微重力流动沸腾气泡脱离机制

为了研究微重力条件下的流动沸腾换热过程气泡脱离的特点,研究了气泡在脱离过程中的受力情况,推导并给出了气泡在切向方向和垂直方向上的粘滞力、浮力、附加压力、惯性力的表达式,并在此基础上提出了气泡从加热表面脱离特性的分析模型。研究结果表明,在微重力下气泡的长大时间明显比常重力下大,对应的气泡脱离直径比常重力下也大。随着工质流速的增加,气泡的脱离直径逐步变小,当工质流速达到一定值后,常重力和微重力下气泡的脱离半径差别可以忽略不计。     

液氢空间贮存过程膜态沸腾数值模拟

为实现液氢在空间中安全高效应用,针对微重力条件下液氢膜态沸腾现象,建立了加热细丝浸没在过冷液氢池中的数值计算模型.采用VOF方法捕捉相界面,相变模型选取Lee模型,利用文献中的实验数据验证了模型的准确性.从气泡运动行为和换热特性两方面开展研究,结果发现液体过冷度和重力水平是影响换热机理的两个重要因素.在高重力水平、低液...     

柴油机流固耦合传热仿真研究

为解决发动机活塞组-缸套-冷却水-机体之间传热边界条件难以确定的问题,尤其是冷却水和缸套、机体之间的流固边界的温度和换热系数,将这几个部件作为一个耦合系统进行传热研究.该系统既包括了流体和固体之间的流动与传热的耦合,也包括了固体与固体之间的耦合传热.利用有限元分析软件的流固耦合计算功能,以所建立的某增压柴油机的流固耦合系统为例进行了仿真计算,得到了耦合系统的温度场和流场.这样把单个零件的传热外边界条件变成内边界,使得传热仿真更合理更简单.和实验测量值的对比结果表明:仿真结果与实测数据吻合较好,用流固耦合方法模拟柴油机活塞组-缸套-冷却水-机体之间的稳态传热是可行的.     

R134a-DMF垂直管内鼓泡吸收特性研究

为研究垂直管内R134a-DMF(二甲基甲酰胺)鼓泡吸收过程的热、质传递特性,本文搭建了垂直管内鼓泡吸收实验测试装置,构建了管内R134a被R134a-DMF混合溶液鼓泡吸收过程的热、质传递数学模型.进一步通过模型分析了当吸收压力为0.35 MPa,蒸气入口温度为5℃,稀溶液入口质量流量为12.0 kg/h时,吸收过程...     

翅片管换热器空气侧换热模型在低气压环境下的适用性研究

本文总结了现具有较高认可度且具有相当预测精度的空气侧换热特性的理论预测模型,选用常规平直铝翅片铜管换热器在典型的空调工况(空气干球温度为27℃,湿球温度为19. 5℃,换热器迎面风速为1～4 m/s,入口水温为7～13℃,流速为1. 8 m/s)下,对现有模型在低气压环境(40～100 kPa)下的适用性进行分析研究。实验研究表明:在试验工况下,随着换热器所处环境压力的降低,常压模型预测值与实验值的偏差急剧增加至127. 4%～-36. 6%,且常压模型预测值普遍偏大。同时低气压环境下管排数的影响依然存在,且更加显著。基于本文实验数据对3个常压模型进行环境气压修正后,预测精度大幅提高:在试验工况下,最大偏差分别降至32. 63%、24. 91%和21. 74%,平均偏差为1. 79%、-2. 90%和-8. 59%,在±20%的误差带内修正模型预测精度比分别达到90. 97%、93. 75%和88. 96%。     

增压型鼓泡吸收输运特性实验装置的设计与研究

为探索真空环境下,气泡在溶液吸收过程中流动、传热特性及其机理,设计了一种增压型垂直管内溶液鼓泡吸收输运特性测量实验装置,并介绍了该装置的结构和工作原理,通过系统真空度维持、气泡流动和能量校核等实验分别验证系统的可靠性和准确性。结果表明,增压技术实现了负压环境下的鼓泡吸收。静置12 h系统真空度上升率仅为2.33%,系统气体泄漏量为2.4 mL/h,装置具有良好的可靠性。实验过程中的气泡产生、上升、碰撞、聚并和破裂行为与文献气泡流动行为一致。溶液和冷却水的出口温度、溶液出口质量分数测量结果最大相对偏差分别为0.08%、0.02%和0.01%;不同溶液入口温度和溶液流量的能量校核实验的最大误差分别为10.4 J和12.5 J,装置具有良好的准确性。为探究真空环境下鼓泡吸收的输运特性及揭示其传递机理奠定了良好的实验基础。     

应用时域模态坐标转换法识别内燃机缸内气体压力

本文对时域模态坐标转换法在计算内燃机缸内气体压力方面的也用进行了研究,提出了利用内燃机振动信号识别缸内气体压力的方法.为内燃机的状态监测提供了有力的手段.为提高计算结果的精度,本文还引入了"虚拟点"的概念,取得了较好的效果.     

顶棚辐射供冷房间人体与环境换热的实验研究

辐射供冷空调系统具有舒适、节能等优点,备受国内外工程设计和研究者的关注。在此通过实验研究了顶棚辐射供冷房间在冷吊顶辐射作用下,室内空气温度、房间壁面温度、人体表面温度的变化规律。在此基础上,分析了人体与环境的对流换热及辐射换热的变化规律。研究结果表明,在辐射供冷系统开启后约60min内,辐射板表面温度、室内空气温度有显著变化,人体服装外表面温度变化比较缓慢,人体和环境的对流及辐射换热量逐步增大,系统开启60min后,上述各项趋于稳定。     

Simultaneous measurements of specific heat and total hemispherical emissivity of chromel and alumel by a transient calorimetric technique

Using a transient calorimetric technique, the specific heat and total hemispherical emissivity of chromel and alumel were measured simultaneously in the temperature range 360–760 K. Two types of specimens for each material were prepared. To obtain reliable experimental values of specific heat and total hemispherical emissivity, an expression for the time history of the temperature of the specimens was developed; this expression is accurate over the whole temperature range. An error analysis is made and the uncertainty (the total error) in the values of specific heat and total hemispherical emissivity is estimated to be 3.1% for the well-designed specimens.

     

The critical heat transfer characteristics of an insulated or compound sphere considering heat radiation

Critical heat transfer from an insulated or compound sphere happen in ambient air with natural convection. Thus, heat radiation in such a situation must be considered because natural convection has only a small effect. It is found that the critical heat transfer characteristics considering heat radiation are very different from those neglecting heat radiation. The conventional critical heat transfer characteristics neglecting heat radiation only depend on sphere size, external convection heat transfer coefficient, and insulation conductivity. In addition to the above parameters, the critical heat transfer characteristics considering heat radiation are also related to the surface emissivities of the sphere and the insulation, the surrounding temperature, and the internal convection heat transfer coefficient.     

管内扭带插入件强化沸腾换热技术的研究现状及展望

制冷设备对换热器紧凑化和小型化的需求促使人们开发新型的强化传热技术,而管内扭带插入件是一种廉价且易于制造的被动强化传热技术,在制冷系统蒸发器中具备良好的应用潜力。扭带插入两相沸腾换热的管中能够增大表面传热系数,但同时也增大了管内压降。分析发现,通常情况下,质量流量、干度的变化与表面传热系数和压降的变化呈正相关,而管径、扭率、饱和温度的变化与表面传热系数和压降的变化呈负相关。沸腾换热过程复杂、评价指标选取不一、实验工况数量有限等因素是导致各学者总结的扭带插入的最佳条件不一致的主要原因。本文收集了各作者预测的内插扭带管内沸腾换热的表面传热系数和压降的关联式,认为管内扭带插入件还需要进一步明确最佳使用条件,并需要结合蒸发器整机或变频压缩机加以研究。     

管内微尺度强化表面R32流动冷凝传热实验研究

为研究制冷剂R32在铝制人字纹管、涟漪纹管以及光滑管中冷凝换热和压降特性,本文通过高精度多工质蒸发冷凝实验台在R32质量流速为100~350 kg/（m2·s）,饱和温度为308、313、318 K,干度范围为0.2~0.8工况下,进行冷凝实验研究。实验结果表明：人字纹管的传热系数最高,涟漪纹管次之,光滑管最低。涟漪纹管的摩擦压降最高,人字纹管略高于光滑管,表面传热系数和摩擦压降随饱和温度的升高而减小,随质量流速的升高而增大。引入评价因子PEF评价换热管的换热性能：人字纹管的换热性能最好,PEF范围为2.07~2.72,涟漪纹管的PEF范围为0.68~0.90。在换热关联式的基础上进行改进,提出了适用于本次实验的换热关联式,改进后的关联式误差在±20%以内。     

喷砂凹坑复合微纳换热管管外蒸发换热实验研究

本文实验研究了R32在外径为19.05mm的不锈钢喷砂管、凹坑管、凹坑/喷砂管以及光滑管管外环形区域蒸发换热特性,分析了质量流速（50~140 kg/(m2?s)）、干度（0.2~0.8）、饱和温度（279~288 K）对制冷剂换热的影响。结果表明：凹坑/喷砂管表面传热系数最高、凹坑管次之、光滑管最低;表面传热系数和摩擦压降与质量流速成正相关,与饱和温度成负相关;高质量流速下平均干度对表面传热系数有较大影响。引入强化因子ηEF和性能评价因子ηPEF对强化换热效果进行量化,凹坑/喷砂管结合了喷砂与凹坑表面的优点展现出最佳的蒸发换热性能,其ηEF值和ηPEF值最高可达2.84和2.31。喷砂与凹坑复合处理换热管表面,增加传热面积和汽化核心数量,提高湍流强度,拉伸减薄液膜促进管外蒸发换热。     

A Gas Pressure Scale Based on Primary Standard Piston Gauges

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has redefined its gas pressure scale, up to 17 MPa, based on two primary standard piston gauges. The primary standard piston gauges are 35.8 mm in diameter and operate from 20 kPa to 1 MPa. Ten secondary standard piston gauges, two each of five series of the Ruska 2465 type, with successively smaller diameters form the scale extending up to 17 MPa. Six of the piston gauges were directly compared to the primary standards to determine their effective area and expanded (k = 2) uncertainty. Two piston gauges operating to 7 MPa were compared to the 1.4 MPa gauges, and two piston gauges operating to 17 MPa were compared to the 7 MPa gauges. Distortion in the 7 MPa piston gauges was determined by comparing those gauges to a DH Instruments PG7601 type piston gauge, whose distortion was calculated using elasticity theory. The relative standard uncertainties achieved by the primary standards range from 3.0 × 10⁻⁶ to 3.2 × 10⁻⁶. The relative standard uncertainty of the secondary standards is as low as 4.2 × 10⁻⁶ at 300 kPa. The effective areas and uncertainties were validated by comparison to standards of other National Metrology Institutes (NMIs). Results show agreement in all cases to better than the expanded (k = 2) uncertainty of the difference between NIST and the other NMIs, and in most cases to better than the standard (k = 1) uncertainty of the difference.     

管式间接蒸发空气冷却器传热传质模型的建立及验证

回顾和分析现有间接蒸发冷却器的热工性能和数学模型,并在分析管式间接蒸发空气冷却器传热、传质过程及特点的基础上,建立针对管式间接蒸发空气冷却器热工计算模型。基于模型中管外二次空气侧空气与水膜之间的传热、传质系数是影响模型精度的重要因素,对管外二次空气侧空气与水膜之间的传热、传质系数进行深入分析,将模型用于水平单管外蒸发传热、传质系数的计算,并将计算结果与文献中的实验数据进行对比,证明所选模型的正确性,为下一步对管式间接蒸发空气冷却器整体热工性能的数值模拟奠定坚实的基础。     

Heat transfer from metallic filaments (whiskers) into helium under overcritical pressure for temperatures between 3.7 and 7.2 K

The heat transfer coefficient α, near the critical temperature, T_cO, was determined for several whiskers from the In-Pb alloy system. For this purpose the hysteresis of the voltage-temperature (V-T_B) transition curves at fixed currents, I, and of the V-I characteristics at fixed helium bath temperature, T_B, was determined. The advantage of using measurements made with whiskers is that there is no heat transfer to a substrate and negligible heat transfer to the contracts. The only heat transfer is that to the surrounding helium.     

多层绝热和支撑辐射对低温传输管线的影响分析

为了确保低温传输管线的设计质量,采用高真空多层绝热方式减少管线的漏热。通过分析多层绝热和支撑表面辐射,对低温传输管线进行了传热模拟研究,得到了内管道壁面间的辐射换热量和支撑总体漏热量。分析了三角形和正方形支撑漏热量的不同;同时对比了不同发射率支撑表面下,支撑辐射换热量、导热量和温度分布的变化。结果表明:在满足支撑强度条件下,应当增大热传导距离,减小支撑的接触面积以及辐射换热面积;随着支撑表面发射率增大,支撑表面辐射换热量增加,导热量减少,总体漏热量增大,当发射率为1时,模拟得到的漏热量仍小于1 W/m。     

地板辐射采暖中混凝土填充层的热力学分析

从传热学与建筑力学角度对地板辐射采暖系统混凝土填充层进行分析,对地面辐射采暖技术规程关于填充层规定进行了分析研究.     

Cancellation of the Heating Piston Effect by Convective Enhancement of a Cooling Piston Effect

This work brings new insight to the question of the piston effect, which has been found to be the main cause of temperature equilibration in the vicinity of the liquid–vapor critical point under weightlessness conditions. The thermalization process of a near-critical fluid confined in a cavity and submitted to local heating is modeled with special emphasis on the role of gravity and boundary conditions. The solution of the unsteady Navier–Stokes equations written for a hypercom-pressible low-heat-diffusing van der Waals gas is obtained in a 2-D configuration by means of a finite-volume numerical code. Under Earth gravity conditions, the results show that the thermal plume rising from a heat source strongly decreases and rapidly cancels bulk fluid heating when it strikes the top thermo-stated wall. It is proved that convection does not prevent heat transfer by the piston effect but that it causes a sudden enhancement of the cooling piston effect generated at the thermostated top boundary, which leads to an early equilibrium between the cooling and heating piston effects.