腰果树脂漆的制备

采用工业腰果壳液(CNSL)和甲醛缩聚反应合成具有良好性价比的腰果酚甲醛树脂，并以此配制了腰果树脂漆。着重讨论CNSL和甲醛的摩尔比及反应保温时间对树脂性能的影响，同时提供了各种腰果漆的配方及其性能指标。     

水性环氧带锈防锈底面合一漆的试制

分别介绍了水性腰果壳液固化剂与水性环氧树脂乳液的合成,并用此乳液与固化剂合成了水性环氧带锈防锈底面合一漆,讨论了乳化剂的添加量对乳液稳定性及涂膜硬度的影响,固化剂的添加量对漆膜性能的影响,最终确定了乳液与固化剂的最佳配比。此固化剂通用性强,能与多种水性环氧树脂配合使用,且与色漆的配比范围较宽。     

腰果壳液的性质及其在摩擦材料工业中的应用

腰果壳液中主要含有腰果酚,利用腰果酚中酚羟基、侧链双键及活泼氢等的化学性质,人们将腰果壳液广泛地应用于材料的各种改性,其中以应用在摩擦材料领域效果最为显著,并主要应用于以下三个方面：1、腰果壳液改性酚醛树脂黏结剂2、腰果树脂黏结剂3、摩擦粉。     

Hybrid Polymer Networks of Epoxy Resin and Substituted Phenolic Novolacs

Hybrid polymer networks of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol (DGEBA) resin and phenolic novolac resins were prepared and tested for mechanical properties, hardness, and water absorption. The novolacs employed were based on each of phenol and substituted phenols such as p-cresol, t-butyl phenol, and cardanol. Cardanol is the main constituent of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), a renewable resource. Blends containing 10–15 wt% of novolac resin show substantial improvement in properties. These properties show a declining trend with higher novolac loading. The stoichiometric ratio between phenol and formaldehyde in the novolacs was optimized (1:0.8) for maximum property enhancement. The property profiles of the epoxy/novolac networks show that novolacs are effective modifiers for commercial epoxy resin. Incorporation of novolacs of substituted phenols results in relatively greater improvement in energy absorption during failure.     

Effects of cashew nut shell liquid as a plasticizer on cure characteristics,processability, and mechanical properties of 50 : 50 NR/EPDM blends: A comparison with paraffin oil

50 : 50 natural rubber (NR) and ethylene–propylene–diene monomer rubber (EPDM) blends were prepared with different contents of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), a natural product obtained from the shells of the cashew nut, as a plasticizer. For comparison, a commercial paraffin oil plasticizer was also used. The effect of plasticizer content on the cure characteristics, processability, and mechanical properties such as tensile strength, elongation at break, and Young's modulus before and after ageing was investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the blend morphology. The results indicated that the CNSL plasticizer resulted in lower Mooney viscosity and lower cure time of the 50 : 50 NR/EPDM blends. The incorporation of CNSL into 50 : 50 NR/EPDM blends improved tensile strength and elongation at break but decreased Young's modulus. On addition of CNSL the resistance of the blends to heat and weathering ageing improved. Scanning electron micrographs revealed that the morphology of the blend plasticized with CNSL is finer and more homogeneous compared with the blend plasticized with paraffin oil. Overall results indicate that CNSL can be used as a cheaper plasticizer to replace paraffin oil in NR/EPDM blends with improved processability and mechanical properties. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007     

环保型增塑剂腰果壳油对丁腈橡胶性能的影响

研究了腰果壳油(CNSL)用量对丁腈橡胶胶料的硫化特性和硫化胶性能的影响,并与使用邻苯二甲酸二辛酯和环氧大豆油作为增塑剂进行了对比。结果表明,在0～30份(质量)用量内,加入CNSL后胶料的焦烧时间和正硫化时间有所缩短。与加入相同用量的邻苯二甲酸二辛酯和环氧大豆油的胶料及硫化胶相比,使用CNSL的胶料在硫化曲线上的最小转矩和最大转矩以及硫化胶的硬度、定伸应力和耐ASTM1#标准油体积增加率较小;硫化胶的拉伸强度、撕裂强度、扯断伸长率和耐ASTM3#标准油体积增加率较大;硫化胶的耐热空气老化性能较好。     

木质素改性高耐磨酚醛树脂的制备及性能研究

利用酶解木质素(EHL)和腰果壳油(CNSL)改性热塑性酚醛树脂,讨论了不同酚醛摩尔比、CNSL用量和1,4-丁二醇对改性树脂性能的影响。研究表明,木质素及腰果壳油双改性的酚醛树脂耐热性能优于腰果壳油改性的酚醛树脂。改性后酚醛树脂基摩擦材料具有良好的摩擦磨损性能,更适合作为摩擦材料的树脂基体。     

无溶剂环氧重防腐隔热导静电涂料的研制

以丙烯酸改性环氧树脂为基料,以反应型和非反应型稀释剂为溶剂、以液态聚硫橡胶为增韧剂,在功能颜填料和助剂的配合下制备成甲组分;以腰果壳液合成的改性胺为固化剂,在促进剂和亲水剂配合下组成乙组分。固化后的涂层柔韧、致密,具有重防腐、隔热隔音、导静电性能。     

Studies on Metal-to-Metal Adhesives Based on CNSL Resins

In this study the adhesive properties of a blend of polychloroprene rubber and a resin derived from cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) are investigated. The resin is a copolymer obtained by condensing a mixture of CNSL and phenol with hexamethylene tetramine. The effects of varying the stochiometric ratios between total phenol and formaldehyde, CNSL and phenol, resin content, choice and extent of fillers, and adhesion promoters in the adhesive formulation were studied. The results show that CNSL-based resin is an effective ingredient in adhesives for bonding aluminium to aluminium. This is significant from the viewpoint of conservation because CNSL is a renewable resource and a cheap agricultural by-product.     

Carbon fiber/epoxy vitrimer composite patch cured with bio-based curing agents for one-step repair metallic sheet and its recyclability

Vitrimers have gained a great deal of attention from researchers, yet research on its application is still lacking. This study, a novel bio-based vitrimer was developed from epoxy (EP) and bio-based curing agents, that is, cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) and citric acid (CA), and then reinforced by carbon fiber. The vitrimers with different ratios of acid to epoxy (R ratio) at 0.30–0.40 contained ester and ether linkages. All EP/CA/CNSL vitrimers showed the stress relaxation over 70–100°C due to transesterification. The vitrimers were applied as polymer matrices for the carbon fiber composites and then used as repair patches. By using the carbon fiber-reinforced vitrimer with the R ratio of 0.30, patch repair on a damaged alloy sheet revealed that approximately 98% of the tensile strength of the damaged alloy sheet was recovered. The vitrimer can be dissolved from carbon fiber composite to recover carbon fiber. The recovered carbon fiber retained good tensile strength compared to the pristine composite. Based on this study, the EP/CA/CNSL vitrimers showed the comparable thermomechanical properties with the epoxy vitrimer cured by the petroleum-based curing agent. The vitrimer composite patch could therefore be an alternative new repair method to extend the service life of damaged structures.     

可再生原料在涂料中的应用——腰果壳液改性胺固化剂

简述了腰果壳液的组成和经腰果壳液改性制备的环氧固化剂,其具有低温下快速固化、柔韧性强、高抗冲击性、高附着力、耐盐雾性强、低毒等优异的性能,并介绍了腰果壳液固化剂在溶剂型、无溶剂型和水性环氧涂料中的应用。     

无溶剂环氧输油气管内低表面处理防腐减阻涂料的研制

以液态环氧树脂、稀释剂为基体树脂,以腰果壳液改性酚醛胺为固化剂,以复合铁钛粉、磷酸锌、氧化铁红、聚四氟乙烯、沉淀硫酸钡、陶瓷微珠等为填料,在多种功能助剂的配合下制备成无溶剂环氧输油气管内低表面处理防腐减阻涂料.集带锈带油、带湿涂装为一体,具有防腐、减阻、耐磨等特性.     

Stabilization of asphaltenes by phenolic compounds extracted from cashew‐nut shell liquid

The liquid extracted from cashew‐nut shell is composed almost completely of phenolic compounds containing 15‐carbon chains with variable unsaturation degrees, meta‐substituted in the aromatic ring. The similarity of these compounds with the structures described as efficient peptizing agents for asphaltenes, the crude oil polar fraction, induced us to evaluate cashew‐nut shell liquid (CNSL) and its derivatives, cardanol and polycardanol, as asphaltene stabilizing agents. The results confirm that CNSL and cardanol have a performance comparable to nonylphenol. Polycardanol was not only less efficient than its monomer, but, instead, enhanced the precipitation of asphaltenes. This effect may be ascribed to the large number of phenol groups present in the polymer that may flocculate the asphaltene particles or increase its polarity, reducing its solubility in aliphatic solvents. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 73: 29–34, 1999     

Reaction kinetics,thermal properties of tetramethyl biphenyl epoxy resin cured with aromatic diamine

Epoxy resins, 4, 4′‐diglycidyl (3, 3′, 5, 5′‐tetramethylbiphenyl) epoxy resin (TMBP) containing rigid rod structure as a class of high performance polymers has been researched. The investigation of cure kinetics of TMBP and diglycidyl ether of bisphenol‐A epoxy resin (DGEBA) cured with p‐phenylenediamine (PDA) was performed by differential scanning calorimeter using an isoconversional method with dynamic conditions. The effect of the molar ratios of TMBP to PDA on the cure reaction kinetics was studied. The results showed that the curing of epoxy resins contains different stages. The activation energy was dependent of the degree of conversion. At the early of curing stages, the activation energy showed the activation energy took as maximum value. The effects of rigid rod groups and molar ratios of TMBP to PDA for the thermal properties were investigated by the DSC, DMA and TGA. The cured 2/1 TMBP/PDA system with rigid rod groups and high crosslink density had shown highest T_g and thermal degradation temperature. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007     

Cashew nut shell liquid–based tailor‐made novolac resins: Polymer morphology quantitation by 1‐D and 2‐D NMR techniques and performance evaluation

The application of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) and CNSL‐based polymers in the burgeoning microelectronics industry is rare. “High ortho” alternating and semialternating tailor‐made novolac copolymers based on CNSL and m‐cresol and/or p‐cresol and have been made and successfully used as photoresists for microlithography. The microstructure of one of the representative m‐cresol copolymer is exhaustively elucidated based on 1‐D and 2‐D NMR techniques. Incorporation of different monomers in the resin backbone has been quantitatively estimated based on an improved NMR methodology. The lithographic performance of photoresists using novolac resins based on cardanol (fractionated CNSL) and diazonaphthoquinone ester was also evaluated. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 1959–1965, 2003     

高性能环氧树脂涂料固化剂

通过对几种常用环氧树脂常温固化剂性能的比较和应用结果表明,以天然腰果壳油合成的长链的取代酚醛胺固化剂,具有优异的综合防护性能,是环氧树脂高性能化的一种途径。     

Synthesis and curing behaviors of a crosslinkable polymer from cashew nut shell liquid

In the present study, we have oxidatively polymerized cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), whose main component is cardanol, a phenol derivative having a meta substituent of a C15 unsaturated hydrocarbon chain with one to three double bonds as the major, and examined the curing behaviors of the resulting polymer. Fe-salen efficiently catalyzed the polymerization in bulk at room temperature to give a soluble crosslinkable polymer in a good yield. Various metal complexes also catalyzed the polymerization at 80 °C, although their catalytic activity was lower than that of Fe-salen. The curing by cobalt naphthenate catalyst or thermal treatment took place to give the crosslinked film (artificial urushi) with high hardness and gloss surface. In the curing of polyCNSL by the thermal treatment, the crosslinking behaviors and properties of the resulting film were similar to those of a commercially available CNSL-formaldehyde resin.     

基于变活化能模型的T800/环氧树脂预浸料固化反应动力学研究

为了深入了解某新型高温固化T800/环氧树脂预浸料的固化行为,借助差示扫描量热仪(DSC),采用非等温DSC法研究了T800/环氧树脂预浸料的固化反应过程。基于唯象模型,系统研究了该预浸料的固化反应特征温度及固化动力学参数,确定该预浸料中环氧树脂的固化反应动力学模型为自催化模型。采用等转化率法,分析了预浸料中环氧树脂的反应活化能随固化度的变化情况,结果表明在整个固化反应过程中,树脂固化反应活化能变化较大,传统模型法基于全固化过程活化能不变的假设无法准确描述该固化反应。采用变活化能自催化模型,利用粒子群全局优化算法,得到了T800/环氧树脂预浸料的固化动力学方程,结果表明该模型能较好地描述实验现象,可为进一步研究该预浸料的热力学性能及其成型过程中的质量控制提供理论基础。     

DSC study on the effect of cure reagents on the lignin base epoxy cure reaction

The cure reactions of liquid lignin base epoxy resin (LEPL) with three different curing agents, viz., methylhexahydrophthalic anhydride, maleic anhydride, and 2‐methyl‐4‐methylimidazole (EMI‐2,4), were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry. Cure kinetics was evaluated using the multiple heating rate Kissinger method. The reactivities of the three curing agents were compared based on kinetics results obtained by DSC. FTIR spectra of these curing systems were also studied. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007     

Development of a cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL)‐based polymer for antibacterial activity

A biobased polymer derived from cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) as a renewable resource was investigated for use as an antibacterial material. CNSL is a mixture of aromatics containing cardanol as the main component and cardol and 2‐methylcardol as minor components. CNSL composition analyses showed that the minor components (i.e., cardol and 2‐methylcardol) in CNSL had higher contents of unsaturated structures than cardanol. These higher unsaturated contents promoted the thermal polymerization in the preparation of an epoxy CNSL prepolymer (ECNP). The biobased polymer film was fabricated by the reaction of amine compounds and ECNP without any organic solvent. The ECNP film took less than 2.0 h to reach a hardened dry condition at room temperature because of the crosslinking reaction between epoxy and amine groups. The antibacterial activities of the biobased polymer against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were evaluated. CNSL showed antibacterial activity against S. aureus, whereas epoxy CNSL and ECNP alone showed no significant antibacterial activity against E. coli or S. aureus. This indicated that the antibacterial activity was based on the phenolic and catechol hydroxyl groups of CNSL. In addition, a biobased polymer film derived from CNSL and diamine showed antibacterial activity against both E. coli and S. aureus, even with alcohol conditioning. This suggested that the antibacterial activity was certainly fixed in the structure of the ECNP‐based polymers after the standard antisepsis treatment in medical facilities. Therefore, this biobased polymer could be useful in antibacterial materials as a coating and resin for health care applications. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 42725.