食品中晚期糖基化终产物的研究进展

晚期糖基化终产物(advanced glycation end products,AGEs)被认为和氧化应激、多种慢性疾病以及人体衰老等具有密切关系,近年来成为医药和健康领域的研究热点,但在食品领域研究相对较少。事实上,食物由于不同的加工处理方法和存放条件,可能会产生AGEs;若长期摄入AGEs可能增加体内的AGEs水平从而对人体造成危害,对食品中AGEs的研究已引起食品领域科学家的关注。文中主要对食品中AGEs的生成机理、主要种类、检测方法、对人体的影响,以及控制方法等几方面进行综述。     

牛乳加工中非酶蛋白糖基化的研究进展

晚期糖基化终产物(Advance glycationend products,AGEs)是还原糖与蛋白质和核酸在没有酶参与条件下,通过美拉德反应途径形成的稳定聚合物。而这类物质在体内的蓄积可能引发心脑血管疾病和糖尿病等多种疾病。牛乳和奶制品在加工和贮藏过程中均会产生AGEs,从而产生安全隐患。本文综述了牛乳中AGEs形成的途径,各种分析检测手段,以及加工方法、加工温度和贮藏湿度等条件对AGEs形成的影响,进而提出了消除和抑制牛乳中AGEs形成的对策。      

食品中晚期糖基化末端产物的研究进展

晚期糖基化末端产物(advanced glycation end products, AGEs)是还原糖与氨基酸发生非酶褐变反应的产物之一。医学研究结果表明,AGEs与人类诸多疾病的发生有密切关系,而膳食摄入是体内AGEs的重要来源。但是由于AGEs种类较多,对于食品中的AGEs含量的检测尚缺乏标准的方法,食品加工工艺对食品中AGEs形成的影响报道较少。因此,本文从食品中AGEs形成、结构、检测方法及AGEs在体内代谢、对人体健康影响和预防措施等方面对AGEs进行了较系统的阐述,为进一步研究AGEs奠定基础。     

肉制品加工过程中晚期糖基化终产物形成、检测及抑制研究进展

晚期糖基化终产物(advanced glycation end products, AGEs)是还原糖的羰基与蛋白质、脂质或核酸的游离氨基通过美拉德反应等途径产生的一系列结构复杂的化合物总称。目前已有不少研究证明AGEs在体内的积累会导致衰老、糖尿病、阿尔兹海默症等相关慢性疾病的发生, 也会引起肿瘤的发展与恶化。近年来, 随着国民生活水平的不断提高, 肉制品消费的不断增加, 其加工过程中AGEs的生成逐渐引起广泛关注。本文阐述了肉类加工过程中AGEs的结构、分类、形成途径与机制、检测方法, 总结了在不同加工方式下, 采用不同检测方法测量肉类中羧甲基赖氨酸和羧乙基赖氨酸的含量, 并重点介绍了AGEs形成的影响因素及其抑制, 旨在为肉制品加工过程中AGEs的生成控制等深入研究提供理论基础。     

食源性晚期糖基化终末产物检测技术研究进展

晚期糖基化终末产物（advanced glycation end products,AGEs）是还原糖与蛋白质自由氨基间发生美拉德反应形成的一类异质性共价化合物的总称。研究发现食源性AGEs摄入后会在体内蓄积并对机体健康产生有害影响,因此有必要开展食物中各类AGEs的检测分析研究。食品中的AGEs种类繁多、结构复杂,目前缺少通用的检测分析方法。因此,本文针对食源性AGEs的结构和类型、与人体健康的关系以及相关检测技术进行综述,重点介绍食源性AGEs的免疫分析和仪器分析方法,深入探讨各类技术的特点和优劣势,并对后续研究方向进行展望,以期为食源性AGEs检测技术的发展以及相关研究体系的形成提供参考和借鉴。     

炸制过程中油脂氧化对鱼饼中晚期糖基化终末产物生成的影响

旨在为炸制鱼饼中晚期糖基化终末产物(AGEs)含量的控制提供理论依据和参考,以冷冻鲢鱼糜为原料制作鱼饼,通过分析连续炸制过程中(每3 h炸制1次)鱼饼中AGEs的生成与其理化指标和油脂氧化程度之间的相关性,探讨炸制过程中油脂氧化对鱼饼中AGEs生成的影响。结果表明：鱼饼外层AGEs含量显著高于内层,炸制9～18 h,鱼饼AGEs含量显著高于其他阶段(p<0.05);鱼饼中AGEs含量与水分含量呈极显著负相关,与脂肪含量和丙二醛含量呈极显著正相关,说明水分散失、油脂吸收以及油脂氧化促进了AGEs的生成。综上,在连续炸制过程的中期,鱼饼中水分含量较低,油脂氧化较为严重,AGEs含量较高。     

Accumulation and effects of dietary advanced glycation end products on the gastrointestinal tract in rats

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract represents the first barrier against the penetration of organisms by dietary advanced glycation end products (AGEs), but the tissue accumulation of AGEs and AGE‐induced effects on the GI tract have yet to be completely elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the tissue accumulation of AGEs and AGE‐induced oxidative stress and inflammation in the GI tract of rats after long‐term consumption of AGEs from bread crust (BC). The GI tract was then removed to analyse carboxymethyllysine (CML) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) and the levels of tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6). This study demonstrates that the oral intake of AGEs promotes their accumulation in the GI tract, and AGEs attenuate the first‐line antioxidant defence and stimulate the inflammatory response of the GI tract by downregulating enzymatic antioxidative pathways and increasing inflammatory cytokine levels.     

Angelica acutiloba root alleviates advanced glycation end-product-mediated renal injury in streptozotocin-diabetic rats

Angelica acutiloba root, a Japanese species of Dong quai being cultivated in Hualien County in eastern Taiwan, is used primarily for gynecological disorders in women. Increasing evidence indicates that advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. We investigated whether A. acutiloba root is beneficial in the amelioration of AGE-mediated renal injury in a diabetic rat model. Streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats were treated orally with A. acutiloba root extract (AARE) [50, 100, 200 mg/(kg × day)] for 8 wk. Changes in renal function-related parameters in plasma and urine were analyzed at the end of the study. Kidneys were isolated for enzyme immunoassay, pathology histology, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot analyses. Polyphenolic compounds and flavonoids were abundant in AARE. AARE [200 mg/(kg × day)] partially decreased the high plasma glucose level in diabetic rats. Diabetic-dependent alterations in urinary albumin, 24-h urinary albumin excretion rate, creatinine clearance, and glomerular mesangial matrix expansion were ameliorated by AARE treatment. The increased expression of nuclear factor-κB, transforming growth factor-β(1), and the progressive accumulation of fibronectin in kidney of diabetic rats were attenuated by AARE treatment. AARE treatment ameliorated the elevated levels of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and mitochondrial thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance, as well as the elevated levels of Nε-(carboxymethyl)lysine and receptors for AGEs in kidneys of diabetic rats. The results show that A. acutiloba root has an anti-diabetic property that involves antihyperglycemia accompanied by amelioration of glycation-mediated renal damage.     

Dietary advanced glycation end-products, 2-monochloropropane-1,3-diol esters and 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters and glycidyl esters in infant formulas: Occurrence,formulation and processing effects,mitigation strategies

Infant formula contains thermal processing contaminants, such as dietary advanced glycation end-products (dAGEs), glycidyl esters (GEs), 2-monochloropropane-1,3-diol esters and 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (MCPDEs). This systematic review aimed to gain insights into the occurrence of these contaminants in different types of infant formula, to understand potential effects of the formulation and processing of infant formulas on these contaminants, as well as into possible mitigation strategies. The occurrence of dAGEs in infant formula depends on the recipes and processing conditions. Hydrolyzed protein formulations promote dAGEs formation in infant formula since peptides are more prone to glycation than intact proteins, which is reflected in high dAGEs concentration in hypoallergenic infant formula. Different carbohydrates in recipes result into different glycation extents of infant formula: maltodextrin containing formulas contained less dAGEs than those with lactose. Concerning mitigation strategies, applying ultra-high-temperature (UHT) treatment during milk processing leads to less dAGEs formation than using in-bottle sterilization. Although data are limited, evidence showed that encapsulation of raw ingredients or the use of antioxidants or enzymes in recipes is promising. The occurrence of MCPDEs and GEs in infant formula fully depends on the vegetable oils used in the recipe. High levels of these contaminants can be found when relatively high amounts of palm oils or fats are used. The mitigation of MCPDEs and GEs should therefore be performed on fats and oils before their application to infant formula recipes. Data and knowledge gaps identified in this review can be useful to guide future studies.