Large signal analysis of the LCC-type parallel resonant converterusing discrete time domain modeling

A discrete time domain model for the LCC-type parallel resonant power converter has been derived. This model has been used to predict the large signal behavior of the power converter. The peak component stresses and the dynamic response of the key state variables, as obtained from the large signal analysis, using PRO-MATLAB software are plotted. SPICE results are included to verify the analytical results. Experimental results are also presented to verify the theory     

Operation of the LCC-type parallel resonant converter as a lowharmonic rectifier

A single-phase high-frequency transformer isolated single-stage AC-to-DC controlled rectifier with low line current harmonic distortion using a variable-frequency controlled LCC-type (or series-parallel) resonant power converter (SPRC) is presented. A simple analysis and design procedure is used for designing the converter for low line current harmonic distortion and high power factor operation. The converter performance characteristics have been verified with SPICE3 simulations (without active control) and experimental prototype SPRC (rated at 150 W, with and without active control) for variation in load as well as line voltage. When operated with active current shaping, this converter operates in zero-voltage-switching mode for the complete range, maintaining power factor close to unity with low line current distortion and low peak current compared to the parallel resonant converter     

Small signal equivalent circuit modeling of resonant converters

A general analytical procedure is presented for the equivalent circuit modeling of resonant converters, using the series and parallel resonant converters as examples. The switched tank elements of a resonant converter are modeled by a lumped parameter equivalent circuit. The tank element circuit model consists, in general, of discrete energy states, but may be approximated by a low-frequency continuous time model. These equivalent circuit models completely characterize the terminal behavior of the converters and are solvable for any transfer function or impedance of interest. With the approximate model it is possible to predict the lumped parameter poles and zeros, and to quickly determine the relevant DC gains of the output impedance and the control to output transfer function. Closed-form solutions are given for the equivalent circuit models of both converter examples. Experimental verification is presented for the control-to-output transfer functions of both series and parallel resonant converters, and good agreement between theoretical prediction and experimental measurement is obtained     

A discrete time domain modeling and analysis of controlled seriesresonant converter

A discrete time domain modeling and analysis technique applicable to all types of inner-feedback and noninner-feedback-controlled series resonant converter (SRC) is presented. The nonlinear discrete time domain equations representing the static and dynamic behavior of the SRC are derived and linearized about the equilibrium state of the SRC. In addition, the inner-feedback control law is linearized about the equilibrium state. The linearized SRC and the linearized inner-feedback control law are then combined to arrive at a linearized inner-feedback-controlled SRC. The linearized modeling is used to analyze the stability and dynamic characteristics of the controlled SRC     

Small signal modelling for the PWM series resonant converter

A discrete time domain modelling is presented for the pulse-width modulated series resonant converter (PWM-SRC) with a discontinuous current mode. This nonlinear system is linearized about its equilibrium state to obtain a linear discrete time model for the investigation of small signal performances such as the stability and transient response. The usefulness of this small signal model is verified by dynamic simulation.     

Steady-state analysis and design of the parallel resonant converter

Five basic operating modes of the parallel resonant converter are analyzed. Three of the modes occur when the output filter inductor is removed and the remaining two occur when the filter inductor is large. Closed-form solutions are found for the two most important modes. Analysis results are given graphically so that the designer can use them without lengthy calculation or computer iteration. Switching frequency, peak tank capacitor voltage, and peak tank inductor current are plotted in the output plane. These plots, with a load line superimposed, show how operating point, frequency, and peak stress vary as load conditions change. Use of the output plane plots to minimize component costs is explained. Comparison of the best designs found for the large and zero filter inductance cases shows that removing the filter inductor can reduce both parts count and tank circuit size while peak transistor current remains unchanged     

Steady-state analysis of the parallel resonant converter withLLCC-type commutation network

A novel converter topology known as LLCC-type parallel resonant converter (PRC-LLCC), in which the tank circuit consists of two inductors and two capacitors, is introduced. Using the state-plane approach, the steady-state analysis of the PRC-LLCC operating in the continuous conduction model is carried out. It is shown that by using the state variable transformation technique the steady-state response of the converter can be represented by two state-plane diagrams. Using these diagrams and the circuit equations, a set of control characteristic curves which are useful for converter design is derived. Based on these curves, a design procedure along with a specific design example is given. The correctness of the analysis results is verified via computer simulations     

基于小波域的电路信号分析

本文在离散小波变换矩阵表示的基础上,由时域方程直接推导了电阻、电感、电容、变压器等电路元件在小波域的等效电路方程,并将之应用于电路分析中.该方法具有推导简单,且能分析电路时-频特征的特点,较单独的时域或频域分析更适合于暂态和瞬变信号的分析.     

Two signal processing enhancements for optical time domain reflectometry

Because time domain response of the backscattered signal in optical fibers is essentially exponential, there is 6-8 dB signal gain obtainable by using a logarithmic amplifier before any form of averaging, in the weak signal limit. Furthermore, the direct summation averaging of noisy traces (instead of the usual weighted averaging) is simpler because the required OTDR information is essentially relative.     

Frequency domain analysis of robust signal estimators

This paper addresses the problem of robust linear estimations of systems perturbed by noise with a wide sense stationary (WSS) process, with its spectral density known only to be in a neighborhood of some specified spectral density. The asymptotic efficiency of the least-square (LS) estimator relative to the best linear unbiased estimator (BLUE) is known to depend upon the degree of the variance of the spread of the noise spectral density at the frequencies where the spectral mass of the system's impulse response function is concentrated. A signal estimator in the frequency domain is considered and it is demonstrated that where the Fourier transform is applied to the observed data, robust estimation occurs.     

Performance characteristics of parallel resonant convertor

Using a set of characteristic curves derived from the stateplane analysis, a novel approach to the design of the parallel resonant convertor (PRC) is presented. It will be shown that the steady-state response of the convertor can also be obtained from these characteristic curves     

Resonant-tank control of parallel resonant converter

A control method called resonant-tank control (RTC) is proposed for a parallel resonant converter operating above resonance. Using a simple linear combination of tank variables, it has potential for high-frequency DC-DC converter applications. RTC controls the tank in a near-time-optimal manner and is shown to have better dynamics than conventional frequency control. Experimental results that confirm the superior transient performance of the RTC method are provided. The principle of operation of the RTC can be extended to operation below resonance as well as to series resonant converter control     

频率步进激励信号的时域特性研究

将频率步进扫频信号用于电声测量系统工作过程中的激励信号,测量精度相对较高,但测量速度慢。并且,在频率不同的两段正弦激励信号衔接播放时,时域信号存在冲击量,如不加以改善,既延长了激励信号的过渡过程时间,又降低了测量精度。使用希尔伯特变换计算激励信号的时域包络曲线,可以分析冲击量的强度,且通过在激励信号频率步进衔接段采用时域加窗及平滑方法,可以降低这一冲击量的强度。理论分析和实验试听表明,该方法可以提高正弦激励信号频率步进时信号播放时的平滑度,降低冲击量,缩短过渡过程时间,且为改善测量精度提供一定的支持。     

Real-time simulation of a 20 kHz parallel-loaded resonant converterusing an IBM RISC system/6000 model 350

Real-time simulation tools are useful in studying the large-signal behavior of power electronic converters in a system-level environment, and can provide a platform for the evaluation of hardware implementations of control loop designs. This paper presents an approach which allows real-time simulation of the open-Loop performance of a 20 kHz parallel-loaded resonant converter using an IBM RISC System/6000 Model 350. The state equations which describe the converter are transformed to recursive equations using finite-difference techniques. First- and second-order differencing schemes have been investigated and compared. The second-order method is superior to the first-order method because a time step of 3.5 μs executes in 3.33 μs with exceptional accuracy and negligible error propagation     

Small signal analysis and optimization of the BARITT diode

Carriers are injected into the delay path of the BARITT structure with zero drift velocity, hence, diffusion can not be neglected in the small signal analysis. The inclusion of a diffusion region adjacent to the injection plane produces a more physically reasonable approach to the small signal analysis. This analysis is accomplished through a regional approximation. The three regions are the diffusion region (where diffusion dominates the conduction process) a low field region (where drift dominates but the carrier velocity has not reached the saturation velocity) and a high field region (where the carriers drift with a saturated velocity). The inclusion of the diffusion region removes the zero-velocity singularity which results in the conventional analysis and accounts for an appreciable delay which has been previously neglected. The device characteristics are optimized for various device parameters. The optimized device length and most probable value of the negative resistance are given, and a qualitative discussion of the physical origin of the behavior of the device characteristics is given.     

Nonlinear time-domain modeling by multiresolution time domain(MRTD)

A multiresolution time-domain (MRTD) scheme based on the expansion in scaling functions is applied to the modeling of nonlinear pulse propagation. Appropriate absorbers for the MRTD scheme are presented and their performance is discussed. The differences using pulse functions and nonlocalized basis functions like the Battle-Lemarie scaling functions are demonstrated by deriving time-domain schemes for both sets of orthonormal basis functions     

A rigorous time domain analysis of gyrotrons

A self-consistent time domain analysis of gyrotrons is presented which allows studying multi-mode, multi-frequency operation. The electromagnetic field in the gyrotron cavity is expanded with respect to complete sets of eigenfunctions so that space charge effects are included in the analysis. Two improvements of the modal expansion inside gyrotron cavities are suggested which significantly increase the accuracy and the numerical efficiency of this method, namely, the removal of the non-uniform convergence of some field series at the coupling apertures and the estimation of the asymptotic values of some slowly converging series related to the modal analysis by a moderate number of cavity eigenfunctions. Discrete Fourier transform is used to obtain the time dependence of the electromagnetic field. The electron beam is described by a set of relativistic single particles. It is demonstrated that the strong numerical requirements of the suggested method can be overcome by using a vector computer. Two gyrotrons are investigated, namely, a low Q 35 GHz TE₀₁- and a 150 GHz TE₀₃-gyrotron. Both oscillation build-up and steady state operation are investigated including mode competition and window reflections. The simulations show that the assumption of a monofrequent steady state operation of gyrotrons, which is made by the commonly used frequency domain methods, is not always justified.     

Thermal-aware design and fault analysis of a DC/DC parallel resonant converter

In this paper a 3-D electrothermal (ET) analysis of a DC–DC parallel resonant converter (PRC) for constant current (CC) application is presented. A full 3-D ET simulation approach is proposed at application level to provide a support for the design stage and to analyse possible fault conditions inside the active devices. Simulations and measurements have been performed on a 100 W–2 A prototype of a PRC-CC circuit with 80 kHz nominal switching frequency.In particular, in the reported case study, the analysis has been focused on the full-bridge section of the circuit in order to prove the effect of the soft switching operation, introduced by the resonant technique, and consider the effect of possible fault conditions. To this purpose an unexpected short-circuit condition on a power MOSFET composing the H-bridge is considered, to evaluate the ET circuit behaviour and the time-to-failure of the power section. Considerations are carried out in terms of minimum requirements of protection circuits which must be fulfilled in order to avoid catastrophic system failure.A second power converter, rated for 1.5 kW, has been then designed, based on the same circuital topology, and an ET simulation has been performed in order to carry out considerations on the effect of mismatches among the input bridge devices.     

Calibration methods for time domain network analysis

Accurate calibration techniques for the characterization of general one- and two-port networks using time domain reflection/transmission (TDR/T) measurements are presented. Simple one-port open-short-match corrections formulated by W.M. Scott and G.S. Smith (1986) are generalized for three arbitrary known loads and extended to the two-port case. Known, general frequency-domain techniques are shown to be directly applicable to the time-domain measurements, including the use of redundancy to reduce the number of required calibration standards. A time-domain thru-match-short method similar to the TRL method of G.F. Engen and C.A. Hoer (1979) is presented. Examples of the measured results for typical one- and two-port devices are included and compared with vector network analyzer measurement results to validate the time domain network analysis algorithms