大体积混凝土结构裂缝的类型、产生原因及控制措施

通过分析大体积混凝土结构裂缝的类型及产生原因,对大体积混凝土结构裂缝的控制措施提出了一些建议。为了有效的控制裂缝,必须选择合适的材料和配合比、选择合适的施工方法和有效的表面保温措施。     

大体积混凝土结构裂缝的类型、产生原因及控制措施

通过分析大体积混凝土结构裂缝的类型及产生原因，对大体积混凝土结构裂缝的控制措施提出了一些建议。为了有效的控制裂缝，必须选择合适的材料和配合比，选择合适的施工方法和有效的表面保温措施。     

大体积混凝土寒潮期温度应力及表面保温分析

针对寒潮引起的温度骤降为大体积混凝土产生表面裂缝的主要原因,以某船鸡底板为例,结合有限元分析方法,计算分析了寒潮引起的混凝土表面温度应力变化,探讨了大体积混凝土表面保温及防裂问题,并计算了泡沫塑料板对混凝土表面温度应力的影响.结果表明,该材料保温效果明显.     

某滨海电厂取排水建(构)筑物地下结构防腐蚀分析

某电厂采用海水直流供水系统,厂区地下水对混凝土结构具有强腐蚀性,通过海水对混凝土结构腐蚀机制分析,提出了混凝土结构防腐措施,从混凝土材料的选用、最大氯离子含量的限定、水灰比、混凝土施工及表面防护等多个方面来保证混凝土的质量与耐久性。     

严寒地区混凝土坝表面保护材料的敏感性研究

针对高寒地区建设的碾压混凝土坝因气候条件恶劣常出现混凝土裂缝问题,采用三维有限单元法对某高寒区混凝土坝体运行期温度场进行了表面保护材料的敏感性仿真分析,探讨了恶劣气候环境条件下碾压混凝土坝的温度场及应力场分布规律,给出了适合该工程的优化温控措施,可供相似工程实施温控措施借鉴.     

大体积混凝土施工中表面保温

对于严寒地区寒潮是大体积混凝土产生裂缝的主要原因。因此 ,表面保温尤为重要 ,本文从寒潮引起的混凝土表面温度及应力变化讨论了大体积混凝土的表面保温及防裂问题。并介绍了一种有效的保温方法     

基于机器学习的混凝土坝表面裂缝快速识别方法

准确评估大坝裂缝是保证大坝安全的关键，对此提出一种基于图像处理与轻度梯度提升树的混凝土坝表面裂缝逐像素点自动识别与分类模型，并以自制水工混凝土表面裂缝图像数据集为例进行分析。试验结果表明，所提方法可实现混凝土坝表面裂缝识别模型的快速建模，完成复杂背景下裂缝轮廓的准确提取。该方法可有效解决数据匮乏时大坝裂缝识别模型建模困难的问题，为大坝安全巡检工作开展提供支撑。     

层状组合结构轴拉条件下的裂缝饱和度分析与应用

基于裂缝扩展机理分析了裂缝扩展过程中的饱和现象,建立了层状组合结构的数值模型,分析了轴拉条件下裂缝中心区域的应力分布特征,论证了裂缝饱和度存在的客观性,探讨了荷载边界条件、材料参数与上覆压力对裂缝饱和度的影响,结合钢衬混凝土组合结构工程特性,研究了裂缝饱和度的基本规律。结果表明,轴向拉伸荷载边界条件不影响裂缝饱和度,裂缝层材料的弹性模量和泊松比越大,或相邻层材料的弹性模量和泊松比越小,裂缝饱和间距越大;上覆压力对裂缝饱和间距的影响较小。对于钢衬混凝土组合结构,轴拉条件下的裂缝饱和间距主要取决于外包混凝土厚度;布筋对钢衬混凝土组合结构的裂缝饱和度有显著影响,钢筋的埋入,相当于降低了混凝土裂缝层的有效厚度,可起到控制裂缝最大宽度的效果,建议将钢筋布置在混凝土层中部,以期增加潜在的裂缝条数,而不会出现宽度过大的裂缝。     

大顶子山溢流坝长闸墩温度应力仿真计算分析

应用非稳定温度场和温度应力场仿真程序ANSYS对闸墩的温度应力进行了模拟分析,从材料、温度控制、施工方法和养护等方面采取措施,以降低混凝土的内外温差、防止混凝土外表面因温度变化太快而产生裂缝,具有工程实际意义。     

基于混凝土三维CT重构氯离子扩散过程数值模拟

近年来,氯盐导致钢筋混凝土结构耐久性失效问题,氯离子破坏钢筋表面的钝化膜,加速了钢筋的锈蚀,同时裂缝的存在促进了氯离子的扩散,从而形成了恶性循环。基于混凝土三维CT重构技术,建立了湿-热-氯盐-裂缝多场耦合的氯离子扩散数值模型,研究了裂缝宽度、深度、等效裂缝形式对混凝土内氯离子分布的影响。结果表明,裂缝宽度促进了氯离子的扩散,但裂缝中氯离子浓度不与裂缝宽度成正比,裂缝宽度对氯离子浓度分布影响随着裂缝宽度的增加在减弱。裂缝深度对钢筋表面氯离子浓度具有显著影响,在诸多因素中起控制作用,采用楔形裂缝形态模拟氯离子在混凝土中分布与实际情况较吻合。     

屋面防护落石冲击缓冲材料评述

屋面的防护缓冲材料对落石冲击下建筑物的安全有着至关重要的影响。对不同的缓冲材料从两个方面进行了评述,一是提高混凝土屋面板本身的抗冲击性能,主要介绍了橡胶混凝土、橡胶改性沥青混凝土、纤维混凝土、层布式混杂纤维混凝土和蜂窝状钢管约束混凝土5种具有较好抗冲击性能的改良混凝土。二是在混凝土屋面板上加缓冲垫层,就垫层碎石土体的选择、热压聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料垫层和废旧轮胎垫层进行了评述。有助于了解屋面板抗冲击缓冲材料的发展趋势,为相关的研究和工程应用提供参考。     

水闸闸墩裂缝分析及预防控制措施探讨

结合工程实践,对水闸闸墩出现的裂缝,通过混凝土的裂缝机理的研究,从混凝土原材料、配合比、施工控制和养护等方面进行分析探讨,提出了对施工过程控制和增设构造钢筋等预防和控制措施,并在工程中应用实施,达到了控制裂缝出现的目的。     

Comprehensive investigation of butyl stearate as a multifunctional smart concrete additive for energy‐efficient buildings

Using of phase change materials (PCM) for increasing energy savings in sustainable buildings is receiving a lot of interest in commercial applications. Butyl stearate (BS), as PCM, can be used to maintain ambient temperature in the human comfort zone and prevent temperature fluctuations by enhancing the thermal properties of concrete. The long‐term effects of BS on concrete are not well known. In this study, the applicability of BS, as a smart concrete additive, by direct incorporation in the concrete structure was investigated comprehensively including thermal, rheological, and corrosion behaviour. The thermal characterization of PCM was achieved using DSC, TGA, thermal conductivity, and thermal buffering experiments. Thermal storage capacity of BS was measured to be 134.2 J/g, which is high enough to be used for passive solar energy storage in buildings. The fresh concrete experiments revealed that workability and flowability of fresh concrete mixes were improved. The maximum hydration temperature was reduced, and a retarding effect was observed by the addition of BS. Moreover, the corrosion behaviour of steel embedded in concrete with BS as PCM was studied in a solution of NaCl (3.5 wt%) representing an aggressive environment by utilizing electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for long‐term corrosion tests that lasted for 1 year. The open circuit potential of steel in concrete with BS showed noble potential indicating low corrosion probability. The FESEM images and polarization resistance (R_p) values showed that the addition of BS in concrete decreases corrosion of the rebar in comparison with concrete without BS. Addition of BS not only enhances thermal capacity but also exhibits corrosion protection of rebar by hindering penetration of chloride ions into the concrete.     

Recent progress in the application of carbon materials to supercapacitors and lead-carbon batteries

新型炭材料是电化学储能领域中非常重要的一类储能材料,目前广泛应用于各种电化学储能器件.本文综述了具有电容特性的高比表面积炭材料在超级电容器与铅炭电池中的应用.采用不同的方法合成具有高比表面积的新型炭材料作为超级电容器电极材料,能够得到较高的比容量.适量高比表面积的炭材料应用于铅酸电池负极,形成铅炭电池,极大地提高了电池的储能特性.论文最后探讨了新型炭材料在超电容以及铅炭电池中应用的发展方向.     

活性炭材料用于烟气脱硫的研究进展

活性炭材料因具有丰富的孔结构和较大的比表面积，而被用于大气污染治理。对活性炭材料用于烟气脱硫的研究现状(目前主要集中在含氧、含氮官能团的引入以及表面负载金属及其化舍物的研究)进行了综述。最后展望了活性炭材料用于烟气脱硫的未来。     

聚酯纤维沥青混凝土在高寒地区公路养护中的应用

通过聚酯纤维沥青混凝土在高寒地区公路路面养护整修项目中的应用,并介绍聚酯纤维材料在改善和提高沥青混凝土面层的各项力学性能方面的作用。     

Passive cooling of outdoor urban spaces. The role of materials

This paper presents the results of a comparative study aiming to investigate the suitability of materials used in outdoor urban spaces in order to contribute to lower ambient temperatures and fight heat island effect. The study involved in total 93 commonly used pavement materials outdoors and was performed during the whole summer period of 2001. The thermal performance of the materials was measured in detail using mainly infrared thermography procedures.The collected data have been extensively analysed using statistical techniques. Comparative studies have been performed in order to identify the major advantages and disadvantages of the materials studied. Materials have been classified according to their thermal performance and physical properties into ‘cool' and ‘warm' materials. The impact of color, surface roughness and sizing has been analysed as well.The study can contribute to selection of more appropriate materials for outdoor urban applications, and thus assist to fight the heat island effect, decrease the electricity consumption of buildings and improve outdoor thermal comfort conditions.     

Improvement in electrochemical capacitance of carbon materials by nitric acid treatment

Four commercial carbon materials, carbon nanotube, active carbon, acetylene black, and graphite, were treated by concentrated nitric acid. The surface properties and the electrochemical capacitance of the treated and the untreated carbon samples were studied by using scanning electron spectroscopy, BET surface analysis, constant current charge/discharge test, cyclic voltammetry, and alternative current impedance. It is found that the untreated samples have different specific capacitance and specific surface area, which are in the order from large to small: carbon nanotube, active carbon, acetylene black, and graphite. After treated with nitric acid, the specific surface area of these commercial carbon materials increases to different extents, and the specific capacitance of carbon nanotube, acetylene black and graphite increases proportionally to their specific surface area but the specific capacitance of active carbon decreases. The effect of acid treatment on the capacitance of the commercial carbon samples is related to their porosity structure and surface functional groups.     

Robust microencapsulated phase change materials in concrete mixes for sustainable buildings

For passive building applications, phase change materials (PCMs) are microencapsulated to avoid leakage of PCM from concrete structure. The primary challenge of using microencapsulated PCM (MPCM) is its weak shell structure. New MPCMs with different shell compositions to prevent breakage during mixing in fresh concrete are needed. In this study, free radical polymerization method to microencapsulate capric acid–myristic acid mixture as PCM with two different methyl methacrylate co‐polymers is proposed to produce robust MPCMs for building applications. Two new microcapsules (MPCM‐1 and MPCM‐2) having latent heats of 91.9 and 97.3 J/g were synthesized. SEM analyses showed the size of microcapsules being in the range of 400–850 nm for MPCM‐1 and 250–475 nm for MPCM‐2. Analyses also reveal that the shells of MPCMs were not harmed, as they were added into concrete mixes. The microsphere's geometry was preserved, and distribution was homogeneous. The MPCMs were also studied under thermal tests of 1000 heating/cooling cycles. No significant changes in thermal properties were observed after thermal cycling tests. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The synthesis and performance analysis of various biomass-based carbon materials for electric double-layer capacitors: A review

Biomass is one of the most promising clean energy sources. The porous carbon materials prepared by biomass as electrode materials of electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) are easily available at a low price, which would greatly reduce the cost of the production. However, carbon materials made with biomass generally have many disadvantages such as low specific surface area (SSA), poor pore size structure, and difficulty to control the pore diameter, which results in the poor EDLC performance. In this paper, the prime purpose is to expose the recent progress of biomass carbon in the fields of electrode materials of EDLC. The review provides a comprehensive literature review that is focused on EDLC electrodes derived from biochar of the evidence of 181 publications published over a period of 30 years from 1989 to 2019. Various carbon materials derived from different biomass for electrode of EDLC are discussed. The most promising methods for the preparation of several biomass carbons are described in detail. Some factors such as SSA, pore size structure, surface functional groups, and electrolyte are further analyzed to discuss the effects on the electrochemical performance of the EDLC. Notably, current deficiencies and possible solutions of preparation methods of biomass carbon as electrode materials are outlined. And the future research trends in this field are prospected.