Total phenolics,antioxidant activity,and functional properties of ‘Tommy Atkins’ mango peel and kernel as affected by drying methods

Mango processing produces significant amount of waste (peels and kernels) that can be utilized for the production of value-added ingredients for various food applications. Mango peel and kernel were dried using different techniques, such as freeze drying, hot air, vacuum and infrared. Freeze dried mango waste had higher antioxidant properties than those from other techniques. The ORAC values of peel and kernel varied from 418–776 and 1547–1819 μmol TE/g db. The solubility of freeze dried peel and kernel powder was the highest. The water and oil absorption index of mango waste powders ranged between 1.83–6.05 and 1.66–3.10, respectively. Freeze dried powders had the lowest bulk density values among different techniques tried. The cabinet dried waste powders can be potentially used in food products to enhance their nutritional and antioxidant properties.     

Mango kernel fat fractions as potential healthy food ingredients: A review

Mango kernel fat (MKF) has been reported to have high functional and nutritional potential. However, its application in food industry has not been fully explored or developed. In this review, the chemical compositions, physical properties and potential health benefits of MKF are described. MKF is a unique fat consisting of 28.9–65.0% of 1,3-distearoyl-2-oleoyl-glycerol with excellent oxidative stability index (58.8–85.2 h at 110 °C), making the fat and its fractions suitable for use as high-value added food ingredients such as cocoa butter alternatives, trans-free shortenings, and a source of natural antioxidants (e.g., sterol, tocopherol and squalene). Unfortunately, the long period of dehydration of mango kernels at hot temperature results in the hydrolysis of triacylglycerols. The high levels of hydrolysates (mainly free fatty acids and diacylglycerols) limit the application of MKF in manufacturing these food ingredients. It is suggested that the physico-chemical and functional properties of MKF could be further improved through moderated refining (e.g., degumming and physical deacidification), fractionation, and interesterification.     

Evaluation of processed green and ripe mango peel and pulp flours (Mangifera indica var. Chokanan) in terms of chemical composition,antioxidant compounds and functional properties

BACKGROUND: Mango is a highly perishable seasonal fruit and large quantities are wasted during the peak season as a result of poor postharvest handling procedures. Processing surplus mango fruits into flour to be used as a functional ingredient appears to be a good preservation method to ensure its extended consumption. RESULTS: In the present study, the chemical composition, bioactive/antioxidant compounds and functional properties of green and ripe mango (Mangifera indica var. Chokanan) peel and pulp flours were evaluated. Compared to commercial wheat flour, mango flours were significantly low in moisture and protein, but were high in crude fiber, fat and ash content. Mango flour showed a balance between soluble and insoluble dietary fiber proportions, with total dietary fiber content ranging from 3.2 to 5.94 g kg^?1. Mango flours exhibited high values for bioactive/antioxidant compounds compared to wheat flour. The water absorption capacity and oil absorption capacity of mango flours ranged from 0.36 to 0.87 g kg^?1 and from 0.18 to 0.22 g kg^?1, respectively. CONCLUSION: Results of this study showed mango peel flour to be a rich source of dietary fiber with good antioxidant and functional properties, which could be a useful ingredient for new functional food formulations. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Agro-industrial potential of the mango peel based on its nutritional and functional properties

The mango peel represents from 15% to 20% of the total weight of the fruit. The aim of this review is to discuss the nutritional, functional, and nutraceutical properties of mango peel. It also shows several ways to add value to the mango peels, and their uses. Mango peel contains considerable content of antioxidants and dietary fiber. The mango peel offers a range of possibilities to develop value-added products. By-products from the agro-industrial processing of mangos can potentially make a significant contribution to the design of natural products rich in dietary fiber for widespread consumption. Additionally, food rich in soluble dietary fiber from mango peels could be designed for diabetic persons, since the mango peel reduces the speed with which glucose reaches the blood. Optimal extraction methods and drying technologies that do not impair the functional properties need to be further investigated. Economic, nutritional, and environmental benefits could be obtained with the proper use of this processing by-product.     

Mango peel powder: A potential source of antioxidant and dietary fiber in macaroni preparations

Antioxidants like phenolics and carotenoids both as additives in foods or pharmaceutical supplements can scavenge reactive oxygen species and protect against degenerative diseases like cancer, cardiovascular diseases. Mango peel, which is a by-product obtained during processing of mango products such as mango pulp and amchur, is currently discarded and thus, causing environmental pollution. In the present study, mango peel was incorporated into macaroni at three different levels (2.5, 5.0, 7.5%) and studied its effect on the cooking properties, firmness, nutraceutical and sensory characteristics of macaroni. The total dietary fiber content in macaroni increased from 8.6 to 17.8%. The content of polyphenols increased from 0.46 to 1.80 mg/g and carotenoid content increased from 5 to 84 μg/g of macaroni with 7.5% incorporation of mango peel powder. The macaroni products incorporated with mango peel exhibited improved antioxidant properties. The cooking loss of macaroni increased from 5.84 to 8.71%, and the firmness increased from 44 to 73.45 gf upon incorporation of mango peel powder. Incorporation of 5% mango peel powder into semolina yielded macaroni with acceptable quality. Thus, the results suggest that by incorporating mango peel powder, it is possible to enhance the nutritional quality of macaroni without affecting its cooking, textural and sensory properties.Industrial relevanceMango is one of the important tropical fruits. As mango is a seasonal fruit, it is processed into various products and during its processing, huge amount of peel is generated as a by-product and its disposal is a major problem. The peel constitutes about 15–20% of the fresh fruit. The peel contains various bioactive compounds and the peel extract exhibited potential antioxidant properties. In the present study, mango peel was incorporated into macaroni at three different levels and found that incorporation up to a 5% level into the formulation of macaroni yielded an acceptable product with improved nutraceutical properties. Thus, mango peel, a waste from mango industry can be utilized for the preparation of macaroni with improved nutritional properties.     

NUTRIENT COMPOSITION OF MANGO (MANGNIFERA INDICA) SEED KERNEL FROM NIGERIA

Mango (Magnifera indica) seed kernel from Nigeria were analyzed for proximate composition, inorganic ions, amino acid composition, tannin and fatty acid composition. Mango seed kernel had 44.4% moisture content, 6.0% protein, 12.8% fat, 32.8% carbohydrate, 2.0% crude fiber, 2.0% ash and 0.39% tannin. Mango kernel fat contained high amounts of stearic (46.3%) and oleic (40.0%), while palmitic, linoleic, arachidonic and behenic acids were present in small quantities (<6.6%). Of the inorganic ions detected, potassium (365 mg/100 g), phosphorus (140 mg/100 g), magnesium (100 mg/100 g) and calcium (49 mg/100 g) were present in high levels, while iron, sodium, manganese and zinc were present in small levels (< 11.0 mg/100 g). The mango seed kernel is potentially a good source of nutrients for human and animal feed.     

Date fruit: chemical composition,nutritional and medicinal values,products

Date fruit has served as a staple food in the Arab world for centuries. Worldwide production of date fruit has increased almost threefold over the last 40 years, reaching 7.68 million tons in 2010. Date fruit can provide many essential nutrients and potential health benefits to the consumer. Date fruit goes through four ripening stages named kimri, khalal, rutab and tamer. The main chemical components of date fruit include carbohydrates, dietary fibre, enzymes, protein, fat, minerals, vitamins, phenolic acids and carotenoids. The chemical composition of date fruit varies according to ripening stage, cultivar, growing environment, postharvest conditions, etc. The nutritional and medicinal activities of date fruit are related to its chemical composition. Many studies have shown that date fruit has antioxidant, antimutagenic, anti‐inflammatory, gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, anticancer and immunostimulant activities. Various date fruit‐based products such as date syrup, date paste, date juice and their derived products are available. Date by‐products can be used as raw materials for the production of value‐added products such as organic acids, exopolysaccharides, antibiotics, date‐flavoured probiotic‐fermented dairy produce, bakery yeasts, etc. In this paper the chemical composition and nutritional and medicinal values of date fruit as well as date fruit‐based products are reviewed . © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry     

芒果酒的研制

芒果果实富含碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂肪、维生素A、维生素B、维生素C和钙、磷、铁等营养成分。以芒果为主要原料,经酵母菌发酵后,可酿造出优质可口,风味独特的芒果酒。     

Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) Seed and its Potential Food Applications: A Review

Kenaf belongs to the family Malvaceae noted for their economic and horticultural importance. Kenaf seed is a valuable component of kenaf plant. For several years, it has been primarily used as a cordage crop and secondarily as a livestock feed. The potential for using kenaf seeds as a source of food‐based products has not been fully exploited. Consumers are becoming more interested in naturally healthy plant‐based food products. Kenaf seed, the future crop with a rich source of essential nutrients and an excellent source of phytocompounds, might serve suitable roles in the production of value‐added plant‐based foods. At present kenaf seed and its value‐added components have not been effectively utilized for both their nutritional and functional properties as either ingredient or major constituent of food products. This review focuses on the possible food applications of kenaf seed and its value‐added components based on their nutritional composition and functional properties available in literature, with the purpose of providing an overview on the possible food applications of this underutilized seed. The review focuses on a brief introduction on kenaf plant, nutritional function, lipids and proteins composition and food applications of the seed. The review elaborately discusses the seed in terms of; bioactive components, antioxidants enrichment of wheat bread, antimicrobial agents, as edible flour, as edible oil and a source of protein in food system. The review closes with discussion on other possible food applications of kenaf seed. The need for food scientists and technologists to exploit this natural agricultural product as a value‐added food ingredient is of great significance and is emphasized.     

Why for feed and not for human consumption? The black soldier fly larvae

With the surge in consumption of insects, the search continues to find ways to increase the popularity of insect‐based products in the Western world. The black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), which is mainly utilized for animal feed, has great potential to provide a sustainable source of nutrients for human food. This review aims to discuss some of the key benefits and challenges of BSFL and their potential role as a food ingredient and/or product for human consumption. Few articles specifically discuss BSFL as a food source, therefore a comprehensive literature search strategy consisted of collecting and evaluating published data about BSFL as animal feed that could be relevant to its use in food. The hurdles that need to be overcome in order to introduce BSFL as a viable food option include safety concerns, technofunctional properties, nutritional aspects, consumer attitudes, and product applications for BSFL.     

Valuable components of raw and ripe peels from two Indian mango varieties

Mango is one of the most important tropical fruits and India ranks first in its world production. During the processing of mango, mainly for mango pulp and preparation of amchur powder, peel is a by-product. Peel forms about 20% of the whole fruit and at present it is a waste product and its disposal has become a great problem. With a view to exploit mango peel as a source of valuable components, in the present study, proximate composition, polyphenols, carotenoids, dietary fibre contents and activities of few enzymes in raw and ripe peels of two Indian mango varieties, namely, Raspuri and Badami were determined. The polyphenol contents in these peels ranged from 55 to 110 mg/g dry peel. Dietary fibre content ranged from 45% to 78% of peel and was found at a higher level in ripe peels. Similarly, carotenoid content was higher in ripe fruit peels. Vitamins C and E contents ranged from 188 to 392 and 205 to 509 μg/g dry peel, respectively; and these were found at a higher level in ripe peels. Both raw and ripe mango peels exhibited significant amount of protease, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, xylanase and amylase activities.     

Radical scavenging and anti‐proliferative capacity of three freeze‐dried tropical fruits

Tropical fruits are rich in antioxidant and anticancer phytochemicals, but their nutraceutical potential could be enhanced by drying technologies. Mango cv. Ataulfo, papaya cv. Maradol and pineapple cv. Esmeralda ripe pulps were freeze‐dried (?42 °C, 0.12 torr, 48 h) and their physicochemical and phytochemical profile, radical scavenging and antiproliferative capacity evaluated. The content of soluble solids, phenolic compounds and ascorbic acid was higher in mango (16.1^oBrix, 9.9 mg GAE per g and 9.6 mg g^?1) than in papaya/pineapple, but the later had more flavonoids (0.45 ± 0.05 mg QE per g). A fruit‐specific phenolic profile was detected by HPLC‐ESI‐QTOF‐MS, being shikimic (mango), chlorogenic (papaya), and protocatechuic (pineapple) acids the most abundant. Mango was the strongest radical scavenger and showed antiproliferative capacity (IC₅₀, μg mL^?1) in RAW 264.7 (100.7), HeLa (193.1) and L929 (138.5) cell lines. Papaya and pineapple extracts showed no antiproliferative activity. Freeze‐dried mango is a ready‐to‐eat functional food with better cancer preventing properties than papaya or pineapple.     

Applications of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) in food products

BackgroundThe outstanding nutritional and technological properties lead to innovative applications of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) in food products.Scope and approachThe aim of this contribution is to give an overview of the various food application approaches for chia. The nutritional and technological properties of chia as well as its technological and innovative utilization are presented. Examples for the various applications in food products are given in five main topics: baked goods, dairy products, meat and fish products, gluten-free products and other products such as functional food, hydrocolloid and thickener.Key findings and conclusionsBesides the nutritional benefits of chia incorporation in food products the technological effects are emphasized very often. Summarized in five main topics, most authors conclude that chia is a valuable food ingredient for functional food development. The application of chia in baked goods for example is beneficial not only to improve the nutritional value but acting as hydrocolloid or substitute egg, fat or gluten. The increase of oil stability and applications as food thickener in novel food applications are of high importance too. As different chia fractions give various options for applications the utilization of chia for further food products will increase significantly in the future.     

A Review on Food Values of Selected Tropical Fruits’ Seeds

Fruit seeds are usually thrown out as waste during processing or after human consumption. Over the years, researchers have dedicated their effort to assess the food and nutritional values of many different fruit seeds. In this review, the research findings releated to the food values of ten different fruit seeds namely, guava, pumpkin, papaya, honeydew, mangosteen, rambutan, watermelon, mango, and durian were discussed. For several fruit seeds, the macro nutrient components such as oil, protein, and carbohydrate of are found to vary due to either varietal defferences or geographical variations. Among the seeds discussed, the range of oil content was from 1.8 to 49.0% while the range of protein content was from 6 to 40.0%. While the high oil bearing fruit seeds are potential new sources of oil, those with high protein content can be used for recovery of protein. As some of fruit seeds are edible and found to possess a host of phytonutrients, they can be harnessed for medicinal purposes. This review concludes that utilization of fruit seeds could not only bring health and wealth but also help to minimize the waste disposal problem of agro-based industries.     

Food uses of pineapple waste and by-products: a review

Waste from fruits and vegetable processing industry is produced in large quantities worldwide and it contains high levels of lignocellulose, fibre, sugar, bioactive and functional compounds. Their utilisation has become one of the main important and challengeable aspects due to the generation of large quantities of by-products including peels, seeds, leaves and unused flesh in different steps of processing chain. Many researches have validated the waste utilisation as novel, low-cost, economical and natural sources of dietary fibre, antioxidants, pectin, enzymes, organic acids, food additives, essential oils, etc. through different methods of extractions, purifications and fermentations. Though, obtaining these by-products from such a variable substrate requires an understanding of the composition of the polysaccharides and their associations within the overall substrate. Focus on the pineapple fruit, scientific and technological studies have already highlighted and confirmed the potential of better and more profitable markets for pineapple wastes. This review is first of all the collection of previous reports about valorisation of food processing waste, deepening the possibilities of pineapple waste utilisation and to promote the integral exploitation of the by-products rich in bioactive compounds, even as multifunctional food ingredients. More in detail, this review aims at identifying those processes that can be implemented even in disadvantaged areas by means of technologies that allow recovering waste directly on site, thus reducing pollution and providing ingredients/food products with high nutritional values that could be integrated into the diet.     

Short communication: A food-systems approach to assessing dairy product waste

Concern about world population increase, food security, and the environmental burdens of food production have made food-waste reduction a social and environmental priority. In this context, the quantification of dairy product waste is especially difficult due to the varied means of disposal, by solid and liquid waste streams, and due to inclusion as an ingredient in many processed foods. In this study, food intake data from the Australian National Nutrition Survey (>13,000 participants; >4,500 food items) were disaggregated into basic foods and total national dairy product intake was expressed in whole-milk equivalents. This result was compared with total domestic milk supply, indicating a level of waste of 29% for dairy products in the Australian food system. With national food-waste reduction targets becoming increasingly common, reliable estimates of food waste at the national scale are important for goal setting, baseline reporting, and performance monitoring. For this purpose, the systems approach to assessing food waste demonstrated in this project is deemed to have advantages over other common methods of food-waste assessment, such as bin audits, waste diaries, and surveys.     

Nonmeat Protein Alternatives as Meat Extenders and Meat Analogs

Abstract: The direct consumption of vegetable proteins in food products has been increasing over the years because of animal diseases, global shortage of animal protein, strong demand for wholesome and religious (halal) food, and economic reasons. The increasing importance of legume and oilseed proteins in the manufacturing of various functional food products is due to their high‐protein contents. However, the greatest obstacle to utilizing these legumes and oilseeds is the presence of antinutrients; but these antinutrients can be successfully removed or inactivated by employing certain processing methods. In contrast, the potential negative impact of the antinutrients is partially balanced by the fact that they may have a health‐promoting role. Legumes and oilseeds provide well‐balanced amino acid profiles when consumed with cereals. Soybean proteins, wheat gluten, cottonseed proteins, and other plant proteins have been used for texturization. Texturized vegetable proteins can extend meat products while providing an economical, functional, and high‐protein food ingredient or can be consumed directly as a meat analog. Meat analogs are successful because of their healthy image (cholesterol free), meat‐like texture, and low cost. Mycoprotein is fungal in origin and is used as a high‐protein, low‐fat, health‐promoting food ingredient. Mycoprotein has a good taste and texture. Texturized vegetable proteins and a number of mycoprotein products are accepted as halal foods. This article summarizes information regarding the molecular, nutritional, and functional properties of alternative protein sources to meat and presents current knowledge to encourage further research to optimize the beneficial effects of alternative protein sources.     

Fibre concentrate from mango fruit: Characterization, associated antioxidant capacity and application as a bakery product ingredient

Mango is a still underutilized fruit from tropical regions. The aim of this work was to characterize a mango dietary fibre concentrate (MDF) with antioxidant capacity, using the unripe fruit. MDF was obtained and its chemical composition, soluble (SDF) and insoluble dietary fibre (IDF), extractable polyphenols, water- and oil-holding capacities and anti-radical efficiency, were evaluated. MDF showed low lipid and high starch contents and balanced SDF/IDF levels, which is important for the functionality of fibre in the human diet. MDF exhibited adequate water-holding capacity, similar to other fruit fibres, but had a low oil-holding capacity. Bakery products prepared with MDF conserved the balance of SDF and IDF and most of its anti-radical efficiency. In vitro starch digestibility tests of MDF bakery products indicated a low predicted glycemic index. MDF might be an alternative for development of products with balanced DF components and low glycemic response, aimed to people with special carbohydrate/energy requirements.     

Regulation of the levels of health promoting compounds: lupeol,mangiferin and phenolic acids in the pulp and peel of mango fruit: a review

There is a demand for feasible methodologies that can increase/maintain the levels of health-promoting phytochemicals in horticultural produce, due to strong evidence that these compounds can reduce risk of chronic diseases. Mango (Mangifera indica L.), ranks fifth among the most cultivated fruit crops in the world, is naturally rich in phytochemicals such as lupeol, mangiferin and phenolic acids (e.g. gallic acid, chlorogenic acid and vanillic acid). Yet, there is still much scope for up-regulating the levels of these compounds in mango fruit through manipulation of different preharvest and postharvest practices that affect their biosynthesis and degradation. The process of ripening, harvest maturity, physical and chemical elicitor treatments such as low temperature stress, methyl jasmonate (MeJA), salicylic acid (SA) and nitric oxide (NO) and the availability of enzyme cofactors (Mg²⁺, Mn²⁺ and Fe²⁺) required in terpenoid biosynthesis were identified as potential determinants of the concentration of health-promoting compounds in mango fruit. The effectiveness of these preharvest and postharvest approaches in regulating the levels of lupeol, mangiferin and phenolic acids in the pulp and peel of mango fruit will be discussed. In general spray application of 0.2% iron(II) sulphate (FeSO₄) 30 days before harvest, harvest at sprung stage, storage of mature green fruit at 5 °C for 12 days prior to ripening, fumigation of mature green fruit with 10⁻⁵ mol L⁻¹ and/or 10⁻⁴ mol L⁻¹ MeJA for 24 h or 20 and/or 40 µL L⁻¹ NO for 2 h upregulate the levels of lupeol, mangiferin and phenolic acids in pulp and peel of ripe mango fruit. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry     

Constituents of nutritional relevance in fermented milk products commercialised in Italy

Fermented milk products represent an increasing share of the dairy products consumed in Italy. The nutritional value of these products is related to the milk utilised and to the eventual presence of other ingredients (milk powder, sugar, fruit puree and fruit extracts), whereas the microrganisms used can affect texture and organoleptic characteristics. In this paper constituents of nutritional relevance such as protein, fat, total carbohydrate, amino acids, minerals, vitamin A, vitamin E and cholesterol, have been evaluated in yoghurts, fermented milks (plain and with essences) and Quark cheeses (plain and with fruits). This study confirms the high nutritional quality of fermented milks and stresses the role of non-milk ingredients in modifying and, sometimes, improving the dietary contribution of these products.