新型微变形齿轮钢渗碳特性及力学性能

对一种新型微变形齿轮钢的渗碳特性和力学性能进行研究。结果表明，经渗碳空冷，渗层碳浓度梯度平缓，表层硬度为61～63HRC，心部硬度达到35～42HRC。表层组织为细小分散马氏体 少量残留奥氏体，过渡层为针状贝氏体 板条马氏体，心部主要为束状贝氏体。渗层耐磨性好，基体力学性能优良，能很好地满足齿轮的服役条件。     

机械齿轮钢渗碳热处理变形行为研究

以20Cr2Ni4A和钒微合金化的齿轮钢为对象,研究了其在不同淬火方式下的变形行为,并分析了渗碳热处理过程中渗碳深度与组织演变规律。结果表明,随着淬火方式从空冷到水冷再到油冷,齿轮用钢的平均变形率逐渐上升。油淬热处理后齿轮钢的有效硬化层深度大于空淬热处理。经过油淬处理后,齿轮钢组织中含有细小的马氏体组织,使得其显微硬度高于具有贝氏体+马氏体组织的空淬处理齿轮钢。     

18CrMn2SiMo钢齿轮渗碳后的组织与性能

研究了18CrMn2SiMo齿轮用钢的组织、力学性能及渗碳性能。结果表明,18CrMn2SiMo钢渗碳后空冷低温回火,渗层的组织为高碳马氏体和奥氏体,非渗碳区为贝氏体铁素体和奥氏体。用18CrMn2SiMo钢制造的齿轮具有优异的渗碳性能,并具有良好的强韧性配合。介绍了18CrMn2SiMo钢在重载齿轮方面的应用。     

工业机器人用SCM420钢行星齿轮热处理工艺的优化

针对工业机器人用SCM420钢制行星齿轮热处理畸变问题,采用改进的正火工艺以调整渗碳前的预备组织,并设计合理的装料方案和冷却方式等措施,同时在渗碳过程中采用阶梯升温的工艺,有效地控制了渗碳淬火过程中齿轮畸变。结果表明,采用优化正火后可得到均匀一致的铁素体+珠光体的组织,硬度为175 ~180 HBW。随后经渗碳淬火回火后,批量生产的行星齿轮表面硬度、心部硬度和有效硬化层深度均值分别为59.74 HRC、40.44 HRC和0.530 mm。渗碳层中的马氏体级别为1级,残留奥氏体和碳化物级别为1~2级;心部组织级别为1~2级。齿轮精度、平面翘曲、齿沟振幅和齿形齿筋等全部满足技术要求。     

20Cr2Ni4A钢齿轮的热处理

一种20Cr2Ni4A钢齿轮要求进行渗碳、淬火处理,达到0.8～1.0 mm的渗层深度、58～62 HRC的表面硬度和34～45 HRC的心部硬度。试验了3种渗碳淬火工艺,最后确定的热处理工艺为:920℃渗碳4 h缓冷,650℃高温回火4 h炉冷至350℃空冷,810℃保温3 h油淬,190℃回火两次。     

准贝氏体钢的渗碳特性及渗碳工艺

对比研究了Si-Mn-Mo系准贝氏体钢和18Cr2Ni4WA钢的渗碳特性和渗碳工艺，结果表明：准贝氏体钢具有较好的渗碳特性，尤其是优越性的空冷淬硬性，并确定了准贝氏体钢的渗碳工艺。     

减少大行星齿轮渗碳淬火畸变的工艺措施

我公司生产的154t电动轮自卸车上的大行星齿轮(见图1)，材料为20Cr2Ni4A钢，要求齿面渗碳淬火，渗碳层深1．9～2．3mm，齿面硬度58～63HRC，心部及其它表面硬度35～45HRC，端面平面度≤0．6mm。     

350 ℃回火处理对渗碳齿轮组织与硬度的影响

对20CrMn5渗碳钢齿轮进行回火热处理来模拟再制造过程中的受热情况,热处理条件为350 ℃保温20 min后空冷,对3个试样分别处理1次、3次和5次.结果显示保温后渗碳层的残余奥氏体完全分解,马氏体发生了回复;齿轮的硬度降低,且渗碳层比心部硬度下降程度大.350 ℃回火过程中温度是组织和性能变化的主要影响因素,但处理3次、5次的结果与处理1次的没有明显差异.     

4320H钢风电机齿轮的渗碳淬火

4320H风电机齿轮需进行渗碳、淬火,达到表面硬度58~62HRC、心部硬度33~44HRC、有效硬化层(至515HV0.5)深度2.0~3.0mm,有非马氏体组织的深度≤0.05mm,马氏体1~4级,心部铁素体1~3级,但无连续网状碳化物。采用UBE密封箱式炉对4320H钢齿轮进行了渗碳、淬火。通过热处理工艺的调整,最终达到了上述质量要求。     

渗碳淬火的18Cr2Ni4W钢齿轮开裂及其预防

<正>某主动齿轮材料选用18Cr2Ni4W钢制造,经锻造、机加工成型,模数为6,要求齿轮表面渗碳淬火,齿表面硬度56～62 HRC,层深1.6～2.1 mm,心部硬度35～41 HRC。热处理工艺为:密封箱式多用炉920℃渗碳,油冷,400℃回火,磨齿后齿面中频淬火+200℃回火。齿轮在放置和机加过程中多次出现裂纹,裂纹沿齿沟轴向分布,而且齿形也有一定的变形。裂纹部位及特征见图1。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.