污泥制备活性炭对 Pb(Ⅱ)和Ni(Ⅱ)的吸附和回收利用

在静态条件下研究了用污泥制备的活性炭吸附剂去除水溶液中Pb(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ)的效果,考察了溶液pH值、吸附时间、吸附剂用量和Pb(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ)的初始浓度对去除率的影响.结果表明,污泥制备的活性炭吸附剂对Pb(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ)具有较强的吸附性能,pH值是影响吸附的主要因素;吸附过程符合Langmuir吸附等温式;在试验条件下,其对Pb(Ⅱ)具有更高的去除能力.还探讨了吸附Pb(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ)后回收铅和镍的可行性.     

H2S/CO2环境中CO2,pH值和Cl-对P110套管钢电化学腐蚀的影响

针对目前高含H2S和CO2环境井下管材电化学腐蚀研究不深入的现状,采用动电位扫描技术分析了在H2S/CO2环境中环境腐蚀影响因素(CO2,pH值和Cl-)对P110套管钢电化学腐蚀行为的影响.在溶解H2S和CO2且pH=2.7的含Cl-溶液中,当混合气体中CO2含量分别为17%,34%,50%时,腐蚀电流密度(Jcorr)分别为0.328 49,0.295 73,0.237 09 mA/cm2,在含50%H2S环境中,腐蚀电流密度为0.272 89mA/cm2.与单一含H2S腐蚀环境相比,在酸性环境中CO2促进金属腐蚀,而在近中性环境中,CO2抑制金属腐蚀.在含Cl-溶液中,pH值降低,Jcorr,增加,而在不合Cl-溶液中,pH值降低,Jcorr降低.在pH=2.7的溶液中,当Cl-存在时,Jcorr提高;而在pH=5.9溶液中,当Cl-存在时Jcorr降低.     

杭州市典型污水处理厂所产污泥重金属含量及资源化分析

以杭州市内4所典型城市污水处理公司产生的城市污泥为研究对象,对污泥中的重金属种类及含量进行了分析.结果表明,四种污泥中主要含Pb、Ni、Cr、Zn、Cu、Mn、Sn、Fe、Hg等重金属,且毒性较大的元素Hg、As和Pb的含量较高.四种污泥中Ni的含量均超出《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB18918--2002）中污泥农用标准限值（土壤pH＜6.5）.尤其是富阳污泥,其Pb、Hg和Cr的含量较高,且Pb及Hg的含量超出农用标准限值,污泥的资源化利用受限.除富阳污泥外,其他三种污泥可采用掺烧方式实现污泥的资源化利用.     

Ultrasmall Pb:Ag2S Quantum Dots with Uniform Particle Size and Bright Tunable Fluorescence in the NIR‐II Window

Ag₂S quantum dots (QDs) are well‐known near‐infrared fluorophores and have attracted great interest in biomedical labeling and imaging in the past years. However, their photoluminescence efficiency is hard to compete with Cd‐, Pb‐based QDs. The high Ag⁺ mobility in Ag₂S crystal, which causes plenty of cation deficiency and crystal defects, may be responsible mainly for the low photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of Ag₂S QDs. Herein, a cation‐doping strategy is presented via introducing a certain dosage of transition metal Pb²⁺ ions into Ag₂S nanocrystals to mitigate this intrinsic shortcoming. The Pb‐doped Ag₂S QDs (designated as Pb:Ag₂S QDs) present a renovated crystal structure and significantly enhanced optical performance. Moreover, by simply adjusting the levels of Pb doping in the doped nanocrystals, Pb:Ag₂S QDs with bright emission (PLQY up to 30.2%) from 975 to 1242 nm can be prepared without altering the ultrasmall particle size (≈2.7–2.8 nm). Evidently, this cation‐doping strategy facilitates both the renovation of crystal structure of Ag₂S QDs and modulation of their optical properties.     

Comparative Effects of Graphene and Molybdenum Disulfide on Human Macrophage Toxicity

Graphene and other 2D materials, such as molybdenum disulfide, have been increasingly used in electronics, composites, and biomedicine. In particular, MoS₂ and graphene hybrids have attracted a great interest for applications in the biomedical research, therefore stimulating a pertinent investigation on their safety in immune cells like macrophages, which commonly engulf these materials. In this study, M1 and M2 macrophage viability and activation are mainly found to be unaffected by few‐layer graphene (FLG) and MoS₂ at doses up to 50 µg mL^?1. The uptake of both materials is confirmed by transmission electron microscopy, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. Notably, both 2D materials increase the secretion of inflammatory cytokines in M1 macrophages. At the highest dose, FLG decreases CD206 expression while MoS₂ decreases CD80 expression. CathB and CathL gene expressions are dose‐dependently increased by both materials. Despite a minimal impact on the autophagic pathway, FLG is found to increase the expression of Atg5 and autophagic flux, as observed by Western blotting of LC3‐II, in M1 macrophages. Overall, FLG and MoS₂ are of little toxicity in human macrophages even though they are found to trigger cell stress and inflammatory responses.     

淀粉与丙烯酸接枝共聚物吸水性能的影响因素研究

采用溶液聚合的方法,制备了淀粉与丙烯酸接枝共聚物;用FTIR等方法对共聚产物结构进行了表征;研究了聚合反应温度、糊化时间、丙烯酸中和度、产物烘干温度、丙烯酸与淀粉不同混合比例等因素对接枝产物吸水性能的影响,优化出了在实验室用玉米淀粉和丙烯酸接枝共聚制备高倍率吸水树脂的工艺条件,制备的吸水树脂吸去离子水近1000g/g.     

温度对718镍基合金在高酸性环境下耐腐蚀性能的影响

718镍基合金是高酸性油气井中常用的金属材料,但目前对其腐蚀机理和影响因素的研究较少。利用高温高压反应釜进行腐蚀模拟,采用失重法、扫描电镜(SEM)等手段研究了温度对718镍基合金在高含H_2S/CO_2环境下腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明:在CO_2分压3.5 MPa、H_2S分压3.5 MPa、Cl~-含量150 000 mg/L的模拟环境下,718镍基合金在150,175,205℃下均呈现全面腐蚀,未出现点蚀和局部腐蚀。但随温度升高,镍基合金718的均匀腐蚀速率逐渐增加,材料表面钝化膜出现硫化,并逐渐向腐蚀产物膜转变,质地由致密变得疏松。     

Facile Aqueous‐Phase Synthesis of Biocompatible and Fluorescent Ag2S Nanoclusters for Bioimaging: Tunable Photoluminescence from Red to Near Infrared

Low toxicity and fluorescent nanomaterials have many advantages in biological imaging. Herein, a novel and facile aqueous‐phase approach to prepare biocompatible and fluorescent Ag₂S nanoclusters (NCs) is designed and investigated. The resultant Ag₂S NCs show tunable luminescence from the visible red (624 nm) to the near infrared (NIR; 724 nm) corresponding to the increasing size of the NCs. The key for preparing tunable fluorescent Ag₂S NCs is the proper choice of capping reagent, glutathione (GSH), and the novel sulfur‐hydrazine hydrate complex as the S^2? source. As a naturally occurring and readily available tripeptide, GSH functions as an important scaffold to prevent NCs from growing large nanoparticles. Additionally, GSH is a small biomolecule with several functional groups, including carboxyl and amino groups, which suggests the resultant Ag₂S NCs are well‐dispersed in aqueous solution. These advantages make the as‐prepared Ag₂S NCs potentially applicable to biological labeling as well. For example, the resultant Ag₂S NCs are used as a probe for MC3T3‐EI cellular imaging.     

燃煤电厂脱硫废水及污泥中重金属污染物控制研究进展

燃煤发电中常采用湿法烟气脱硫技术,该工艺会产生含有重金属污染物的脱硫废水和污泥,潜在环境危害性强,需谨慎处理。介绍了燃煤电厂脱硫废水和脱硫污泥的产生来源、成分组成、重金属污染物含量水平和排放处置标准,对沉淀法等脱硫废水重金属处理技术和脱硫污泥重金属去除及固化技术的原理、优点、适用性和局限性进行总结对比分析。脱硫废水重金属控制方法中,目前普遍使用的三联箱工艺难以满足日益严格的排放标准,需进行改进;吸附法、微生物法等新型方法也因成本和技术等问题而难以普及;零排放技术因其无污染的特性将逐渐成为研究和推广的主流。脱硫污泥重金属控制方法大多仍处于研究中,化学修复和药剂固化方法因效果好、适用性强将逐渐在电厂生产实践中推广。     

膜层厚度对Ag/TiO膜透光隔热性能的影响

采用磁控溅射工艺制备了玻璃基Ag/TiO_2膜,并研究了膜层厚度对其透光隔热性能的影响。结果表明:当Ag膜厚度由6.7 nm增加到9.5 nm时,红外光的平均透过率由42.06%减小到7.70%,隔热温差由1.9℃增大到5.7℃,而可见光的平均透过率则呈现出先增加后减少的变化趋势,当Ag膜厚度为7.7 nm时,复合膜的可见光平均透过率达最大值,为70.85%;当Ti O_2膜厚度由4.1 nm增加到16.7 nm时,红外光的平均透过率由34.12%增大到38.28%,而可见光的平均透过率与隔热温差均呈现出先增大后减少的变化趋势,当Ti O_2膜厚度为10.4 nm时,复合膜的可见光平均透过率达最大值,为70.85%,而厚度为13.6 nm时,膜的隔热温差达最大值,为5.2℃。     

熟料氧化镁含量与冷却条件对氧化镁形态的影响

为研究熟料中氧化镁膨胀的本质,烧制含氧化镁熟料,其氧化镁含量从1.5%至9%,冷却条件为炉内慢冷、空气快冷和液氮急冷,采用化学方法(硝酸铵提取方镁石)对各熟料方镁石进行定量,通过XRD、SEM/EDS等手段分析熟料矿物组成、形貌及固溶情况,对熟料中氧化镁存在形态及机制进行讨论。结果表明:熟料中氧化镁含量提高,方镁石含量也随之提高,但氧化镁含量较高时,方镁石随氧化镁含量而增加的速率转慢;熟料冷却速度加快,方镁石含量减少,反之则增加。熟料中玻璃相是影响氧化镁形态的重要因素,氧化镁含量的增加以及冷却速度的加快,使熟料中玻璃体的含量增加,分布在玻璃体中的非晶态氧化镁比例增加,从而减少以方镁石存在的氧化镁比例。     

Effects of an Electric Field and Current on Phase Transformations in Metals and Ceramics

Theoretical and experimental results on the effects of an electric field or current on solid state phase transformations in metals and ceramics are reviewed. Examples are given of the effects on both equilibria and kinetics, and the mechanisms are considered. The available results provide a foundation, but indicate the need for more work. They do, however, indicate that electric fields and currents provide additional parameters for controlling microstructure, and offer the potential for reducing processing costs and related environmental pollution.     

Effects of Ag Layer on the Structure and Magnetic Properties of FePt:AlN Composite Films

[AlN/FePt] 10 , [AlN/FePt] 10 /Ag and Ag/[AlN/FePt] 10 thin films were deposited by magnetron sputtering onto 7059 glass substrates, then were annealed at 550 °C for 30 min. It is found that introducing non-magnetic Ag underlayer can improve the ordering and (001) preferred orientation of FePt grains. Furthermore, the (001) texture of FePt grains increases with increasing Ag underlayer thickness. However, with Ag top layer given, it can only be observed that the ordering of FePt grains was promoted.     

Study of the aerobic biodegradation of coke wastewater in a two and three-step activated sludge process

A laboratory-scale biological plant composed of two aerobic reactors operating at 35 degrees C was used to study the biodegradation of coke wastewater. The main pollutants to be removed are organic matter, especially phenols, thiocyanate and ammonium nitrogen. The concentrations of the main pollutants in the wastewater during the study ranged between 922 and 1,980 mg COD/L, 133 and 293 mg phenol/L, 176 and 362 mg SCN/L and 123 and 296 mg NH(4)(+)-N/L. The biodegradation of these pollutants was studied employing different hydraulic residence times (HRT) and final effluent recycling ratios in order to minimize inhibition phenomena attributable to the high concentrations of pollutants. During the optimisation of the operating conditions, the removal of COD, phenols and thiocyanate was carried out in the first reactor and the nitrification of ammonium took place in the second. The best results were obtained when operating at an HRT of 98 h in the first reactor and 86 h in the second reactor, employing a recycling ratio of 2. The maximum removal efficiencies obtained were 90.7, 98.9, 98.6 and 99.9% for COD, phenols, thiocyanate and NH(4)(+)-N, respectively. In order to remove nitrate, an additional reactor was also implemented to carry out the denitrification process, adding methanol as an external carbon source. Very high removal efficiencies (up to 99.2%) were achieved.     

G-3合金在高含H_2S/CO_2环境中的腐蚀电化学行为

采用腐蚀电化学动电位扫描技术和腐蚀产物膜的SEM、EDS等微观分析手段,研究了G-3合金在高含H2S/CO2腐蚀环境中,CO2、pH值、Cl-等不同因素对镍基合金G-3腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明:Cl-不利于G-3钝化膜的形成,且使腐蚀加剧;CO2的加入促进了G-3的腐蚀,pH值的增加使G-3的自腐蚀电位出现较大负移,并影响了腐蚀产物膜的稳定性。     

纳米Ag2S/TiO2异质复合薄膜的制备和光电性能

以异丙醇钛(C12H28O4Ti)为主要原料合成氧化钛(TiO2)前驱体溶胶,并结合230℃水热处理得到TiO2溶胶,利用电流体动力学(EHD)技术在掺氟氧化锡导电(FTO)玻璃基片上镀膜,450℃高温煅烧制备具有多级结构锐钛矿TiO2纳米薄膜.以硝酸银(AgNO3)及硫化钠(Na2S)分别为银源和硫源,采用化学浴沉积...     

Preoperative Detection and Intraoperative Visualization of Brain Tumors for More Precise Surgery: A New Dual‐Modality MRI and NIR Nanoprobe

In clinical practice, it is difficult to identify tumor margins during brain surgery due to its inherent infiltrative character. Herein, a unique dual‐modality nanoprobe (Gd‐DOTA‐Ag₂S QDs, referred as Gd‐Ag₂S nanoprobe) is reported, which integrates advantages of the deep tissue penetration of enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of Gd and the high signal‐to‐noise ratio and high spatiotemporal resolution of fluorescence imaging in the second near‐infrared window (NIR‐II) of Ag₂S quantum dots (QDs). Due to the abundant tumor angiogenesis and the enhanced permeability and retention effect in the tumor, a brain tumor (U87MG) in a mouse model is clearly delineated in situ with the help of the Gd assisted T1 MR imaging and the intraoperative resection of the tumor is precisely accomplished under the guidance of NIR‐II fluorescence imaging of Ag₂S QDs after intravenous injection of Gd‐Ag₂S nanoprobe. Additionally, no histologic changes are observed in the main organs of the mouse after administration of Gd‐Ag₂S nanoprobe for 1 month, indicating the high biocompatibility of the nanoprobe. We expect that such a novel “Detection and Operation” strategy based on Gd‐Ag₂S nanoprobe is promising in future clinical applications.     

微振动对空间实验室微重力环境的影响研究

针对大型刚柔组合体空间结构(空间实验室)的特点,建立系统的动力学方程,并对机柜内设备、太阳阵的转动、宇航员活动产生的激扰力进行了简化。利用计算机建立组合体的简化模型,对空间组合体在各种微振动激扰下的加速度响应进行了仿真研究,并将这些仿真结果用于空间实验室微重力环境的预测。     

P_2O_5对于高C_3S水泥熟料烧成和水化性能的影响

主要分析了P2O5对高C3S熟料易烧性、矿物组成和强度发展及水化过程的影响。结果发现P2O5在1400℃时有效加快了CaO的吸收,使C3S的形成加快,并诱使了C3S的多晶转变:在掺量小于2.0%时,由R型(参考熟料)转变为M1型,当超过2.0%时,又开始出现了M3型;但这些影响在低于1400℃时很小。加入适量的P2O5可以提高熟料的早期强度,但是延缓了水化放热速率和降低了28天强度,当P2O5含量高于2.5%时,会有χC2S-C3P(χ=1~2)生成。综合考虑,P2O5的掺量应在1.5%以内。     

Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties Degradation of TP110TS Tube Steel in High H₂S Corrosive Environment

The research on casing corrosion in sour environment by a synergism of sweet corrosion and H₂S corrosion has become the basis of casing selection and casing string safety evaluation with more and more sour reservoirs containing high H₂S concentration being developed. It is essential to scientifically utilize casing service ability and reasonably control production rate of gas well to achieve the effective and safe developing of gas resources during the safety period of casing service with a precise casing life prediction. Scanning electron microscopy and tensile testing were applied to investigate the corrosion of TP110TS tube steel in stimulant solution with carbon dioxide (CO₂) and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) at variable conditions of P_CO2/P_H2S, temperature and time. This paper especially focused on the degradation of mechanical properties (elastic modulus, yield strength and tensile strength) of test specimens subjected to corrosion. Experimental results suggest that the fracture mode will transit from ductile fracture before corrosion to brittle fracture after corrosion and the mechanical properties will experience obvious degradation when the specimens were exposed to corrosive environment. Service life prediction model of casing was established on the basis of experimental observations and results.