终冷温度对高强度抗震钢筋组织和性能的影响

用Gleeble-3800热模拟机进行高强度抗震钢筋的热模拟实验,使用金相显微镜(OM)、场发射扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、高分辨透射电子显微镜(TEM)和万能拉伸试验机等手段表征其微观结构、第二相、力学性能和断口形貌,研究了终冷温度对高强度抗震钢筋的组织和性能的影响并揭示微合金元素细化晶粒的机理。结果表明：实验钢的显微组织主要为铁素体和珠光体,随着终冷温度的降低铁素体晶粒细化。终冷温度为650℃时实验钢中分布在铁素体基体上的主要析出相 (Nb, Ti, V)C和(V, Nb, Ti)C的平均粒径约为2 nm和5 nm。随着终冷温度的降低实验钢的抗拉强度和屈服强度都增加,终冷温度为650℃时其抗拉强度和屈服强度分别为638.75 MPa和467 MPa,强屈比为1.37。在不同终冷温度实验钢的拉伸断口主要为等轴韧窝,其尺寸和深度不同。     

回火温度对含钒ULCB钢组织及析出的影响

利用热模拟技术并结合SEM和TEM分析方法,研究了含钒超低碳贝氏体钢(ULCB)在轧后快速加热回火过程中不同回火温度对其组织、显微硬度及析出行为的影响.结果表明:未经回火的试验钢组织为板条贝氏体+粒状贝氏体;经高温回火后,组织中出现了多边形铁素体,随回火温度的增加,板条贝氏体数量减少,多边形铁素体数量增加.在600℃以下回火时,析出相主要是沿位错析出;在600℃以上时,以晶界析出和沿位错线析出两种方式存在.高的加热速率、较短的保温时间不利于位错的回复消失以及碳元素和钒元素的扩散,故随回火温度的增加,析出相的数量增多,但尺寸变化不明显.基体中存在两种尺寸的纳米级析出相:一种是只含有V,尺寸在15～20 nm的V(C,N);另一种含有V、Cr两种元素,尺寸在10 nm以下具有面心立方结构的(V,Cr)(C,N)复合析出相.当回火温度为600℃时,试验钢具有最高的硬度值,332 HV.试验钢硬度的变化是回火后贝氏体组织粗化、位错亚结构的回复软化以及第二相析出的强化机制综合作用的结果.     

冷却工艺对20CrMnTi组织转变与硬度的影响

探索合理的轧后冷却工艺制度对降低热轧齿轮钢棒材冷后硬度具有重要的指导意义.本文通过热模拟试验机进行冷却工艺试验,研究了单道次变形后不同冷却速度和不同终冷温度对齿轮钢20CrMnTi组织转变与硬度的影响.研究结果表明：在快冷速(10, 50 ℃/s)条件下,再结晶晶粒长大受到抑制,奥氏体晶粒细化,晶界面积增大,铁素体形核质点增多; 当终冷温度升高时,高温区铁素体相变时间增加,冷后组织中铁素体体积分数增大,硬度值降低.在终冷温度850 ℃时铁素体体积分数达到最大值58%,硬度值相应降低为264HV.在慢冷速(0.1 ℃/s)条件下,再结晶晶粒长大明显,铁素体形核质点减少,但随着终冷温度降低,两相区中C元素扩散时间延长,铁素体形核长大时间增加,冷后组织中铁素体体积分数增大,硬度值降低.在终冷温度760 ℃时铁素体体积分数达到最大值48%,相应硬度降低为最小值240HV.在1 ℃/s条件下,终冷温度对铁素体体积分数及硬度影响较小,铁素体体积分数和硬度分别在34%±4%和(282±5)HV范围内波动.     

Ti和Ti-V微合金化低碳贝氏体钢组织性能及析出行为的研究

利用场发射扫描电子显微镜(FE-SEM)、高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)和能谱仪(EDS)等,研究了不同Ti含量的低碳贝氏体钢的显微组织和析出相的成分、尺寸、形貌以及分布等特征.结果表明:在450℃和520℃保温2h,三种实验钢组织为粒状贝氏体.与低Ti实验钢相比,高Ti及Ti-V复合实验钢的屈服强度增加了150MPa以上.高Ti钢中纳米级析出相有两种类型:一种大于15nm的TiC析出相;另一种是在10nm以下,具有面心立方结构的(Ti,Mo)C复合析出相.Ti-V钢基体中存在大量尺寸在10nm以下的(Ti,V,Mo)C复合析出相.     

卷取温度对高Nb微合金钢组织、力学性能及第二相析出的影响EI北大核心CSCD

采用扫描电镜(SEM)、力学性能测试试验机和透射电镜(TEM)对一种高Nb微合金钢在400,450℃和500℃不同卷取温度下的组织、力学性能和第二相析出行为进行研究。结果表明:随着卷取温度的降低,卷取过程中过冷奥氏体转变所得贝氏体组织分别为粒状贝氏体(GB)、板条贝氏体铁素体(BF)+GB和板条BF。不同卷取温度下的实验钢析出的第二相主要为(Nb,Mo)C在位错线上的随机析出,部分区域观察到不同程度的相间析出。随着卷取温度的降低,(Nb,Mo)C析出量减少,粒子平均尺寸增大。随着卷取温度的升高,抗拉强度和屈服强度提高,低温冲击韧性下降。强度提高是由于尺寸小于10nm的(Nb,Mo)C大量析出产生的析出强化。     

超快冷条件下含Nb钢铁素体相变区析出及模型研究

采用Gleeble-3800热/力模拟试验机研究了超快冷条件下含Nb钢在铁素体相变区的析出行为。考虑Nb(C,N)在铁素体中的固溶度积和Nb元素在铁素体中的扩散系数,给出了超快冷条件下Nb在铁素体相变区的析出模型。结果表明:轧后超快冷至650℃(铁素体相变区)可抑制Nb在奥氏体中析出,实现Nb在铁素体相变区中的析出;与在奥氏体中析出行为相比,Nb在铁素体中析出物数量明显增加,尺寸显著细化,析出物粒子密度由79个/μm2增加到373个/μm2,析出物尺寸由12.9nm细化到8.1nm,有利于发挥Nb的析出强化效果;该含Nb实验钢在铁素体中析出时最大形核率温度为620℃,最快沉淀析出温度为700℃,且计算与实测的析出相体积分数吻合良好,说明该模型可以用来模拟超快冷条件下Nb在铁素体相变区的析出行为。     

Nb微合金化对Q500MPa级热轧H型钢组织和性能的影响

采用纳米压痕试验、电子背散射衍射、透射电镜等研究Nb元素对热轧H型钢组织和性能的影响。结果表明,H型钢中添加0.025%(质量分数,下同)的Nb,在轧制和冷却工艺相同的情况下,屈服强度和-20℃低温冲击功分别为552 MPa、102 J,相比不含Nb的试样分别提升了17.7%和20.0%,且晶粒尺寸从5μm细化至4μm。通过热力学计算发现铁素体基体内形成的复合析出物(Nb_(1-x)V_x)C与基体的界面能比NbC与基体的界面能更小且形核驱动力更大,因此更易促进Nb以复合析出物形式析出,且纳米析出物平均尺寸从16.3 nm减小至11.46 nm,体积分数从0.053%提高至0.108%,析出强化由55 MPa增加至102 MPa,铁素体硬度由247HV提升至279HV,添加Nb元素后析出强化贡献增量较细晶强化增量高18 MPa。     

铁素体基Ti—Mo微合金钢二相粒子的定量研究

运用物化相分析对Ti0．07-Mo0．2和Ti0．09-Mo0．2的两种Ti—Mo微合金钢析出相中二相粒子的尺寸、分布频度、质量百分数等进行了定量研究,运用Gleebe-3800热模拟机对Ti0．07～Mo0．2和Ti0．09～Mo0．2和Ti0．058的三种钢进行了应力弛豫试验,研究了二相粒子析出前的孕育时间。结果表明,Ti0．07-Mo0．2和Ti0．09-Mo0．2试验钢中,二相粒子尺寸在36nm以下的质量百分数占绝大。随着Ti含量由0．07％增加到0．09％,尺寸36nm以下的二相粒子的质量百分数增加,二相粒子平均尺寸减小。形核率增大,使得形核孕育时间缩短。Ti0．07-Mo0．2钢和Ti0．058钢相比,由于Mo能够降低了Ti,C,N这些形成元素的活度,推迟其碳氮化物在奥氏体形核,降低了形核率,使得Ti0．058钢的析出时间比Ti0．07-Mo0．2钢缩短。     

变形制度对低碳锰钢组织性能的影响

为了获得细晶铁素体/贝氏体的复相组织,通过控轧控冷工艺研究了低碳锰钢在奥氏体区变形时变形量、终轧温度和卷取温度对组织演变和力学性能的影响规律.研究表明,增加变形量(对应道次间隔时间缩短)可以细化铁素体晶粒,但当终轧温度降低到800℃时,变形量的增加以及开冷温度的降低不利于贝氏体组织的获得.通过调整变形量、终轧温度、可开冷温度并适当降低卷取温度,可使实验钢获得晶粒尺寸约为5μm的铁素体和10%~20%的贝氏体组织,低碳锰钢强塑性能良好.     

Mo/Nb/Ti/Zr微合金化对Fe-Cr-Al不锈钢第二相析出和显微硬度的影响

研究了Mo/Nb/Ti/Zr微合金化对Fe-Cr-Al不锈钢中第二相的析出和显微硬度的影响。通过团簇式成分设计方法确定了三元基础成分为[Al-(Fe_(12)Cr_2)](Al_(0.5)Cr_(0.5)),进而根据相似元素替代原则添加微量元素设计出系列多元成分合金。使用真空电弧熔炼炉制备合金铸锭并对其进行1200℃/2 h的固溶处理,在800℃进行多道次热轧制成板材,最后进行800℃/24 h时效处理。对系列样品进行XRD结构分析、光学显微镜(OM)和扫描电镜(SEM)显微组织表征以及显微硬度测试。结果表明,添加微量合金化元素的种类和含量影响第二相粒子的析出状态。当合金化元素Mo与Nb的比例(原子百分比)为2:1时析出的第二相粒子在铁素体基体中弥散分布,且粒子尺寸较小,不锈钢的硬度较高为250 HV;在此基础上添加Ti替代Nb使第二相粒子的析出量显著降低而粒子尺寸略有增大,不锈钢的硬度较低为240 HV;添加Zr使析出相的粒子偏聚且粗化,但是其硬度仍然比较高(~246 HV)。     

Ultrahigh strength hot rolled microalloyed steel: microstructure and properties

Abstract

A low carbon steel alloyed with Ni, Mn, Mo, Cu and microalloyed with Nb and Ti was prepared. Continuous cooling transformation behaviour of the steel was evaluated. Formation of polygonal or Widmanstätten ferrite is suppressed at high temperature and the 'C' curve is shifted to an extreme right. At lower temperatures a flat top 'C' curve with a mixed structure of bainite and martensite was obtained and the transformation temperatures do not vary much with a wide range of cooling rates. The steel was thermomechanically processed at different finishing temperatures and ultrahigh strength values were obtained as a result of austenite grain refinement, highly dislocated fine lath martensite structure along with tiny precipitates of microalloying carbide and carbonitride at all finish rolling temperatures. The stable and large TiN/TiCN particles formed during casting have impaired the impact toughness values at ambient and at ?40°C temperatures.     

Copper bearing microalloyed ultrahigh strength steel on a pilot scale: Microstructure and properties

In the present study, copper bearing low carbon microalloyed ultrahigh strength steel has been produced on a pilot scale. Transformation of the aforesaid steel during continuous cooling has been evaluated. The steel sample has been thermomechanically processed followed by either air cooling or water quenching. Variation in microstructure and mechanical properties at different finish rolling temperatures has been studied. A mixture of granular bainite, bainitic ferrite and precipitation of nano-sized (Ti, Nb)C particles is the characteristic microstructural feature of air cooled steel. On the other hand, predominantly lath martensitic structure along with the similar type of microalloying precipitates of air cooled steels and Cu precipitates are obtained in case of water quenched steel. The best combination of strength (1364-1403 MPa) and ductility (11-14%) has been achieved for the selected range of finish rolling temperature of water quenched steel.     

正火型V-N-Ti和Nb-V-Ti海工钢焊接粗晶热影响组织和韧性研究

用焊接热模拟方法研究了V-N-Ti和Nb-V-Ti微合金化正火型海工钢模拟粗晶热影响区(CGHAZ)组织和韧性的变化规律。结果表明,组织的不同使V-N-Ti设计正火型海工钢的模拟CGHAZ韧性比Nb-V-Ti钢的好。对于V-N-Ti钢,较高的N含量提高了富Ti(Ti, V)(C, N)粒子析出温度和铁素体形核能力,使模拟CGHAZ原始奥氏体晶粒和(取向差角为15°)晶粒细化,并生成能阻止或使解理裂纹的偏转细小多边形铁素体,因此具有良好的低温韧性。而Nb-V-Ti钢模拟CGHAZ原奥氏体晶界上的链状M-A、粗大的原始奥氏体晶粒和有效晶粒尺寸,是模拟CGHAZ韧性差的原因。     

Combined effects of high-temperature rolling and ultrafast cooling on the mechanical properties of low-carbon steel

The role of ultrafast cooling (UFC) on the grain refinement of ferrite, the precipitation behavior of cementite particles and the mechanical properties of a mild steel (Q235 grade) was evaluated by applying laminar cooling and UFC and varying the finish cooling temperature ranges during UFC after hot rolling. While UFC refined the ferrite grains, it accumulated the degeneration of pearlite, resulting in complete disappearance of the laminar pearlite at relatively low finish cooling temperatures. The minimum mean size of spheroidized cementite particles reached ~110?nm. Meanwhile, the enhancement of UFC on tensile strengths of mild steels mainly resulted from the grain refinement of ferrite and the precipitation strengthening of cementite particles; however, the contribution varied with the finish cooling temperature of UFC. A modified Ashby–Orowan model was also used for evaluating the yield strength increment of medium plates. This work will provide a theoretical basis for the diversity control of microstructure and for developing stronger and tougher mild steels by introducing UFC technology after high-temperature rolling.     

Q460FRW耐火钢的组织稳定性

采用Thermo-Calc热力学软件计算Q460FRW耐火钢的平衡态析出相。利用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜观察和分析Q460FRW耐火钢600℃保温处理前后的基体与析出相演变。结果表明:600℃下的平衡态析出相由M7C3,M23C6(M=Fe,Cr,Mo,Mn)和MX(M=Nb,Ti;X=C,N)构成。热机械控制工艺下,组织主要由粒状贝氏体和针状铁素体构成。600℃保温处理后,粒状贝氏体中的M/A组元逐渐分解,针状铁素体逐渐转变为块状铁素体。随600℃下保温时间的延长,富Cr/Mn的M7C3相尺寸持续增加,富Nb/Ti的MX相尺寸在小幅度增加后保持稳定,未发现M23C6型析出相。在保温过程中,Mo主要以固溶态存在,其对耐火性能的作用主要为固溶强化。     

Achievements of New Generation Steel Project in China

Major achievements of the national project, Fundamental Research on New Generation of Iron and Steel Materials in China (NG Steel), are reviewed in the paper. Ultrafine grained steel technology, based on deformation induced ferrite transformation (DIFT)and successive microstructure changes, is illustrated for grain refinement in both plain low carbon steel and microalloyed steel. Delayed fracture resistance of alloy structure steel can be improved through prior austenite grain refinement. It is shown by results that nano scale precipitates play an important role to grain refinement in thin slab casting and rolling (TSCR)process. Progresses on super cleanliness, high homogeneity, welding and metallurgical process simulation are also briefly introduced.     

Effect of weld peak temperature on the microstructure,hardness, and transformation kinetics of simulated heat affected zone of hot rolled ultra-low carbon high strength Ti–Mo ferritic steel

We describe here the microstructural evolution, precipitation behavior, and microhardness in simulated heat affected zone (HAZ) of Ti–Mo ferritic steel with the objective of elucidating the effect of weld peak temperature (PT) and defining the transformation kinetics. The study indicated that the microstructure of the hot rolled steel comprised of polygonal ferrite with average effective grain diameter of 5.5 μm, 85% high angle grain boundary, and high volume fraction of nanoscale (Ti,Mo)C precipitates. The microstructure continued to consist of ferrite when the PT was in the range of 650–1050 °C. However, the microstructure was altered to bainite with increase in the PT to 1350 °C. At PT of 650 °C, the precipitates were stable, while they coarsened at 850 °C, partially dissolved at 1050 °C, and completely dissolved at 1350 °C. The hardness of the subcritical HAZ was marginally decreased because of the addition of Mo, while the intercritical HAZ was softened because of coarsening of nanoscale precipitates. The transformation kinetics was related to prior austenitic grain size, change in C-content, which was controlled by the dissolution of (Ti,Mo)C precipitates, and supercooling.     

Achievements of New Generation Steel Project in China

Major achievements of the national project, Fundamental Research on New Generation of Iron and Steel Materials in China (NG Steel). are reviewed in the paper. Uhrafine grained steel technology, based on deformarion induced ferrite trartsformation (DIFT)and successivechanges, is illustrated tor grain refinement in both plain low carbon steel and mieroalloyed steel. Delayed fracture resistance of alloy structure steel can be improved through prior austenite grain refinement. It is shown by results that nano scale precipitates play an important role to grain refinement in thin slab casting and rolling (TSCR)process. Progresses on super cleanliness, high homogeneity, welding and metallurgical process simulation are also briefly introduced.     

Microstructure characterization of nanometer carbides heterogeneous precipitation in Ti–Nb and Ti–Nb–Mo steel

The influences of micro-alloying elements and hot deformation on the precipitation morphology of Ti–Nb and Ti–Nb–Mo steels were investigated. The nanometer sized carbide particles randomly dispersed in the ferrite matrix are attributed mainly to severe deformation at high temperature and low isothermal holding temperature. Of the two steels with different combinations of the micro-alloying elements, Ti–Nb and Ti–Nb–Mo, the steel with Ti–Nb–Mo was more effective in precipitating hardening due to its slower carbide coarsening rate. Based on observations of micrographs, the nano-sized TiMoC and TiNbC precipitated in polygonal ferrite grains when the Ti–Nb–Mo and Ti–Nb steels were isothermally treated at 650 °C for 3 min and 180 min. The smaller of the two carbides, TiMoC, precipitated in the ferrite grain, and the hardness of Ti–Nb–Mo steel was higher than that of Ti–Nb steel. Moreover, the tiny ferrite grains and high dislocation density in the Ti–Nb–Mo steel were found to provide an attractive combination of strength and toughness.