Artifact reduction of compressed color images using modified mean‐removed classified vector quantization

Abstract

In this paper, a new artifact reduction algorithm for compressed color images using MMRCVQ is proposed. The algorithm extends and modifies vector quantization (VQ) for discovering the relationships between the uncompressed color images and their deblocked compressed versions by classifying the deblocked compressed blocks into several categories using information from their neighboring blocks. The discovered relationships are stored in two codebooks and are used to recover the missing information of compressed color images. To increase the availability of codewords and reduce the memory needed for storing codewords, mean‐removed vectors are used to generate codebooks. The experimental results show that the proposed approach can remove, effectively, the artifacts caused by high compression and improve perceptual quality significantly. Compared to existing methods, the proposed approach usually uses much less computing time to recover a compressed color image and has much better image quality.     

Multiple-viewpoint projection holograms synthesized by spatially incoherent correlation with broadband functions

We present a theoretical framework for recording and reconstructing incoherent correlation holograms of real-existing three-dimensional scenes observed from multiple viewpoints. This framework is demonstrated by generating and reconstructing a modified Fresnel hologram as well as a new correlation hologram called a protected correlation hologram. The reconstructed scene obtained from the protected correlation hologram has a significantly improved transverse resolution for the far objects in the scene compared to the modified Fresnel hologram. Additionally, the three-dimensional information encoded into the protected correlation hologram is scrambled by a secretive point spread function and thus the hologram can be used for encrypting the observed scene. The proposed holography methods are demonstrated by both simulations and experiments.     

基于数字全息和离散余弦变换的数字水印技术

提出了一种基于数字菲涅耳全息和离散余弦变换的数字水印技术.利用全息技术得到原始水印图像的菲涅耳全息图,之后将其嵌入宿主图像离散余弦变换域的中频系数,将水印添加位置和光学系统的几何结构参数作为恢复水印信息的密钥,并且算法属"盲数字水印技术",从而该算法具有较好的安全性和实用性.对算法的测试结果也表明,该算法对噪声,滤波、剪切,旋转、有损压缩等常见的图像处理操作具有较高的稳健性.因此,该算法具有一定的实用价值.     

数字全息水印在印刷半色调图像中的应用

在印刷半色调图像中嵌入特定信息可用于印刷品的保护和认证。设计了一种新颖的应用于非数字形式印刷半色调图像中的信息隐藏算法,将原始水印信息制成菲涅耳全息图,以此作为水印信息,利用离散小波变换算法嵌入到宿主图像中,以实现信息隐藏。该算法利用全息图独特的不可撕毁性来增强水印的鲁棒性。实验结果表明,该算法对图像半色调化攻击具有较好的鲁棒性。     

Color transmission analysis of color computer-generated holography

A color transmission approach between a computer display and a color computer-generated holography (CCGH) colorimetric system is proposed based on color matching theory. Firstly, the conversion between color quantities of a computer display and a CCGH colorimetric system is discussed based on color matching theory. Secondly, the isochromatic transfer relationship of color quantity and amplitude of the object light field is proposed. Thirdly, the color object light field was encoded into a hologram, and then the hologram was reconstructed numerically. The simulation results demonstrate that our novel approach is feasible.     

Computer generation of binary Fresnel holography

Binarization of Fresnel holograms by direct thresholding based on the polarity of the fringe pattern is studied. It is found that if the hologram is binarized (i.e., for black and white hologram pixels) in this manner, only the edges of the object are preserved in the reconstructed image. To alleviate the errors caused by binarization, the use of error diffusion has been routinely employed. However, the reconstructed image using such standard technique is heavily contaminated with random noise. In this paper, we propose a novel noniterative method for generating Fresnel holograms that are suitable for binarization. Our method is capable of preserving good visual quality on the reconstructed images.     

Generalized Analytical Solutions for Planar and Non-planar Focal Curves Reconstruction

Abstract

A generalized solution in the scope of the Fresnel approximation for diffractive optical elements producing focal curves is derived in this paper. The method includes planar and non-planar focal lines parametrized by differentiable functions and different types of holograms (Fourier, Fresnel). The integral describing the complex amplitude distribution generated by such a focal curve is evaluated with the help of the stationary phase method and the points in the hologram plane contributing to a particular point of the focal curve are found to be circles or straight lines. As the result equations for stationary points turn out to be solvable analytically only in some specific cases, an approximate approach is proposed additionally. In this way the class of analytic solutions for non-planar curves can be broadened into cases for which there exists a solution related to their projection on to the hologram plane. The paper is completed by presentation of non-paraxial ray tracing diagrams for elements designed with the help of both methods.     

Three types of computer-generated hologram synthesized from multiple angular viewpoints of a three-dimensional scene

We describe various techniques to synthesize three types of computer-generated hologram (CGH): the Fresnel-Fourier CGH, the Fresnel CGH, and the image CGH. These holograms are synthesized by fusing multiple perspective views of a computer-generated scene. An initial hologram is generated in the computer as a Fourier hologram. Then it can be converted to either a Fresnel or an image hologram by computing the desired wave propagation and imitating an interference process of optical holography. By illuminating the CGH, a 3D image of the objects is constructed. Computer simulations and experimental results underline the performance of the suggested techniques.     

Complex Fresnel hologram display using a single SLM

We propose a novel optical method to display a complex Fresnel hologram using a single spatial light modulator (SLM). The method consists of a standard coherent image processing system with a sinusoidal grating at the Fourier plane. Two or three position-shifted amplitude holograms displayed at the input plane of the processing system can be coupled via the grating and will be precisely overlapped at the system's output plane. As a result, we can synthesize a complex hologram that is free of the twin image and the zero-order light using a single SLM. Because the twin image is not removed via filtering, the full bandwidth of the SLM can be utilized for displaying on-axis holograms. In addition, the degree of freedom of the synthesized complex hologram display can be extended by involving more than three amplitude holograms.     

Nonredundant calculations for creating digital Fresnel holograms

In this paper we propose an alternative technique for producing digital Fresnel holograms. The evaluation of a diffraction pattern in a wide region is implemented in such a way as to avoid redundant calculations and preserve the precision. Because of the symmetry of the kernel, the complex amplitude is calculated at four points in the registration plane simultaneously. This algorithm decreases the required CPU time 4 times with respect to direct calculation. The digital Fresnel hologram is numerically and optically reconstructed, and some qualitative comparisons are made.     

Modified Fresnel computer-generated hologram directly recorded by multiple-viewpoint projections

An efficient method for obtaining modified Fresnel holograms of real existing three-dimensional (3-D) scenes illuminated by incoherent white light is presented. To calculate the hologram, the method uses multiple-viewpoint projections of the 3-D scene. However, contrary to other similar methods, this one is able to calculate the Fresnel hologram of the 3-D scene directly rather than calculating a Fourier hologram first. This significantly decreases the amount of calculations needed to obtain the hologram and also reduces the reconstruction errors. The proposed method is first mathematically introduced and then demonstrated by both simulations and experiments.     

基于自组织特征映射神经网络的地图压缩

本文在介绍自组织特征映射（SOFM）神经网络的基础上,针对基于自组织特征映射神经网络的矢量量化算法,提出使用该算法对彩色地图进行压缩。实验表明此方法对地图具有明显的压缩效果,对其色彩进行了优化。压缩后地图的细节有一定损失,但不影响地图的判读。     

Recognition and classification of three-dimensional phase objects by digital Fresnel holography

We demonstrate the validity of wavelet-based processing for recognition and classification of three-dimensional phase objects. One Fresnel digital hologram of each of the three-dimensional (3-D) phase objects to be classified is recorded. The electronic holograms are processed digitally to permit 3-D object information to be retrieved as two-dimensional digital complex images. We use a Mexican-hat wavelet- matched filter (WMF) to enhance the correlation peak and discriminate between the objects. The WMF performs a wavelet transform (WT) to enhance the significant features of the images and the correlation of the WT coefficients thus obtained. We compare the feasibility of a WMF-based object classifier with the matched-filter-based classifier to classify our four 3-D phase objects in a 3-D scene into true or false classes with minimal error.     

Absolute interferometric test of aspheres by use of twin computer-generated holograms

A complete absolute interferometric test of axially symmetric aspheres is presented. The method is based on a specially designed computer-generated hologram (CGH) that reconstructs an aspherical wave as well as a spherical auxiliary wave. Since both phase functions have the same symmetry and their pattern is simultaneously encoded, we call this type of multiplex hologram a Twin-CGH. The spherical wave is used for calibration. The aberrations of the spherical auxiliary wave are measured absolutely with either a spherical mirror or an absolute test for Fresnel zone plates. Thus the two types of aberration inherent in the CGH can be identified and separated from each other. The errors of the spherical wave can be transferred to those of the aspherical wave. Two different methods thatuse Twin-CGHs for absolute testing of aspheric surfaces are described. Test procedures are explained, equations are derived, and experimental results are presented. A mutual comparison of the two results and a comparison with the established N-position rotation test are given.     

一种基于 Contourlet 变换的彩色图像全息水印算法

提出了一种结合了全息水印加密技术和 Contourlet 变换技术的彩色图像水印算法。 算法首先将 RGB 模式的水印载体图像转换至 YCrCb 颜色空间,选取亮度分量作为水印载体通道,对其进行多层 Contourlet 分解,得到细节子带图像;而后对二值水印图像进行傅里叶全息加密,将加密后的图像嵌入至载体图像的 Contourlet变换系数中。 仿真实验结果表明,该水印算法具有良好的不可见性,对于常见的几何变换及多种攻击具有良好的鲁棒性。     

变换域加密全息水印算法

提出了一种基于DCT-DWT的彩色图像全息水印算法。为了保证水印信息的安全性,该算法首先对水印信息进行双随机相位调制,并生成水印全息图;其次,将载体图像在Lab空间内的L分量进行4×4分块,对每一分块进行DCT变换,抽取每个矩阵的中低频系数,组成一个新的矩阵,并对之进行小波分解,将水印全息图嵌入到它的中低频小波系数上。实验结果表明,基于DCT-DWT变换的水印算法具有较好的不可见性,对常见的攻击具有强鲁棒性。     

Three-dimensional identification of stem cells by computational holographic imaging.

We present an optical imaging system and mathematical algorithms for three-dimensional sensing and identification of stem cells. Data acquisition of stem cells is based on holographic microscopy in the Fresnel domain by illuminating the cells with a laser. In this technique, the holograms of stem cells are optically recorded with an image sensor array interfaced with a computer and three-dimensional images of the stem cells are reconstructed from the Gabor-filtered digital holograms. The Gabor wavelet transformation for feature extraction of the digital hologram is performed to improve the process of identification. The inverse Fresnel transformation of the Gabor-filtered digital hologram is performed to reconstruct the multi-scale three-dimensional images of the stem cells at different depths along the longitudinal direction. For recognition and classification of stem cells, a statistical approach using an empirical cumulative density function is introduced. The experiments indicate that the proposed system can be potentially useful for recognizing and classifying stem cells. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on using three-dimensional holographic microscopy for automated identification of stem cells.     

Three-dimensional Displacement Analysis by Windowed Phase-shifting Digital Holographic Interferometry

Abstract:  Phase-shifting digital holography is a new method for measuring the displacement distribution on the surface of an object. The authors previously proposed a windowed phase-shifting digital holographic interferometry (windowed PSDHI). This method provides accurate displacement distributions by decreasing the effect of speckle patterns. In this study, the method is extended to analyse three-dimensional displacement components in a microscope. Three object laser beams in the optical system are used. Four phase-shifted holograms are recorded for each object laser beam. The complex amplitude of each reconstructed light at the object is calculated by the Fresnel diffraction integral of the complex amplitude of the hologram. The reconstructed distance is obtained at the point with the maximum of the standard deviation of the intensities of the object reconstructed with changing the reconstruction distance. The three phase-difference values between before and after deformation provide the three-dimensional displacement components. Theoretical treatment and experimental results of three-dimensional displacement measurement using this method are shown.     

Multiple-image encryption by compressive holography

We present multiple-image encryption (MIE) based on compressive holography. In the encryption, a holographic technique is employed to record multiple images simultaneously to form a hologram. The two-dimensional Fourier data of the hologram are then compressed by nonuniform sampling, which gives rise to compressive encryption. Decryption of individual images is cast into a minimization problem. The minimization retains the sparsity of recovered images in the wavelet basis. Meanwhile, total variation regularization is used to preserve edges in the reconstruction. Experiments have been conducted using holograms acquired by optical scanning holography as an example. Computer simulations of multiple images are subsequently demonstrated to illustrate the feasibility of the MIE scheme.     

真彩色动感全息图

提出了用单色激光器制作真彩色动感全息图的方法。该方法用三色光栅相机将景物的彩色信息记录在一张透明片上,并使用散射参光法一次曝光合成一幅真彩色全息图。对从不同观察角度所拍摄的透明片进行多次全息曝光并记录在同一张全息片上,可在普通白炽灯下看到景物的真彩色动感全息像。采用散射光作为参考光记录全息片,大大降低了相干噪声。一次曝光记录一幅真彩色全息图,不仅使透明片数量和曝光次数减少为分色记录的1／3,而且消除了由分色记录三次曝光所带来的颜色分离,增加了彩色像的真实感和清晰度。