Temporal and spatial dynamics of surface run‐off from Lake Basaka catchment (Ethiopia) using SCS‐CN model coupled with remote sensing and GIS

The Lake Basaka catchment (Ethiopia) has undergone a significant land use–land cover (LULC) change and lake level rise over the past five decades. Significant quantities of water and sediment flow annually into the lake through erosion processes. An appropriate method of estimating the surface run‐off from such ungauged and dynamic catchment is extremely important for delineating sensitive areas (based on run‐off responses) to be protected and for development of suitable measures to reduce run‐off and associated soil loss. Reliable prediction of run‐off, however, is very difficult and time‐consuming for catchments such as that of Lake Basaka. The present study estimated the dynamics of surface (direct) run‐off using the NRCS‐CN model in ArcGIS, assisted by remote sensing and ancillary data. The results indicated the Lake Basaka catchment experienced significant temporal and spatial variability in its run‐off responses, depending on the rainfall (amount and distribution) pattern and LULC changes. A significant run‐off increase occurred after 1973, consistent with significant LULC changes and lake level increments occurring after that period. A reduced vegetation cover also resulted in increased run‐off coefficient of the lake catchment from 0.11 in the 1970s to 0.23 in the 2000s, indicating the important need to consider possible future LULC evolution when forecasting the lake catchment run‐off behaviour.     

Analysing decadal land use/cover dynamics of the Lake Basaka catchment (Main Ethiopian Rift) using LANDSAT imagery and GIS

Development of accurate classification methods for rapidly changing catchments like that of Lake Basaka is fundamental to better understanding the catchment dynamics, which were not addressed in previous studies. Thus, the aim of this study was to map the decadal land use/cover (LUC) regimes of the Lake Basaka catchment, utilizing time series of LANDSAT images and to analyse the changes that occurred at different time periods. Both unsupervised and supervised image classification systems were utilized in Earth Resources Data Analysis System (ERDAS) Imagine (9.1). Appropriate pre‐ and postprocessing also was utilized. Seven major LUC classes were identified in the final land cover maps produced after the supervised (maximum likelihood) classification exercise. The analysis results indicated the Lake Basaka catchment had experienced a drastic change in its LUC conditions over the last 4–5 decades because of rapid increases in human settlement, deforestation, establishment of irrigation schemes and Awash National Park (ANP). Approximately 18 924 ha of forest and 4730 ha of grazing lands were devastated between 1973 and 2008. At the same time, there was a shift in land cover from forests/woodlands to open woodlands, shrub and grazing lands. The land cover classifications generally were achieved at a very high overall accuracy (84.34%) and overall kappa statistics (0.802), substantiating the value of using the classified LUC in this study as an input to hydrological models. This study results provide an opportunity to better understand and quantify the hydrological response regimes of the lake catchment from the perspective of changing LUC conditions during different hydrological periods and the resulting dynamics of the lake water balance.     

基于 RUSLE 模型的区域土壤侵蚀定量估算及空间特征研究

针对哈尔滨市主城区水土流失问题,以土壤侵蚀估算与评价为目标,采用 RUSLE 模型,依托 GIS 和遥感技术,分析了影响区域尺度土壤侵蚀因子,包括降雨侵蚀力、土壤可蚀性、地形、植被覆盖度和水土保持特性等,定量估算了哈尔滨市主城区 8 个流域的土壤侵蚀大小。在此基础上参考黑土区水土流失综合防治技术标准,并结合流域自身侵蚀状况,分析了哈尔滨市主城区土壤侵蚀特性的空间格局。结果表明: 哈尔滨市八个流域土壤侵蚀模数范围为 0 ～ 1 272. 61 t·km － 2·年 － 1,各流域以微度和轻度侵蚀为主,局部地区存在着较为严重的土壤侵蚀; 区域土壤侵蚀空间分异特征明显,是气候、土壤、植被、地形和人类活动共同作用的结果; 哈尔滨市八大流域以微度侵蚀为主,轻度侵蚀次之,强烈侵蚀及极强烈侵蚀区很少,仅在运粮河流域存在极少的剧烈侵蚀区。研究成果可为哈尔滨市水土流失治理提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

Analysing the extent (size and shape) of Lake Basaka expansion (Main Ethiopian Rift Valley) using remote sensing and GIS

This study attempted to estimate the extent of the expansion of the area of Lake Basaka over the past 50 years (1960 to 2010), using LANDSAT images, field observations, local information and topographic maps. The analysis revealed that the lake has exhibited a dramatic expansion over the past five decades. An increase in the lake water level by 7.6 m over this period resulted in flooding about 45.8 km² of surrounding areas and an incremental lake volume of about 280 Mm³. About 70% of the lake expansion was observed in the period between the 1970s and 1990s. This phenomenon coincides with the periods of remarkable land use/cover changes in the region. Furthermore, the beginning of the lake expansion coincided with the introduction of irrigated agriculture in the region, and construction of Koka Dam in the mid‐1960s in the upper Awash River Basin. This study suggests that the observed expansion trend, if it continues unabated, could result in certain socio‐economic and environmental consequences in the region in particular, and to Ethiopia in general. Groundwater inundation or salty water intrusion, for example, might occur in the area in the near future, thereby affecting the sustainability of regional irrigated agriculture. The lake has the potential to inundate the surrounding region (Matahara Sugar Estate; towns of Fantalle and Matahara) and might connect with the Awash River during the next 10–15 years. This would affect downstream irrigation developments in the Awash Basin and the livelihoods of people that depend on the basin’s water resources. The overall findings of this study emphasize the need to adopt mitigation measures before the lake expansion results in irreversible damage to the region or the basin.     

花岗岩发育红壤坡地侵蚀产沙规律试验研究

本文在对野外试验观测小区进行数年天然降雨观测的基础上，借助于模拟降雨试验方法对花岗岩发育红壤坡地的三种不同试验小区的水土流失过程与规律以及降雨强度对水土流失的实际影响作一些探讨．试验实测资料表明农耕小区与光板小区的产流产沙结果较为接近，产流比牧草小区大数倍至数十倍，侵蚀产沙大到数百倍，而且随雨强增加其相差更加悬殊．雨强与降雨能量是影响农耕地与光板地水土流失的重要因素，但对牧草小区影响不大，牧草对增加土壤入渗、增强土壤抗蚀性、防止雨滴溅蚀有极其显著作用与效益．最后本文简述了对坡地改良与利用的一些想法．     

基于GIS黄土丘陵沟壑区分布式侵蚀产沙模型的构建——以蛇家沟小流域为例

分布式侵蚀产沙模型是土壤侵蚀模型的重要发展方向,本研究将蛇家沟流域下垫面划分为5 ×5m的栅格,每个栅格内赋予相应的高程、坡度、地貌、土地利用等属性信息.根据流域DEM,确定流域的汇流方向、流路与汇流累积面积.在蛇家沟流域内采用“穷举算法”对SCS-CN模型的参数值进行校正.基于DEM、地貌、土地利用以及降雨等资料,利用黄土丘陵沟壑区良好的水沙关系,运用VB.NET+ARC ENGINE9.2+ SQLSERVER2000构建分布式侵蚀产沙模型.模型结构简单,输入参数比较少,利用求产流来求产沙,考虑了土地利用、汇流等因素具有一定的物理意义,并能达到一定的预报精度.其中产沙模型是建立在黄土丘陵沟壑区普遍的水沙关系基础上,通过校正水沙关系式系数及产流模型中的CN、λ值可在其它相似的小流域内使用.该研究可为黄土丘陵沟壑区水土保持治理效果评价提供依据.     

流域侵蚀产沙平衡研究进展

介绍了国内外流域侵蚀产沙平衡研究的主要成果。分析了流域泥沙的主要来源及国内外泥沙来源的主要研究方法；介绍了侵蚀泥沙的坡面～河道运移过程、坡面～河道耦合关系的研究现状；提出了当前河道泥沙存蓄与输移研究的主要问题，并分析了该领域目前研究的现状；对比分析了目前流域侵蚀产沙平衡研究中几个主要模型的适用范围与优缺点；提出了我国未来流域侵蚀产沙平衡研究中应注重发展的主要问题。     

分布式侵蚀产沙模型在流域减水减沙效益评价中的应用

采用分布式侵蚀产沙模型,以陕西省黑草河小流域为例,对多种水土保持措施和不同土地利用方式条件下流域的径流输沙过程进行数值模拟计算,并通过对比评价了不同水土保持措施和土地利用方式的减水减沙效益,为流域内配置水土保持措施和优化流域管理提供了科学依据和技术支撑.     

基于137Cs技术的侵蚀产沙对土地利用变化响应——以三峡库区斑竹林小流域为例

小流域是三峡库区入库泥沙的策源地,研究其侵蚀产沙状况对正确预测三峡水库来沙变化趋势非常重要。以三峡库区典型农业小流域--斑竹林小流域为研究对象,通过¹³⁷Cs示踪技术,研究了土地利用变化对流域侵蚀产沙空间分布的影响。结果表明：旱地退耕的其他林地和水田改的旱地的侵蚀堆积情况与土地利用变化前相差不大;在土地利用变化后的短期内,该流域侵蚀产沙变化较小,旱地是流域主要的侵蚀产沙源地,水田是淤积区。     

流域侵蚀产沙模拟研究中的尺度转换方法

影响侵蚀产沙过程的因素在时空上具有很大的不均匀性和变异性，增加了不同尺度间侵蚀产沙模拟的复杂性。尺度转换定义为不同尺度间信息传送，是指利用某一尺度上所获得的信息和知识来推测其他尺度上的现象。尺度转换是进行不同尺度间侵蚀产沙模拟的关键所在。认识侵蚀产沙过程中的尺度转换方法是进行不同尺度间侵蚀产沙模拟和尺度转换的基础。本文在介绍了侵蚀产沙的尺度特征后，对侵蚀产沙尺度转换的类型和理论方法进行了总结，最后还强调了尺度转换中应注意的问题。     

流域侵蚀产沙模型研究动态评述

土壤侵蚀模型是水土保持效益评价的有效工具.本文将流域土壤侵蚀模型分为经验模型、理论模型和随机模型,并从这三方面进行了分析总结,着重介绍了国内外流域土壤侵蚀经验模型、理论模型的发展历程以及随机模型的研究现状,以期能吸收国内外已有经验,促进我国土壤侵蚀模型研究,并依此为基础对我国土壤侵蚀模型的发展趋势提出了自己的见解.     

2021年十大孔兑区域土壤侵蚀空间分布特征

土壤侵蚀是内蒙古自治区十大孔兑区域最严重的环境问题之一。为该区域生态环境的健康发展,本研究基于多源数据结合多种土壤侵蚀模型对2021年十大孔兑区域的土壤侵蚀做出评估,评估结果显示：2021年十大孔兑区域土壤侵蚀面积为4398.85 km²,占区域总土地面积的40.86%,其中轻度、中度、强烈、极强烈和剧烈等级的土壤侵蚀面积分别为2614.38 km²、1328.74 km²、276.29 km²、194.45 km²和40.15 km²,区域整体以中度和轻度侵蚀为主。基于评估结果本研究总结了十大孔兑区域土壤侵蚀的空间分布特点,并综合多因素对侵蚀特征进行分析,最终得到如下结论：(1)十大孔兑区域的水力侵蚀离散分布于孔兑上游,这是由地形地貌、植被覆盖等多个因素共合同作用导致的,其中地形地貌对侵蚀分布的影响相对较大;(2)十大孔兑区域的风力侵蚀聚集分布于孔兑中下游,中游的库布齐沙漠是孔兑中风力侵蚀最为严重的区域,风力侵蚀的分布受到土地利用类型和植被覆盖的影响较大;(3)十大孔兑区域的土壤侵蚀集中在达拉特旗、东胜区和杭锦旗境内,但由于各县区部分覆盖的侵蚀地貌不同,各县区在水力和风力侵蚀面积占比上有很大差异。     

基于三级汇流和产输沙结构的分布式侵蚀产沙模型

黄土丘陵沟壑区面临严重的土壤侵蚀问题,是黄土高原主要产沙区域,针对该区域的土壤侵蚀产沙模拟一直是黄河泥沙研究的热点。尽管如此,已有侵蚀产沙模型对坡面、沟壑侵蚀环节刻画并不完善,沟壑侵蚀过程的忽视限制了模型在沟壑区侵蚀产沙模拟的精度。为此,本文考虑了沟壑侵蚀的特殊性,从分布式水循环模型(the Water and Energy Transfer Processes in Large River Basins,简称WEP-L)的"坡面-河道"二级产汇流结构中单独分离出沟壑环节,提出了"坡面-沟壑-河道"的三级汇流和产输沙结构,从而构建了基于WEP-L的分布式侵蚀产沙物理模型(WEP-SED)。将WEP-SED应用于无定河流域白家川水文站控制区,模型得到的白家川1956—2010年月均输沙率过程与实测过程接近。结果表明,WEP-SED可有效应用于黄土丘陵沟壑区的侵蚀产沙模拟研究。此外,模拟的白家川沟壑环节多年平均侵蚀量约占该区域总侵蚀量的49%,且94%的沟壑侵蚀集中于7—9月。模拟结果充分说明该区域沟壑侵蚀的严重性,细化沟壑侵蚀过程对于提高该区域侵蚀产沙模拟精度具有重要意义。     

Mean hydroclimatic and hydrological conditions during two climatic modes in the Devils Lake Basin,North Dakota (USA)

Proxy variables from palaeolimnological studies of lakes in the Prairie Pothole Region of North America have been used to infer large oscillations during the late Holocene between longer periods of high‐salinity–dry conditions and shorter periods of low‐salinity–wet conditions producing a normative pattern marked by the absence of hydrological stability. Studies of the historical rise in lake level at Devils Lake have identified 1980 as a transition point between two such hydroclimatic modes. This study uses multiple datasets to characterize the mean hydroclimatological and hydrological conditions of these two climatic modes. Mode 1 is a cool and dry phase, and mode 2 is a warmer and wetter phase. Precipitation onto the lake increased by 24% from mode 1 to mode 2. This small, but sustained, increase produced significant changes in the mean hydroclimatic and hydrological states for the basin, including a 383% increase in surface run‐off to the lake, and a 282% increase in the basin run‐off ratio. Devils Lake Basin is located along a hydrotone (region of strong hydroclimatic gradients) where small changes in hydrological drivers are amplified into large changes in regional moisture. The effects of the fluctuating climatic modes and strong hydroclimatic gradients are probably further amplified by the unique fill–spill hydrology of the northern glaciated plains, which can result in nonlinear precipitation–run‐off relationships. This natural pattern of extreme hydrological variations for Devils Lake produces enormous challenges for lake management.     

Tempo‐spatial land use/cover change in Zeway,Ketar and Bulbula sub‐basins,Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia

Understanding tempo‐spatial dynamics of land‐use/cover (LULC) and its drivers is instrumental in synthesizing knowledge for informed natural resource management planning and associated decisions. The present study investigates tempo‐spatial LULC changes, their drivers and the associated impacts in three sub‐basins (Zeway, Ketar and Bulbula) in the Central Rift Valley (CRV) of Ethiopia. Satellite imageries of different periods in ArcGIS, field observations, focus group discussions (FGDs) and secondary data were used to analyse the LULC dynamics, their drivers and associated impacts from 1973 to 2014. The overall accuracy of 1973, 2003 and 2014 classification maps was 88.7%, 88.9% and 91.6%, respectively. The analysis results revealed a continuous increase of farmland and town built‐up areas at the expense of grasslands, shrub‐bush land and woodlands. It further indicated area of open irrigated agriculture, increasing from none to 2.61% of the total area. The FGDs demonstrated agricultural land expansion, resettlement and wood extraction were proximate causes of the observed LULC changes. Population increases, changes in land tenure system and decreased farmland productivity were determined to be the underlying causes of the changes. The FGDs further indicated these changes have negatively affected the natural resources. The present study findings indicate the need to reconsider land‐use decision tradeoffs between economic, social and environmental demands, and their implications for other similar areas in Ethiopia and beyond. Quantitative analysis and periodic evaluation of the drivers of such change and the impacts of existing and emerging land‐uses in the face of changing climate is recommended to facilitate sustainable use of the fragile ecosystems in the Ethiopian CRV.     

土地利用/覆盖对洞庭湖流域水土流失的影响

土地利用覆盖变化是当前国际地学研究的热点之一,通过大量的数据收集,利用灰色系统理论将洞庭湖各流域土地利用/覆盖对其水土流失的影响进行了聚类分析和关联分析.结果表明:1、耕地、荒山地、林地为洞庭湖流域水土流失影响的第一类因素,影响最大;非农业用地、草地为洞庭湖流域水土流失影响的第二类因素,影响居中;滩涂用地、园地、水域为洞庭湖流域水土流失影响的第三类因素,影响最小.2、各种土地利用类型对洞庭湖流域水土流失影响的排序为耕地、荒山地、林地、草地、非农业用地、园地、水域、滩涂用地.论文旨在为洞庭湖流域水土流失及洞庭湖的治理提供科学依据.     

喀斯特石漠化地区土地利用变化对水土流失的影响——以贵州省务川仡佬族苗族自治县为例

为了分析喀斯特石漠化地区土地利用、石漠化、水土流失空间分布与面积变化趋势,以石漠化现象较为严重的贵州省务川仡佬族苗族自治县为研究区,利用2000,2005,2010,2015年遥感影像获取务川县土地利用类型空间分布与估算石漠化等级空间分布,并运用修正的通用水土流失方程建立的喀斯特地区水土流失方程进行水土流失计算。结果表明:土地利用变化对石漠化与水土流失有显著影响,林地、草地面积的增加显著降低了水土流失量。务川县2000～2015年林地面积增加80.37 km~2,旱地面积减少91.69 km~2;2010～2015年重度石漠化面积减少263.73 km~2;2000～2015年微度侵蚀面积增加636.13 km~2,轻度侵蚀面积减少157.21 km~2,中度侵蚀面积减少356.28 km~2,强烈侵蚀面积减少111.23 km~2。务川县2000～2015年实施的退耕还林与石漠化治理工程使得水土流失现象有了明显的好转。     

Spatial variation in fine sediment transport in small upland streams: the effects of flow regulation and catchment geology

In cobble‐ and gravel‐bed streams, fine sediments (<4 mm diameter) are an important component of the bed material that can move at a full range of flows, not just during floods and spates. It has been hypothesized that the constant movement of this fine material, as it passes over the coarse bed, is an important ecological disturbance to plants and animals. In this study, I measured baseflow sediment transport rates across a number of regulated and unregulated sites in an upland catchment comprising isolated regions of granite/sandstone and acid volcanics in southern Victoria, southeastern Australia, as a precursor to a study examining the effects of sediment on aquatic biota. Examined on three separate occasions, transport rates for fine sediments were up to 100 times greater in the granite/sandstone streams, but diversion weirs, which greatly reduced downstream sediment loads in the granite/sandstone areas, moderated these differences. Measured transport rates within unregulated sections of the granite/sandstone streams were roughly equivalent to sediment loads found to disturb benthic communities in other experimental studies. On this basis, abrasion by sediment transport in these streams may be sufficient to influence the structure of benthic communities even at baseflow. This hypothesis forms the basis of other research examining the biota at these sites. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

三门峡水库水沙运动的若干规律——兼论水库溯源冲刷对黄河下游河道的影响

小浪底水库的合理运用对于延长水库寿命,确保黄河下游防洪减淤、长治久安,至关重要。本文基于与小浪底水库河谷地貌、水沙运动基本相似的三门峡水库潼关以下库段和下游河道数十年的基本资料,分析了水库造床及冲淤形态、水库拦粗排细和水库泄空、溯源冲刷的特点,以及溯源冲刷本身对黄河下游河道冲淤的影响。这些对于深化认识和科学制定小浪底水库拦沙后期的运用方式是非常重要的。     

Estimating sediment yield risk of reservoirs in northern Ethiopia using expert knowledge and semi‐quantitative approaches

Reservoir siltation is a serious problem that threatens the productivity and sustainability of water‐harvesting schemes. Quantification of sediment deposition in reservoirs and understanding of its major drivers are needed to apply targeted management interventions. Most of the techniques used to estimate sediment deposition in reservoirs require extensive measurements on a frequent time basis, as well as being costly and time‐consuming. Thus, a rapid and relatively economical means of assessing the erosion susceptibility of catchments and predicting their sediment yield potential is necessary. In this study, expert‐based rankings and semi‐quantitative factorial scoring approaches were applied to assess the siltation severity of 25 reservoirs in the Tigray region of northern Ethiopia. The results were then correlated with quantitative sediment yield estimates acquired for representative sites, and a sediment yield predication model was developed for the region. The calibrated model has an efficiency and relative root mean square error (RRMSE) of 79 and 36%, respectively, which is considered adequate to assess erosion susceptibility and siltation risk of reservoirs in similar environments. The study demonstrates that expert knowledge and rapid characterization of catchments, in terms of susceptibility to erosion, are viable options for assessing siltation risks and for analysing controlling factors at a larger number of sites, with minimum costs and acceptable accuracy.