the area‐based IM under 2‐dimensional ground motion input, incremental dynamic analysis were carried out using 2 reinforced concrete frames. Then the efficiency of the IMs was measured by the residual sum of squares and R². It is concluded that the area‐based IM with a combination by the square root of the sum of the squares (SRSS) method is the most efficient for IDA under 2‐dimensional ground motion input. The methods and conclusions will provide significant reference for studying IMs under 2‐dimensional ground motion input. Further research will focus on the applicability of the area‐based IM for tall buildings whose higher modes need to be considered.     

远场长周期地震动作用下超高层建筑响应特性

已有震害研究表明超高层建筑在远场长周期地震动作用下易出现长时间晃动的共振现象,国内超高层建筑在不同概率水平的远场长周期地震动作用下的响应特性有待验证。为此,参考实际工程建立超高层结构模型,利用已有方法确定不同概率水平的校验远场长周期地震动,对比分析超高层建筑在远场长周期地震动和规范设计地震动作用下的结构响应特性、非结构响应特性,以及居住者感受程度。分析结果表明：在结构响应方面,相较于同概率水平的规范设计地震动,远场长周期地震动作用下结构的层间位移角增大约15%,楼层累积滞回耗能提高约100%;在非结构响应方面,相较于同概率水平的规范设计地震动,远场长周期地震动作用下的中部楼层的位移敏感构件损坏、顶部楼层的长周期附属设备加速度响应、家具滑动和居住者不安度相对显著。超高层建筑主要应通过提高结构耗能能力和控制非结构响应来应对远场长周期地震动。     

Reliable fragility functions for seismic collapse assessment of reinforced concrete special moment resisting frame structures under near‐fault ground motions

A collapse fragility function shows how the probability of collapse of a structure increases with increasing ground motion intensity measure (IM). To have a more reliable fragility function, an IM should be applied that is efficient and sufficient with respect to ground motion parameters such as magnitude (M) and source‐to‐site distance (R). Typically, pulse‐like near‐fault ground motions are known by the presence of a velocity pulse, and the period of this pulse (T_p) affects the structural response. The present study investigates the application of different scalar and vector‐valued IMs to obtain reliable seismic collapse fragility functions for reinforced concrete special moment resisting frames (RC SMRFs) under near‐fault ground motions. The efficiency and sufficiency of the IMs as the desirable features of an optimal IM are investigated, and it is shown that seismic collapse assessments by using most of the IMs are biased with respect to T_p. The results show that (Sa(T₁), Sa(T₁)/DSI) has high efficiency and sufficiency with respect to M, R, T_p, and scale factor for collapse capacity prediction of RC SMRFs. Moreover, the multiobjective particle swarm optimization algorithm is applied to improve the efficiency and sufficiency of some advanced scalar IMs, and an optimal scalar IM is proposed.     

The Thiel–Zsutty earthquake damage model,reformulated and extended

The Thiel–Zsutty (TZ) model predicts mean and the probability distribution function for earthquake damageability of building as a function of peak ground acceleration. ATC‐13‐1 provides an alternate damageability model based on modified Mercalli intensity characterization of ground motion and a beta distribution function for selected building types. This paper provides a reconciliation of the TZ and Applied Technology Council (ATC) methods. It is shown that the beta distribution can provide a continuous representation of the step‐wise TZ Markov distribution function. When the TZ model uses a compression factor for the standard deviation to represent the degree of uncertainty in the parameters, then the TZ results are found to be consistent with the ATC‐13‐1 distribution function for a specific compression factor of 0.40. This paper provides a new, simply applicable method to determine the damage distribution function for a given site, building type, and site conditions; using a beta distribution and allowing inclusion of the degree of confidence the assessor has in the determination of the parameters. New equations are provided to estimate the mean, standard deviation, and upper confidence limit of the damage ratio.     

考虑岩土参数空间变异性的盾构隧道地表沉降分析

现有随机场理论能够较好地描述单一岩土参数的天然随机性、空间结构性和局部奇异性。当前面临的挑战是如何考虑多个土层、多元及统计相关的岩土参数空间变异性对岩土工程的影响。考虑岩土参数如黏聚力、内摩擦角和压缩模量等具有明显的空间变异性,将随机场理论引入盾构隧道地表沉降可靠指标分析。主要研究工作包括:(1)采用局部均值方法将多个非平稳土层同一岩土参数转化为平稳各向异性随机场变量,并给出随机场的统计特征;(2)简化岩土参数的空间变异性为一般变异性,直接采用响应面方法计算盾构隧道地表沉降可靠指标;(3)提出协同序贯高斯离散算法,在空间网格上实现多元岩土参数随机场的同步离散化,并基于经典Monte-Carlo随机模拟原理和盾构隧道数值计算,直接统计地表沉降的可靠指标;(4)引入子集Monte-Carlo随机模拟加速算法。将以上方法应用于天津~#5、~#6地铁环湖西路站—宾馆西路站区间盾构隧道四线交叠工程,结果表明,采用经典随机理论描述岩土参数的变异性,所得到的盾构隧道地表沉降可靠指标小于基于随机场理论的对应值。该结论为复杂盾构隧道的施工控制与设计优化提供了理论依据。     

Incremental dynamic collapse analysis of RC core‐wall tall buildings considering spatial seismic response distributions

Despite wide‐ranging studies on fragility analysis and collapse safety assessment of short to medium‐rise reinforced concrete (RC) structures, a new interest in the topic is still valuable and even necessary for tall RC buildings. This study aims at establishing fragility relationships as well as collapse probability of high‐rise RC core‐wall buildings under maximum considered earthquake ground motions. This study is carried out in a probabilistic framework on a case study of a fully 3‐dimensional numerical model developed to simulate seismic behavior of a 42‐story building having a RC core‐wall system. Proposing planar and vertical distributions of ductility and damage indices, the incremental dynamic analysis, and the multi‐direction nonlinear static (pushover) analyses were employed to reach the research goal. Median collapse‐level capacities were defined in terms of seismic responses (e.g., ductility/damage indices) as well as several intensity measures by employing statistical analyses and cumulative density functions. Available and acceptable collapse margin ratios were next estimated to quantify collapse safety at maximum considered earthquake shaking level. On an average basis, the statistics indicated 9%–10% and 5%–6% collapse probability of the building subjected to near‐ and far‐field ground motions, respectively.     

Seismic fragility analysis of concrete encased frame‐reinforced concrete core tube hybrid structure based on quasi‐static cyclic test

Concrete‐encased frame‐core tube hybrid structural system has been widely employed in high‐rise buildings. This paper intends to analyze the seismic fragility of this structural system under ground motion excitation. The quasistatic cyclic test on a 1/5‐scaled, 10‐story three‐bay specimen is introduced. Fiber‐based finite element model is developed and integrated with numerical techniques that would be able to simulate the nonlinear response based on the OpenSees program. As the model is verified by the experimental data, a series of incremental dynamic analyses (IDAs) considering different frame‐tube stiffness ratios are carried out. IDA curves are drawn to describe each structural performance state. Fragility curves and probabilistic demand models are proposed for quantifying failure probability. The collapse margin ratio is employed to evaluate the collapse probability. The result shows that the collapse probability under rare earthquake still meets the requirement of Applied Technology Committee‐63 Report. The hybrid structure is proved to perform superior collapse resistance ability. The proper increase in the stiffness of core tube can reduce the collapse probability and enhance the collapse resistance capacity.     

钢筋混凝土框架结构抗地震倒塌破坏的研究现状与对策分析

总结了罕遇地震作用下结构倒塌破坏的研究现状,重点分析了建筑物倒塌破坏的系统性和不确定性,对比了不同的倒塌破坏准则和倒塌破坏分析方法,给出了建筑物倒塌的临界状态定义。研究结果表明:现有的倒塌破坏准则无法准确定义结构的倒塌破坏;时程分析法更为精确,且较少地引入了地震动随机性影响,更适于结构倒塌研究;建议的倒塌破坏区间能够更好地反映倒塌破坏特性;塑性变形集中是框架倒塌的主要原因,应重视柱端塑性铰发育导致的结构整体性能退化;相关研究成果可为定量研究建筑结构的倒塌破坏提供理论基础。     

某超高层场地地震反应及设计反应谱研究

场地地震安全性评价是规范对超高层结构设计的强制要求,场地地震反应特性及设计反应谱是超高层结构设计的重要计算依据。本文结合某不规则超高层建筑,讨论了场地地震反应特性及设计反应谱,在对场地进行安全性评价的基础上,比较了天然地震波与设计反应谱的统计误差,不仅证明了设计反应谱的准确性,还为结构抗震验算提供了可靠的天然地震加速度时程波,本文的研究可为同类型超高层结构设计提供经验参考。     

A new proxy for ground motion selection in seismic collapse assessment of tall buildings

Tall buildings are long‐period structures that are sensitive to the long‐period content of ground motions. Selection of appropriate ground motions is an important step in seismic collapse assessment of tall buildings using nonlinear dynamic analyses. Epsilon (ε_Sa) and eta (η) are two spectral shape indicators, which have been recently proposed for ground motion selection in the technical literature. In this study, a new parameter gamma (γ) is proposed, which has considerable correlation with the collapse capacity of long‐period structures having a fundamental period greater than 1 s. This parameter is a linear combination of ε_Sa and the displacement spectrum intensity epsilon (ε_DSI). The parameter γ is obtained and optimized by applying the particle swarm optimization algorithm. Since γ has significant correlation with the collapse capacity of long‐period structures, it can be used as an efficient proxy for ground motion selection in seismic collapse assessment of tall buildings. The results of this study show that ground motion selection considering the new proxy γ causes reduction in the dispersion of structural response and also decrease in the mean annual frequency of collapse, when compared with ground motion selection based on ε_Sa and η. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Collapse behavior evaluation of asymmetric buildings subjected to bi‐directional ground motion

This paper discusses the collapse behavior of low‐rise plan‐asymmetric buildings under bi‐directional horizontal ground motions and utilizing strength and stiffness degrading nonlinear models. For this purpose, three‐dimensional three‐story and six‐story reinforced concrete frame buildings with uni‐directional mass eccentricities equal to 0% (symmetrical), 10%, 20% and 30% are subjected to nonlinear static (pushover) as well as incremental dynamic analyses using a set of far‐field two‐component ground motions and their performance are assessed on the basis of the safety margin against collapse and its probability of occurrence. Comparison of the collapse margin ratios as well as the fragility curves demonstrates significant reduction of the collapse‐level ground motion intensity with increasing eccentricity in plan. Results also indicate that current seismic design parameters including the response modification (R), overstrength (Ω) and ductility (μ) factors are not appropriate for buildings with high levels of plan eccentricity. Buildings with high values of plan eccentricity do not meet the design target life safety performance level on the basis of the calculated probability of collapse and safety margin against collapse. It appears that re‐evaluation of their design parameters is necessary. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

增量动力分析在单层网壳倒塌评估中的应用

增量动力分析已经成为结构抗震性能评估的重要方法之一,但其在空间结构中的应用还处于空白.本文利用增量动力分析方法对某单层网壳进行了抗震性能评估.以地震峰值加速度和最大位移为地震动参数和工程需求参数对该网壳进行了增量动力分析.根据分析结果,计算了该网壳在任意峰值加速度下的倒塌概率,结合地震动危险性曲线,得到了该网壳的年度平均倒塌概率.计算结果表明,该单层网壳具有较高的抗倒塌性能;增量动力分析可以应用于单层网壳的地震倒塌评估.     

结构周期延长对倒塌分析中地震动强度指标选择的影响

当结构在强震作用下接近倒塌状态时,其刚度和承载力的退化会导致结构周期延长,为此,研究了周期延长对地震动强度指标选择的影响,将不同周期调整系数β对应的谱加速度(Sa(βT1),T1为弹性基本周期）作为地震动强度指标时,研究其倒塌分析结果的离散性。基于等效单自由度结构周期（Teq）,提出了等效周期谱加速度（Sa(Teq)）。研究结果表明：当周期调整系数β增大时,结构抗倒塌能力分析结果的离散性呈现先减小后增大的趋势。与传统地震动强度指标Sa(T1)相比,所提出的Sa(Teq)可以考虑结构非线性变形引起的周期延长,能有效降低倒塌分析结果的离散性达30%以上。     

长周期地震动及其在超高层建筑抗震校验中的应用

长周期地震动是由长周期面波叠加放大所形成的长持时地面运动,其孕育条件为大型沉积盆地和远距离大震级地震。长周期地震动作用下的超高层建筑震害明显。简要介绍长周期地震动的震害特点以及国内地震带、大型沉积盆地的分布特点。梳理国内外长周期地震动研究成果和关注热点。给出适用于国内的长周期地震动应对思路。探讨校验长周期地震动的形成、应用,以及超高层建筑响应控制流程。结果表明：国内较多城市有长周期地震动的孕育条件;国内工程界对长周期地震动的研究主要集中在地震动的长周期分量,而不是长周期地震动本身;对按照现行规范设计后的超高层建筑补充长周期地震动的校验分析是较为可行的思路;国内部分区域的超高层建筑有针对长周期地震动进行校验的必要。     

近断层/远场地震动作用下隧道结构易损性研究

以川藏铁路线控制性工程——折多山隧道为研究对象,建立隧道动力时程分析模型.结合场地地震动设计反应谱,选取近断层脉冲型地震动及远场地震动记录,用于增量动力分析隧道工程结构的抗震性能水平.初步探讨适用于隧道结构的地震动强度指标IM,分析不同特征部位隧道结构易损性,对比分析近断层脉冲型地震动及远场地震动作用下隧道结构的地震易...     

Seismic partitioned fragility analysis for high‐rise RC chimney considering multidimensional ground motion

In order to identify the vulnerable parts and areas of the high‐rise reinforced concrete chimney, this paper presents an effective method, which called partitioned fragility analysis. One 240‐m‐high reinforced concrete chimney was selected as the practical project, and its analytical model was created with ABAQUS software. The selected high‐rise chimney structure was divided into 17 parts, and then the damage probability of each part in different damage states was obtained with the fragility analysis considering multidimensional ground motions. Twenty ground motion records were taken from the Next Generation Attenuation database as the input motions, and the peak ground acceleration was selected as the intensity measure. The response of the chimney structure under multidimensional ground motions was obtained based on incremental dynamic analysis. The maximum strains of concrete and steel bars were defined as the damage limit states of the chimney structure. The fragility curves and surfaces obtained from this analysis showed that the vulnerable areas of the chimney structure appear at 0–20 m, 90–130 m, and 150–200 m along the height of the chimney respectively. Based analytical results, these vulnerable parts can be retrofitted to enhance the seismic resistance of existing chimney structures. And the partitioned fragility analysis method can also be used to improve the design of new chimney structures.