纳米晶钨基重合金粉末的注射成型与固相烧结

采用高能球磨技术制备了９０Ｗ－７Ｎｉ－３Ｆｅ（质量分数,％）纳米晶钨基重合金粉末,研究了该粉末的注射成型和烧结行为,并与传统混合粉末进行了比较,结果表明,机械球磨可以有效地增加粉末喂料的固体粉末含量,改善粉末料的均匀性,并可促进团相烧结的致密化,纳米粉末注射成形坯在 １３００～１４５０℃进行固相烧结后,可得到近全致密（＞９９％）、晶粒细（３～５μｍ）、拉伸强度高（≥１１３０ＭＰａ）和几乎无变形的重合金样品     

纳米晶钨基重合金粉末的注射成型与固相烧浇

采用高能球磨技术制备了90W-7Ni-3Fe(质量分数,%)纳米晶钨基重合金粉末,研究了该粉末的注射成型和烧结行为,并与传统混合粉末进行了比较.结果表明,机械球磨可以有效地增加粉末喂料的固体粉末含量,改善粉末料的均匀性,并可促进固相烧结的致密化.纳米粉末注射成形坯在1300～1450℃进行固相烧结后,可得到近全致密(＞99%),晶粒细(3～5μm)、拉伸强度高(≥1130MPa)和几乎无变形的重合金样品.     

W对烧结NdFeB磁体的显微组织和磁性能的影响

主要研究了在烧结ＮｄＦｅＢ磁体的晶界添加Ｗ对显微组织和磁性能的影响，实验结果表明，随Ｗ添加量的增大，晶粒逐渐细化，剩磁稍有下降，面矫顽力逐渐升高，在含Ｗ为１％ｗｔ时，矫顽力达到峰值。扫描电镜的观察显示，加Ｗ磁体在晶界区生成许多杆状相，能谱和Ｘ线射线衍射分析均表明此相为ＷＦｅＢ化合物。     

Zr对Pr-Fe-B非晶合金晶化形成纳米晶合金的作用

从非晶合金化激活能的角度，分析了Pr-Fe-B非晶合金在退火过程中晶粒粗大的原因，揭示了Zr元素在其晶化过程中的作用，结果表明，Zr能改变Pr-Fe-B非晶合金中α－Fe相的晶化行为，有助于形成尺寸细小的α-Fe相。     

高能球磨制备纳米晶Al－Cu合金

利用高能球磨工艺制备了纳米晶Ａｌ－Ｃｕ合金。发现按Ａｌ_（５０）Ｃｕ_（５０）配比纯元素粉末高能球磨时，形成了纳米晶的Ｃｕ_９Ａｌ_４金属间化合物。初步探讨了高能球磨纳米晶金属间化合物的形成过程。     

高能球磨制备纳米晶Al—Cu合金

利用高能球磨工艺制备了纳米晶Ａｌ－Ｃｕ合金，发现按Ａｌ５０Ｃｕ５０配比纯元素粉同能球地，形成了纳米晶的Ｃｕ９Ａｌ４金属间化合物，初步探讨了高能纳米晶金属间化合物的形成过程。     

纳米晶的形成对FeCSiBPCu非晶合金软磁性能的影响

研究了Fe76-xC7.0Si3.3B5.0P8.7Cux(x=0、0.3%或0.7%(原子分数))非晶合金中Cu的添加及纳米晶的形成对其软磁性能的影响,对合金的微观结构进行了X射线衍射实验和高分辨透射电镜观察,对合金的热稳定性和晶化激活能进行了测量和分析。结果表明,该合金退火之后的饱和磁化强度与合金中α-Fe纳米晶粒的密度和大小密切相关。Cu的添加可以影响合金的非晶形成能力、热稳定性和晶化激活能,添加少量的Cu(少于0.3%(原子分数))可以有效地提高合金的非晶形成能力,抑制退火过程中α-Fe纳米晶粒的析出,增强合金的热稳定性,而当Cu的添加量达到0.7%(原子分数)时可以降低合金的晶化激活能,促进α-Fe纳米晶粒的形核,提高α-Fe纳米晶粒的密度,使合金的饱和磁化强度达到1.79T。     

机械合金化Fe─B非晶合金及纳米合金的形成

在适当条件下机械合金化可以形成急冷法难以得到的单一Ｆｅ６０Ｂ４０非晶合金，而在其他成分内形成亚稳纳米合金。在众多的球磨条件中，球磨机的转速是控制合金化的重要因素，空气中的氧对小颗粒界面产生了强烈的污染作用，从而抑制了原子的相互扩散，难以形成单一的非晶产物。不同球磨条件下的产物含有的非晶相的晶化温度比单一非晶相合金的晶化温度稍高，并且与球磨条件以及成分的关系不大。     

纳米晶Al及Al-Mg合金的合成与性能研究进展

主要总结了纳米晶Al及Al-Mg合金的合成与性能研究进展,详尽介绍了用低温球磨法制备纳米晶Al及Al-Mg合金的过程,简要分析了影响低温球磨过程的因素,并探讨了球磨过程对显微组织的影响;介绍和评述了纳米晶Al的热稳定性,并在与粗晶Al及Al-Mg合金对比的基础上,介绍了纳米晶Al及Al-Mg合金的力学性能以及蠕变性能等方面的研究进展.     

高能球磨制备Mo-3%Cu纳米晶复合粉末特性

利用机械合金化法制备出Mo-3%Cu(质量分数,以下同)超细复合粉末,采用X射线衍射、BET氮吸附法和DTA差热分析方法对球磨后的Mo-6%Cu纳米晶复合粉的组织结构变化、表面特性和热稳定性进行了系统的研究.结果表明,高能球磨可以制取纳米晶复合粉末,晶粒内部产生很大的晶格畸变,同时球磨产生的晶体缺陷使原子扩散加快,形成Mo-Cu超饱和固溶体和扩大Mo在粘结相中的溶解度,BET氮吸附结果证实了球磨使粉末产生大量微孔,且比表面、中孔表面和孔径降低.     

碳化钨粉末对聚晶金刚石复合片钻头胎体组织与力学性能的影响

以铸造碳化钨粉末混合镍粉作为骨架粉末,采用无压浸渍工艺制备了聚晶金刚石复合片（PDC）钻头胎体材料。研究了碳化钨的粉末粒形、粒度及质量分数对PDC钻头胎体的微观组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,碳化钨的粉末粒形、粒度及质量分数是影响胎体微观组织和力学性能的重要因素。与破碎碳化钨相比,粉末粒度适中的球形碳化钨作为骨架制备的胎体组织更均匀、更致密,胎体的力学性能明显提高。采用150~180 μm的球形碳化钨混合13wt%的镍粉作为骨架粉末制备的胎体力学性能优于石油天然气行业标准SY/T 5217—2000,其硬度、冲击韧性和抗弯强度分别为HRC 34、6.7 J/cm2和820 MPa。      

Influence of stress condition on adiabatic shear localization of tungsten heavy alloys

Dynamic deformation and failure behavior of a tungsten heavy alloy (93W) under complex stress condition are studied using a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) apparatus. Cylindrical, step-cylindrical and truncated-conic specimens are used to generate different stress condition in an attempt to induce strain localization in the alloy. The microstructure of the specimens after tests is examined by optical microscopy and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). It is found that in all the specimens, except the cylindrical ones, intense strain localization in the form of shear bands is initiated at stress concentration sites. In order to analyze the stress condition of different specimen geometry, finite element simulations are also presented. The Johnson-Cook model is employed to simulate the thermo-viscoplastic response of the material. It is found that dynamic deformation and failure modes are strongly dependent on the geometry of the specimens. The stress condition controlled by specimen geometry has significant influence on the tendency for shear band formation. The adiabatic shear band has general trends to initiate and propagate along the direction of maximum shear stress. It is suggested that further studies on the control of the stress condition to promote shear band formation be conducted in order to improve the penetration performance of the tungsten heavy alloy.     

形变强化对93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe合金组织及性能的影响

为研究形变强化工艺对93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe性能的影响,采用大变形量旋转锻造工艺制备了93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe合金,并利用SEM与TEM技术分析了旋转锻造态93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe合金显微组织的形态与尺寸.结果表明:钨合金材料经形变强化后,钨晶粒内部出现由高密度位错形成的胞状组织以及长条状形变晶粒,且粘结相内位错密度较高;旋锻态93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe合金在具有高强度的同时,保持着一定的延性;旋锻态钨合金的力学性能与变形量及粘结相的分布有关.     

Effect of Re on microstructural evolution and densification kinetics during spark plasma sintering of nanocrystalline W

In the present investigation, nanocrystalline W and W-xRe (x = 3, 5 wt.%) alloy powders were produced by mechanical milling/alloying using high energy ball milling. The nanocrystalline nature (∼50 nm) of these powders was validated by the Rietveld refinement of their respective X-Ray diffraction patterns. Subsequently, spark plasma sintering of the ball milled powders was carried out. It was observed that pure W was not able to densify completely (relative density of 93%) at a temperature of 1500 °C. However, the addition of 5 wt.% Re resulted in near complete densification (relative density of 97%) at the same sintering temperature. The enhanced densification of W-Re powders is mainly attributed to the ductilising effect of Re assisted by the nanocrystallinity of powders, and the application of pressure during sintering.     

机械球磨Ｔi—Al复合粉扩散反应的影响

研究了粉末烧结制取Ｔi-Al金属间化合物过程中,机械球磨对Ti,Al混合粉扩散反应的影响,结果表明,机械球磨使Ｔi,Al混合粉形成具有层片结构的复合粉,且球磨时间越长,层片越薄越均匀,在固相下对不同球磨时间的Ｔi,Al混合粉压坯试样进行烧结后,通过Ｘ射线衍射,扫描电镜及能谱分析,结果表明,球磨时间越长,越有利于Ｔi,Al之间的扩散反应,越容易形成Ｔi-Al金属间化合物,并有利于组织的均匀化。     

Research and development of nanocrystalline W/W-based materials: novel preparation approaches,formation mechanisms,and unprecedented excellent properties

Tungsten (W) has become the most promising plasma-facing material (PFM) in fusion reactor, and W still faces performance degradation caused by low-temperature brittleness, low recrystallization temperature, neutron irradiation effects, and plasma irradiation effects. The modification of W/W-based materials in terms of microstructure manipulation is needed, and such techniques to improve the performance of materials are the topics of hot research. Researchers have found that refining the grain can significantly improve the strength and the irradiation resistance of W/W-based materials. In this paper, novel approaches and technique routes, including the “bottom-up” powder metallurgy method and “top-down” severe plastic deformation method, are introduced to the fabrication of nanocrystalline W/W-based materials. The formation mechanisms of nanocrystalline W/W-based materials were revealed, and the nanostructure stabilization mechanisms were introduced. The mechanical properties of nanocrystalline W/W-based materials were tested, and the irradiation behaviors and performances were studied. The mechanisms of their high mechanical properties and excellent irradiation-damage resistance were illustrated. This article may provide an experimental and theoretical basis for the design and development of high-performance novel nanocrystalline W/W-based materials.     

Densification,microstructure, and properties of W-Mo-Cu alloys prepared with nano-sized Cu powders via large electric current sintering

This study rapidly fabricated a novel W-Mo-Cu alloy by large current electric field sintering at a relatively low temperature, and the effects of the powder size of Cu on the densification, microstructure, and properties were comprehensively investigated. The particle size of Cu did not influence the phase type but significantly affected the densification, microstructure, and properties. XRD and TEM results showed that the alloy contained three new phases aside from W, Mo, and Cu phases, i.e., Mo-W ordered phase, Mo-Cu solid solution, and Cu_0.4W_0.6 intermetallic compound. Copper powders with smaller sizes were beneficial to improving the distributional homogeneity of elements and the sintering densification. Therefore, the alloy prepared with 100 nm Cu powders had a denser and more homogeneous microstructure and better comprehensive properties than that prepared with 5 μm Cu powders. Overall, the W-Mo-Cu alloy prepared with 100 nm Cu powders at 980 °C proposed the best comprehensive properties, and its relative density can reach 98% approximately.     

等径角挤压对Al-Cu-Mg-Ag合金组织性能的影响

为研究大塑形变形对耐热铝合金的作用,采用铸冶金工艺制备了新型的Al-Cu-Mg-Ag耐热铝合金,通过显微组织观察、差热分析及硬度测试等方法,研究了等径角挤压对耐热铝合金显微组织与力学性能的影响.结果表明:通过对挤压态的Al-Cu-Mg-Ag耐热铝合金在固溶淬火后时效前进行等径角挤压变形,可获得晶粒尺寸低于2μm的块体超...     

Sr掺杂对WO3陶瓷电学性质及微观结构的影响

利用传统的陶瓷制备工艺制备了Sr掺杂的WO3陶瓷样品,测量了样品的显微结构和电学性质.结果表明,对于Sr掺杂来说,浓度为2 mol%是一个临界点,在这一点处电学性质和微观结构都将发生显著的变化.掺杂浓度为0.2 mol%的样品表现出较高的非线性系数8.7.实验中发现部分样品表现出电学的不稳定性,我们认为这种不稳定性与相共存以及由此导致的极化有关.     

Activated sintering of tungsten alloys through conventional and spark plasma sintering process

The sintering temperature of pure tungsten can be reduced through the addition of small amounts of transition elements. The present study deals with the activated sintering of tungsten with 1.0?wt% additions of copper, cobalt, molybdenum, iron and nickel using the spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique. The alloys were sintered at 1200°C and the mechanical properties and microstructures were compared with those of conventionally sintered alloys, sintered under vacuum condition. The high-rate sintering of SPS has led to an overall reduction in process time and also to a better densification of alloys compared with the conventional sintering process. In both the processes, nickel addition is found to be the best activator, followed by cobalt, iron, molybdenum and copper. The addition of copper and molybdenum showed only a meager increase in the relative density. The alloys, with nickel, cobalt and iron additions, sintered through the SPS process offered much higher density compared with the conventionally sintered alloys. The highest density is observed for the nickel-doped tungsten alloy, which is found to be around 90% of the theoretical density. The microhardness of the sintered alloys is found to depend on its sintered density.