对阶梯式计量水价的认识与思考

阶梯式水价已成为我国城市今后供水价格结构改革的发展趋势.阶梯式水价基本上能够达到水商品定价的目标,具有补偿成本、合理收益、节约用水、公平负担等优势.阶梯式水价也有一定的局限性,主要体现在如何确定起始分段水量上,同时不便使用水户了解准确的边际成本价格,带补贴统一水价是对阶梯式计量水价的改进.     

北京市城镇居民用水实行阶梯式水价的探讨

对居民用水实行阶梯式水价是我国城市供水价格结构改革的发展趋势,也是促进节约用水的最有效措施之一。阶梯式水价具有补偿成本、合理收益、公平负担等优势,但分段计量水量和价格的确定有很大难度。文中结合北京城市居民用水的调查分析,提出了北京市阶梯式水价的方案和执行措施。     

关于稳步推行城市居民生活用水阶梯式水价制度的思考

城市居民生活用水水价调整和推行阶梯式水价制度是城市水价改革的重要内容。目前全国36个大中城市中实施城市居民生活用水阶梯式水价制度的约为1／3,但许多水资源短缺的地区尚未实施,且在哪一部分水价应实施累进加价制度、各级阶梯水量与水价的确定、配套政策法规建设和基础设施建设等方面存在问题。2011年中央一号文件提出“积极推进水价改革”。“合理调整城市居民生活用水价格,稳步推行阶梯式水价制度”。本文在梳理阶梯式水价制度现行相关政策、实施现状与存在问题的基础上,对稳步推行阶梯式水价制度的对策措施进行了思考,并提出了相应的政策建议。     

新疆最严格水资源管理制度下的水价形成机制与定价模式解析

文章分析了新疆现行水价政策及存在的问题,论述了完全水价的构成及水价制定的原则,以最严格水资源管理的理念解析了两部制水价、阶梯式水价、超定额累进加价和差异化水价等水价形成机制和调整模式,最后指出了水价改革方向与目标。     

财政补贴农业灌溉水费实践

太湖县从2012年始实行财政补贴农业灌溉水费制度。本文从水价成本分析、财政补贴下的阶梯式水价制度的建立和实施保障措施等方面论述了水价改革的主要做法,总结了取得的成效,分析了存在的问题,对完善改革机制提出了建议。     

太湖县财政补贴农业灌溉水费实践分析

太湖县从2012年始实行财政补贴农业灌溉水费制度。本文从水价成本分析、财政补贴下的阶梯式水价制度的建立和实施保障措施等方面论述了改革的主要做法,总结了取得的成效,分析了存在的问题,对完善改革机制提出了建议。     

对阶梯式计量水价的认识与思考

随着城市供水价格的改革,阶梯式计量水价成为城市供水中水价结构改革的发展趋势。从水商品定价目标出发,分析了阶梯式计量水价优势和缺陷,并提出了对阶梯式计量水价改进后的带补贴统一水价。     

城市水价改革—“全成本+用户承受能力”水价模式探讨

针对2012年全国水价上涨的问题,国家资源品价格改革的形势,探讨我国城市水价改革,借鉴国外水价确定模式,探讨"全成本+用户承受能力"水价模式将逐步成为我国城市水价未来改革方向。根据我国国情,考虑到居民收入差距较大,现阶段建议仍实行分类水价、递增阶梯式计量水价。     

基于完全成本和边际机会成本的城市水价研究

我国城市水价形成机制的突出问题表现在总体水价偏低、水价结构不合理、尚未建立科学的水价形成机制、单一计量水价使价格杠杆不能很好地发挥调节作用等.基于完全成本的城市水价应包括工程水价,资源水价和环境水价,基于边际机会成本的城市水价应包括边际生产成本、边际使用者成本、边际外部成本,这两种定价方法本质是一样的,应结合起来使用.提出了完善城市水价制度的措施:提高资源水价、环境水价比重,加快推行阶梯式水价制度,继续实行分类水价制度,逐步推行价费分离的价格模式、丰枯水价制度、两部制水价制度等.     

完善水利工程供水价格形成机制的认识

为加快建立健全水利工程水价形成机制，提升水利工程供水价格管理科学化、规范化水平，国家发展改革委商水利部修订了水价管理办法和成本监审办法，按照“准许成本+合理收益”模式，建立健全激励约束并重、与水利投融资体制机制改革相适应的价格监管机制，重构了水价核定方法，调整了准许成本的范围和售水量的核定方法等，为完善水利工程供水价格形成机制提供了制度保障。     

Urban water tariff structure and cost recovery opportunities in India.

Given the high level of capital investment and the history of government subsidized services, full cost pricing of water services has yet to take hold in India. As a result, it remains broadly underpriced leading to public perception that water is "free" The current tariff levels in India are too low to cover even operating costs. This paper examines the existing Indian urban water tariff models (fixed tariff, volumetric tariff, increasing block tariff etc.), their relevance and problems. It was found that none of the tariff structures could satisfy all the design objectives (cost recovery, economic efficiency, equity, affordability etc.). Also subsidies are not explicit and well targeted for poor population. There are several studies and issues that do demonstrate the opportunities for tariff increase and improved cost recovery. This paper highlights the results of such studies and brings out issues needing consideration. Improved cost recovery would lead to improved financial status of the water utilities. Also, subsidies, if designed suitably and well targeted, would serve the concerns of the economically weaker sections. Such reform process would eventually lead to socio-economic sustainability.     

实施终端水价的难点和对策分析

终端水价即用水户应承担的目标价格,是由水资源边际成本所决定的价格形式。实施终端水价的难点体现在管理技术、水利工程基础设施、水资源特性三个方面。提出了终端水价的实施对策和政策思路,并从实际运行终端水价的角度,提出了具体的方法和措施。     

The Perception of Residential Water Tariff,Consumption, and Cost: Evidence of its Determinants Using Survey Data

In a survey of 1,500 households in Zaragoza (Spain), we found that respondents did not accurately know what the price of water was, and what the characteristics of the water tariff were, how much water they consumed, or how much it cost them; they thought they consumed less water than they actually did, and thought that their consumption level was normal; they believed they paid more than they really did, and considered the payments to be appropriate or expensive. Based on this sample of households, this paper analyses what determines the level of accuracy in the perception of consumers about their water tariff, their water consumption, and their total water cost, or, in other words, what determines the closeness between their perception and reality. The methodology applied is based on maximum likelihood estimates using various probit/logit models. The results obtained allow to identify the collectives to whom an information policy should be directed in order to approximate their perceptions closer to the real tariff, consumption and cost of water in households, and to point out the kind of information that should be transmitted in order to contribute to the preservation of water resources.

     

我国城乡供水水价机制初探

水价是水务体制改革的关键性问题之一。我国水价主要包括三个部分:资源水价、工程水价和环境水价。目前我国水价机制比较突出的问题有:部分地区水价偏低,水价成本约束机制尚未健全,水价秩序不规范,水价结构不合理,水价制定中不适当的行政干预,定价过程中对环境、生态及地方实际情况考虑不足,农村水价问题等。针对上述问题,提出我国城乡供水水价机制的建议:发挥市场基础性作用,改革价格管制;推进供水企业产权改革和经营体制改革;建立合理的补偿机制。     

农村税费改革对引黄灌区农业水费计收的影响与对策

在农村税费改革大背景下，针对引黄灌区实际，客观分析了农村税费改革对农业税费计收的影响，并提出了相应的对策，包括积极推进末级渠系管理体制改革、建立价格补偿机制、推行水费公示制度以及通过加强管理降低供水成本、提高服务水平等。     

Water management problems in a rapidly developing area: The hunter region of new south Wales

A rapid phase of resource development and industrial expansion in the Hunter region of New South Wales has brought into focus the impotence of an antiquated structure of water administration. The Hunter development boom, which has been inspired by the region's immense coal reserves, has given rise to a popular belief that severe water shortages existed and that such shortages threatened the very great benefits portended by resource development. However, it is found that the emerging high value demands will not cause significant stresses on the supply system until well into the next decade. Rather, the current perspective of water shortages within the region is found to be a function of the water tariff structure for irrigation and the ironic result is observed that planned supply augmentation will result in additional large volumes of water being diverted to irrigation, at great social cost. At the same time the existing characteristics of water shortages are likely to remain as a consequence of the existing institutional structure. The possibility of institutional reform to achieve more beneficial water use as well as to abrogate existing water shortages is then outlined.     

DSM分时电价下梯级水电站短期优化运营的研究

针对梯级水电站在系统负荷图上峰、平、谷各时段的优化运行，提出了基于DSM分时电价下的梯级水电站短期优化运行的数学模型，并与三峡梯级水电站的短期调度研究结合。研究结果表明，该模型所确定的调度方案合理可行，效益显著。通过比较在恒定及分时电价情况下三峡梯级电站的短期出力，认为分时电价模型能够使得梯级电站出力更加可靠，水资源得到更合理的综合利用，具有实际应用价值。     

城镇居民生活用水的计量经济学分析与应用实例

价格是影响用水的最主要因素之一。本文应用入户调查的数据，应用计量经济学方法分析了深圳市城镇居民生活用水的价格弹性和收入弹性；计算了假设的水价调整方案对深圳市城镇居民生活需水的影响，并提出了对深圳市水价调整的建议。分析结果表明，深圳特区内、外在用水行为和价格对用水的影响方面存在明显的差别，目前深圳的阶梯水价设置不合理；价格可以作为调整深圳水资源供需关系的有效手段；为了有效控制用水的快速增加，应同时调整价格水平和阶梯。     

综合利用水库水价核算研究

2011年中央1号文件和中央水利工作会议明确提出,要积极推进水价改革,充分发挥水价调节作用,大力促进节约用水和产业结构调整.水价核算是供水单位都要开展的一项技术工作.综合利用水库共用资产、成本费用采用库容比例法进行分摊.以华北地区大型水库A和水库B为例,就综合利用水库水价核算中生产经营分摊比例计算方法及对水价水平的影响加以论述,提出水库水价改革应遵循的思路.     

按供水环节分摊法核算水价实例初探

以典型水利工程水价核算为例，按供水环节逐步分摊法，采用供水保证率、固定资产比例、供水量比例等对水利工程固定资产、供水成本和费用进行分摊，使复杂的多目标供水水价核算过程简单化，核算结果更趋合理。