Self‐Assembled Collagen Microparticles by Aerosol as a Versatile Platform for Injectable Anisotropic Materials

Extracellular matrices (ECM) rich in type I collagen exhibit characteristic anisotropic ultrastructures. Nevertheless, working in vitro with this biomacromolecule remains challenging. When processed, denaturation of the collagen molecule is easily induced in vitro avoiding proper fibril self‐assembly and further hierarchical order. Here, an innovative approach enables the production of highly concentrated injectable collagen microparticles, based on collagen molecules self‐assembly, thanks to the use of spray‐drying process. The versatility of the process is shown by performing encapsulation of secretion products of gingival mesenchymal stem cells (gMSCs), which are chosen as a bioactive therapeutic product for their potential efficiency in stimulating the regeneration of a damaged ECM. The injection of collagen microparticles in a cell culture medium results in a locally organized fibrillar matrix. The efficiency of this approach for making easily handleable collagen microparticles for encapsulation and injection opens perspectives in active tissue regeneration and 3D bioprinted scaffolds.     

Three-Dimensional Ultrasonic Crack Detection in Anisotropic Materials

The scattering of probe-generated ultrasonic fields incident upon a strip-like crack in an anisotropic half-space is discussed. In the situation considered, two possibly coinciding probes are attached to the surface of the half-space. One is transmitting waves incident upon the crack and the other one is receiving the scattered waves. An electric signal response is calculated via an electromechanical reciprocity relation. For a crack far away from the probes and the surface, an approximate expression is calculated. Several numerical examples are presented for an isotropic and a transversely isotropic solid. The results are presented as A-, B-, and C-scans.     

面内异性材料的应力和应变状态分析

迄今有关材料应力和应变状态的分析多限于面内同性材料。然而,绝大多数板树为面内异性,因此对所有板材的塑性变形问题一味在面内同性之条件下研究未免就有不妥之处。本文在面内异性的前提下,对板料的应力和应变状态进行了分析,并且初步探讨了用液压胀形试验求得应力应变曲线的一些问题。     

Estimation of the Mean Thermal Conductivity of Anisotropic Materials

An estimation method of the plane directional thermal conductivity of fibrous insulations using the cyclic heat method and the transient hot-wire method is proposed. By assuming that the thermal conductivity _h of anisotropic materials measured by the transient hot-wire method is equivalent to that of the isotropic materials which have the same bulk density and specific heat c as the anisotropic materials, the thermal conductivity _h is shown to be equal to , which is a geometrical mean of the thermal conductivities in the direction of the plane _x and the thickness _y of the anisotropic materials. For an alumina silica blanket (=125 kg·m^–3), the thermal conductivities _h , _x , and _y were measured in the temperature range between –140 and 300°C using the transient hot-wire method for _h and the cyclic heat method for _x and _y . In the same way, the thermal conductivities _h , _x , and _y of a rock wool (=121 kg·m^–3) insulation were also measured in the temperature range, 100 to 600°C. From a comparison of the measured results with the estimated values of _x , it is confirmed that the proposed method can estimate the measured values reasonably well.     

二维原子晶体材料中的各向异性研究概述

二维原子晶体材料简称二维材料,因载流子迁移和热量扩散都被限制在二维平面内,展现出了许多奇特的性质而受到了广泛关注。二维材料的带隙可调特性在场效应管、光电器件、热电器件等领域应用广泛。另外二维材料的自旋自由度和谷自由度的可控性使得二维材料在自旋电子学和谷电子学等领域也引发了深入的研究。不同的二维材料由于晶体结构的特殊性质导致了不同的电学特性或者光学特性的各向异性,包括拉曼光谱、光致发光光谱、二阶谐波谱、光吸收谱、热导率、电导率等性质的各向异性。这些各向异性特性在偏振光电器件、偏振热电器件、仿生器件、偏振光探等领域拥有巨大的发展潜力。二维材料的各向异性还能够用于实现器件性能的最优化。文章介绍了各种二维材料的各向异性的最新研究进展。     

二维原子晶体材料中的各向异性研究概述

二维原子晶体材料简称二维材料,因载流子迁移和热量扩散都被限制在二维平面内,展现出了许多奇特的性质而受到了广泛关注.二维材料的带隙可调特性在场效应管、光电器件、热电器件等领域应用广泛.另外二维材料的自旋自由度和谷自由度的可控性使得二维材料在自旋电子学和谷电子学等领域也引发了深入的研究.不同的二维材料由于晶体结构的特殊性质导致了不同的电学特性或者光学特性的各向异性,包括拉曼光谱、光致发光光谱、二阶谐波谱、光吸收谱、热导率、电导率等性质的各向异性.这些各向异性特性在偏振光电器件、偏振热电器件、仿生器件、偏振光探等领域拥有巨大的发展潜力.二维材料的各向异性还能够用于实现器件性能的最优化.文章介绍了各种二维材料的各向异性的最新研究进展.     

可注射型海藻酸钙-壳聚糖复合材料的凝胶性能研究

将海藻酸钠滴入壳聚糖和氯化钙的混合溶液中反应合成了海藻酸钙/壳聚糖(SA/CS)复合水凝胶材料,采用IR和SEM对其进行表征.讨论了壳聚糖分子量和含量对复合凝胶材料凝胶可注射性的影响.结果表明,复合材料中SA和CS存在分子间作用力;凝胶表面分布着同格,内部呈多孔结构}壳聚糖对复合凝胶的可注射性有明显的影响.     

A Spherically Anisotropic Microstructure Model for Fluid-saturated Poroelastic Isotropic Materials

The microstructure model proposed in this work is an assemblage of hollow spheres saturated by a fluid. The solid phase of each sphere is linearly elastic and spherically anisotropic. On the basis of this microstructure model, the effective bulk modulus, Biot’s coefficient and porosity variation are determined. It is shown that local anisotropy has important effects on the macroscopic isotropic poroelastic properties via a dimensionless material parameter which characterizes the degree of anisotropy and exponentially affects the porosity.     

Novel Bimorphological Anisotropic Bulk Nanocomposite Materials with High Energy Products

Nanostructuring of magnetically hard and soft materials is fascinating for exploring next‐generation ultrastrong permanent magnets with less expensive rare‐earth elements. However, the resulting hard/soft nanocomposites often exhibit random crystallographic orientations and monomorphological equiaxed grains, leading to inferior magnetic performances compared to corresponding pure rare‐earth magnets. This study describes the first fabrication of a novel bimorphological anisotropic bulk nanocomposite using a multistep deformation approach, which consists of oriented hard‐phase SmCo rod‐shaped grains and soft‐phase Fe(Co) equiaxed grains with a high fraction (≈28 wt%) and small size (≈10 nm). The nanocomposite exhibits a record‐high energy product (28 MGOe) for this class of bulk materials with less rare‐earth elements and outperforms, for the first time, the corresponding pure rare‐earth magnet with 58% enhancement in energy product. These findings open up the door to moving from a pure permanent‐magnet system to a stronger nanocomposite system at lower costs.     

Anisotropic Materials for Skeletal‐Muscle‐Tissue Engineering

Repair of damaged skeletal‐muscle tissue is limited by the regenerative capacity of the native tissue. Current clinical approaches are not optimal for the treatment of large volumetric skeletal‐muscle loss. As an alternative, tissue engineering represents a promising approach for the functional restoration of damaged muscle tissue. A typical tissue‐engineering process involves the design and fabrication of a scaffold that closely mimics the native skeletal‐muscle extracellular matrix (ECM), allowing organization of cells into a physiologically relevant 3D architecture. In particular, anisotropic materials that mimic the morphology of the native skeletal‐muscle ECM, can be fabricated using various biocompatible materials to guide cell alignment, elongation, proliferation, and differentiation into myotubes. Here, an overview of fundamental concepts associated with muscle‐tissue engineering and the current status of muscle‐tissue‐engineering approaches is provided. Recent advances in the development of anisotropic scaffolds with micro‐ or nanoscale features are reviewed, and how scaffold topographical, mechanical, and biochemical cues correlate to observed cellular function and phenotype development is examined. Finally, some recent developments in both the design and utility of anisotropic materials in skeletal‐muscle‐tissue engineering are highlighted, along with their potential impact on future research and clinical applications.     

Operational Monitoring of the Diffusion Coefficient in Thin Anisotropic Porous Materials

Technical Physics Letters - A method for nondestructively determining the diffusion coefficient of solvents in thin fibrous material with strongly anisotropic properties is described. The...     

Discovery of 2D Anisotropic Dirac Cones

2D anisotropic Dirac cones are observed in χ₃ borophene, a monolayer boron sheet, using high‐resolution angle‐resolved photoemission spectroscopy. The Dirac cones are centered at the X and X′ points. The data also reveal that the hybridization between borophene and Ag(111) is very weak, which explains the preservation of the Dirac cones. As χ₃ borophene has been predicated to be a superconductor, the results may stimulate further research interest in the novel physics of borophene, such as the interplay between Cooper pairs and the massless Dirac fermions.     

Microfluidics‐Assisted Assembly of Injectable Photonic Hydrogels toward Reflective Cooling

Development of fast curing and easy modeling of colloidal photonic crystals is highly desirable for various applications. Here, a novel type of injectable photonic hydrogel (IPH) is proposed to achieve self‐healable structural color by integrating microfluidics‐derived photonic supraballs with supramolecular hydrogels. The supramolecular hydrogel is engineered via incorporating β‐cyclodextrin/poly(2‐hydroxypropyl acrylate‐co‐N‐vinylimidazole) (CD/poly(HPA‐co‐VI)) with methacrylated gelatin (GelMA), and serves as a scaffold for colloidal crystal arrays. The photonic supraballs derived from the microfluidics techniques, exhibit excellent compatibility with the hydrogel scaffolds, leading to enhanced assembly efficiency. By virtue of hydrogen bonds and host–guest interactions, a series of self‐healable photonic hydrogels (linear, planar, and spiral assemblies) can be facilely assembled. It is demonstrated that the spherical symmetry of the photonic supraballs endows them with identical optical responses independent of viewing angles. In addition, by taking the advantage of angle independent spectrum characteristics, the IPH presents beneficial effects in reflective cooling, which can achieve up to 17.4 °C in passive solar reflective cooling. The strategy represents an easy‐to‐perform platform for the construction of IPH, providing novel insights into macroscopic self‐assembly toward thermal management applications.     

Correspondence Relations for Fracture Parameters of Interface Corners in Anisotropic Viscoelastic Materials

The problems of the interface corners between two dissimilar anisotropic viscoelastic materials are studied in this paper. Through the use of the well-known correspondence principle between linear elasticity and linear viscoelasticity, fracture parameters in the Laplace domain can be obtained from the path-independent H-integral for the corresponding problems of anisotropic linear elastic materials. Further application of the correspondence relations for fracture parameters proposed in our recent study then leads us the solutions of fracture parameters in the time domain. To show the applicability and accuracy of the proposed method, several different kinds of numerical examples are presented such as a centered interface crack, free edges between two dissimilar materials, and the interface corners appeared within the electronic packages. The fracture parameters calculated in this study include the orders of stress singularity and the stress intensity factors of opening mode, shearing mode and tearing mode. The proposed method allows the orders of stress singularity be real or complex, repeated or distinct, and the fracture mode be pure mode or mixed mode.     

Anisotropic Effective Thermal Conductivity Measurement of Various Kinds of Metal Fiber Materials

Recently, metal fiber materials were made by laminating metal fibers with a diameter of about 30 μm to 300 μm. Since the almost metal fibers were oriented in the horizontal direction (the major axis of the fiber), these metal fiber materials are estimated to be anisotropic with an effective thermal conductivity. However, there is little quantitative data on the anisotropic effective thermal conductivity of the various kinds of metal fiber materials. The purpose of this study is to investigate the anisotropic effective thermal conductivity of various metal fiber materials experimentally and theoretically. In order to measure the horizontal and vertical effective thermal conductivities of these metal fiber materials, new measurement devices were developed. As a result, it is found that the anisotropic effective thermal conductivity of the various metal fiber materials was confirmed, and the horizontal and vertical effective thermal conductivities of these metal fiber materials depend on the bulk density or porosity, Young’s modulus, the fiber length, and fiber diameter. And a dimensionless correlation equation for predicting the vertical and horizontal effective thermal conductivities of the various kinds of metal fiber materials was derived in terms of various dimensionless parameters.