基于强度折减法的软土基坑抗隆起稳定性分析

基坑抗隆起稳定性验算是软土基坑支护设计中的一项重要内容。本文结合基坑工程实例,采用有限元强度折减法对基坑坑底的抗隆起稳定性进行分析。主要分析总结了基坑开挖深度、支护结构入土深度、支护结构刚度、基坑深宽比以及坑底软土层厚度对基坑抗隆起稳定性的影响规律。研究表明:基坑开挖深度、基坑宽度、支护结构入土深度和坑底软土层厚度等参数的变化均对基坑抗隆起稳定性有一定程度的影响,而支护结构刚度参数对抗隆起稳定性影响不明显。通过与规范法计算结果的对比分析,证明了有限元强度折减法在基坑抗隆起稳定性分析中的适用性。     

软土基坑抗隆起稳定性计算的改进

在软土深基坑设计中,基坑抗隆起验算是一项重要的验算。首先介绍了不同的情况下基坑抗隆起稳定性的典型计算方法。然后引入基坑形状、围护墙入土深度、坑底下软土深度、坑底被动区地基加固处理及基坑内工程桩对基坑抗隆起稳定性的影响,并且介绍了相应的计算改进方法,为计算抗隆起稳定性提供了更为合理的方法。最后通过对新加坡Clarke Quay地铁站入口基坑开挖工程实例验算表明,计入各有利因素的影响,抗隆起稳定安全系数由0.6增加到1.528,证实了改进计算方法的合理性,同时也得出当坑底以下软土深厚时,联合使用坑底地基加固和工程桩能比较有效的提高抗隆起稳定性。     

郑州市某基坑桩锚支护设计

以郑州市某深基坑工程为依托,系统地阐述了深基坑支护结构设计的基本理论、设计原则、计算方法,经计算确定了支护结构的设计参数,包括:桩的最小入土深度,桩身最大弯矩,桩身配筋,锚索长度及间距,设计结果通过了整体滑移失稳验算,抗隆起验算以及理正验算,证明支护结构设计安全合理。     

基于上限法的K0固结黏土基坑抗隆起稳定分析

软黏土基坑抗隆起稳定一般以不排水强度控制。考虑挡墙入土深度、挡墙与土体之间的摩擦和土体非均质各向异性,首先根据严格的塑性极限分析上限定理假设挡墙完全光滑或完全粗糙,并运用考虑软黏土K0正常固结和基坑开挖引起土体应力主轴旋转的不排水各向异性强度公式,推导基于Terzaghi机构和Prandtl机构的基坑抗隆起稳定上限解。将在各向同性情况下推导所得稳定系数计算公式与同样基于上限法的Chang(2000)和黄茂松等(2008)以及基于极限平衡法的Terzaghi(1943)稳定系数计算公式进行对比。研究挡墙入土深度、土体强度各向异性和非均质等因素对基坑抗隆起稳定性的影响,同时与多块体上限法的计算结果进行比较分析,验证本文推导方法的适用性。     

黏土基坑抗隆起稳定分析的多块体上限解

 为了将多块体上限法拓展应用到饱和黏土基坑抗隆起稳定性分析中,提出支护墙体刚性条件下,用于饱和黏土基坑抗隆起稳定分析的多块体相容破坏模式,并给出相应的上限计算能量方程。为检验多块体上限方法的应用情况,结合实际工程案例以及针对基坑宽度、坑底基岩埋置深度、支护墙体与土体间侧摩阻、支护墙体入土深度和土体强度非均质等对抗隆起稳定存在影响的因素进行计算和分析,并将多块体上限法计算结果与基于Terzaghi模式及Prandtl模式的上限解、Faheem强度折减有限元计算结果、Ukritchon的极限分析有限元计算结果做了广泛的对比。通过对比可以发现,所给出的多块体上限解是所讨论上限解中最优的,计算结果与Ukritchon的极限分析上限有限元计算结果较为接近,而多块体上限方法与Ukritchon的极限分析上限有限元相比,更容易实现,计算量也要小得多。通过大量计算以及与其他方法的对比可以发现,多块体上限方法在黏土基坑抗隆起中的应用是比较成功的。     

长短桩组合重力式挡土墙在淤泥质大面积浅基坑中的应用

淤泥质大面积浅基坑支护方案常采用重力式挡土墙结构支护形式,由于淤泥质土层较厚,整体稳定性及抗倾覆等采用同济启明星深基坑计算软件计算时,在墙体宽度一定的条件下,嵌固深度超过某一长度后,随着墙体加长,整体稳定性、坑底抗隆起及抗管涌安全系数增大,而关乎基坑安全的抗倾覆安全系数反而降低。为解决这一问题,计算模型采用长短桩组合重力式挡土墙计算模型,使得各项验算指标均满足规范要求。     

K_0固结黏土基坑抗隆起稳定性上限分析

软黏土中深基坑开挖支护系统设计一般由不排水稳定控制。考虑基坑开挖引起土体应力主轴旋转和土体不排水抗剪强度的各向异性,首先基于所提出的各向异性本构模型推导了三轴条件下软黏土的不排水强度公式并结合Casagrande和Carillo推荐的能考虑土体应力主轴旋转的软黏土强度公式,提出一种适合于基坑开挖抗隆起稳定分析的K0正常固结软黏土的不排水各向异性抗剪强度。假定Prandtl的土体滑移破坏形式,运用塑性极限分析上限定理推导非均质土层中深基坑开挖的抗隆起稳定公式。研究了基坑开挖土体强度各向异性比、挡墙入土深度、坑底硬土层对抗隆起安全系数的影响。并与基于MIT-E3模型的有限元计算结果及其它文献中的算例进行验证,说明该方法的适用性。     

K0固结黏土基坑抗隆起稳定性上限分析

软黏土中深基坑开挖支护系统设计一般由不排水稳定控制。考虑基坑开挖引起土体应力主轴旋转和土体不排水抗剪强度的各向异性,首先基于所提出的各向异性本构模型推导了三轴条件下软黏土的不排水强度公式并结合Casagrande和Carillo推荐的能考虑土体应力主轴旋转的软黏土强度公式,提出一种适合于基坑开挖抗隆起稳定分析的K0正常固结软黏土的不排水各向异性抗剪强度。假定Prandtl的土体滑移破坏形式,运用塑性极限分析上限定理推导非均质土层中深基坑开挖的抗隆起稳定公式。研究了基坑开挖土体强度各向异性比、挡墙入土深度、坑底硬土层对抗隆起安全系数的影响。并与基于MIT-E3模型的有限元计算结果及其它文献中的算例进行验证,说明该方法的适用性。     

支护结构入土深度对黏土基坑抗隆起稳定的影响分析

在考虑支护结构入土深度影响的情况下,传统的基于Prandtl机构的上限解过高地估计了黏土基坑的抗隆起稳定安全系数,因而无法真正应用于工程实践中。首先采用强度折减弹塑性有限元法和多块体上限法对支护结构入土深度的影响进行了深入的分析,在此基础上对Prandtl机构进行了修正,并推导了符合极限分析上限定理的修正机构简化解;通过对比分析验证了所推导公式的合理性,此公式对工程中常见的软土层厚度较大时基坑抗隆起稳定分析具有重要的实用意义。     

深基坑工程技术讲座(19)

第十九讲基坑稳定性（下）一柔性挡土支护结构基坑稳定性验算１９．１基坑失稳形态柔性挡土支护结构基坑失稳可分为两种主要形态：（１）因基坑土体的强度不足、地下水渗流作用而造成基坑失稳，包括基坑内外侧土体整体滑动失稳；基坑底上体因承载力不足而隆起；地层因承压水作用、管涌、渗漏等等。本讲涉及基坑稳定性验算内容为：挡土桩稳定入土深度。基坑底上体抗隆起稳定性、基坑底土体抗渗流稳定性和基坑边坡整体稳定性等四个方面。（２）因挡土支护结构（包括桩、墙、支撑与锚杆系统等）的强度、刚度或稳定性不足引起挡土支护结构系统破…     

Indirect identification of yield limits by mathematical programming

An elastic-perfectly plastic discretized structure subjected to given proportional loads, undergoes displacements, some of which are measured; on the basis of these experimental data assumed as exact (unaffected by measurement errors) the yield limits are sought, whereas the elastic and geometric properties are known. This special problem of identification (or inverse problem in structural elasto-plasticity), under suitable hypotheses of piecewise linear yield surfaces and no local unstressing under increasing loads is shown to be amenable to the minimization of a convex quadratic function under linear and (nonconvex) complementarity constraints. Various alternative solution procedures are proposed. Among these the most promising method from the computational standpoint, consists of two phases: (1) minimizing, under linear constraints only, a nonconvex quadratic function of the plastic strains and of the parameters to identify (thus enforcing by penalization the fulfilment of complementarity); (II) checking the optimality of the solution (and moving from a possible local minimum to the global one) by a procedure based on recent results from quadratic complementarity theory.The mathematical programming method developed for the indirect identification of yield limits is tested by means of examples with encouraging results.     

基于梯度塑性理论的岩样单轴压缩扩容分析

采用梯度塑性理论，对岩样剪应变局部化引起的扩容进行了理论分析。假设岩石的剪切本构关系为弹性-应变软化双线性，局部化启动于应力峰值强度，利用局部塑性剪应变与局部塑性体积应变的线性关系，得到了局部塑性体积应变、局部塑性体积增量及剪胀引起的剪切带总塑性体积增量的解析式，这体现了该理论在研究剪胀问题时的优越性。另外，还得到了弹性阶段及应变软化阶段的轴向应力-体积应变曲线的理论关系。塑性体积应变是专指由剪切带剪胀而引起的，因而，轴向应力．体积应变不具有尺寸效应，与局部化带的尺寸无关，但扩容角、剪切降模量及泊松比却对该曲线有重要影响。在弹性阶段及应变软化阶段轴向应力-体积应变均呈线性。在相同的应力水平下，扩容角越大则剪胀程度越大；剪切降模量越大，剪胀程度越小。在应变软化阶段，泊松比不影响塑性体积应变。     

不同地层波速模型对沉积谷地地震响应规律的影响：FEM-IBIEM模拟研究

准确的地层波速模型是场地反应分析的关键,而实际地层波速测定存在很大的不确定性。计算中通常采用简化的均质和分层模型,或者根据钻孔数据将波速沿深度进行线性、二次或指数拟合。这些不同波速模型对沉积谷地地震响应的影响规律究竟如何目前尚未得以厘清。为此尝试采用有限元—间接边界积分方程耦合方法,通过频时域定量计算,从波动学角度揭示不同波速模型沉积谷地地震响应的差别及其本质所在。数值计算结果表明：低频波入射时(),常用的几种波速模型对地表位移反应影响不大。但随着频率增大,不同波速模型对计算结果的影响不能忽略。着重考察了线性模型和均质模型之间的反应差别：发现线性模型情况下高频共振和盆地边缘效应更为显著,由此导致地震能量主要积聚在近地表土层,并使得沉积内部地表位移幅值显著放大,地震动持时明显增长。另外,沉积谷地形状和入射角度对地震波聚焦特征也具有重要影响,不同波型入射下聚焦区域有很大差别。实际沉积谷地地震动场精确模拟需获取较为精细的地层波速结构和边界几何特征。     

Electromagnetic properties of the ground: Part II – The properties of two selected fine-grained soils

In Part I of this paper it was established that electromagnetic signal velocities, for instance as used in ground penetrating radar use, are related to the geotechnical properties of Liquid Limit, dry density and percentage linear shrinkage. It was thus established that such geophysical techniques potentially provide an insight into the geotechnical properties of fine-grained soils, as well as illustrating the equal potential of informing radar survey planning and data interpretation through prediction of soil geophysical properties from geotechnical data. In order to extend that research, the work described herein aimed to consider how signal velocities relate to the wide variations in water contents that may occur for a soil in the field, from oven dry to more than 90% by volume. Through the use of time-domain and frequency-domain measurement techniques, data were obtained that allow consideration of soil effects on commercial water content measurement systems and radar equipment. Potentially the most important outcome is that the data indicate that the three geotechnical states (friable, plastic and liquid) give rise to three different signal velocity/water content relationships. In the friable state, the relationship shows large increases in apparent permittivity (as a proxy for signal velocity) with water content, together with increasing electromagnetic dispersion (i.e. variations in velocity with frequency). In the more common plastic state, often not fully considered in the literature, apparent permittivity is shown to increase almost linearly with water content at high frequencies, but in fact can decrease at lower frequencies. This anomaly is explained by the reduction in electromagnetic dispersion caused by reducing dry density. For the liquid state, the relationships are shown to be similar to the plastic state, but with a step increase in apparent permittivity potentially related to soil pore sizes exceeding a critical limit. It is also shown that the plastic and liquid state linear relationships are related to similar trends in the apparent permittivity of the water phase. It is concluded that, when considered over very wide water content and signal frequency ranges, the electromagnetic properties of soils are complex but can be related to geotechnical states and properties. It is, therefore, proposed that the research detailed herein provides a useful initial step in the creation of an electromagnetic properties database of relevance to underground space development.     

高温作用对3种砂岩物理参数特征的影响分析

基于3种煤层顶底板砂岩经历400～1 000 ℃高温前、后进行了X射线衍射和物理参数测试,分析高温作用对3种砂岩试样矿物成分及物理参数的影响。试验结果表明:高温后3种砂岩矿物晶体发生了相变,矿物成分发生较大变化;经历400 ℃高温对3种砂岩试样物理参数的影响甚微,超过400 ℃高温后试样视密度、波速与温度呈负相关,体膨胀率和烧失率与温度呈正相关。高温后3种砂岩试样视密度与纵波波速呈正相关,烧失率、体膨胀率与纵波波速呈负相关,高温后3种砂岩的物理参数之间具有一定关联性,岩石物理参数是对岩性特征宏观表述。研究结果可为局部区域煤层自燃对隧道围岩稳定性、安全性评价以及支护设计提供一定的参考。     

A numerical investigation of dynamic plastic buckling behaviour of thin-walled cylindrical structures with several geometries

In this study dynamic buckling behaviors of an aluminum alloy cylindrical shell with axial linear variable thickness, discontinuity and conical shaped have been numerically investigated for high velocity impact by means of finite element method. The validation of finite element model was provided by the results of previous studies in literature. Throughout study commerce finite element package program LS-DYNA3D was used and all simulations were fulfilled as explicitly. According to results obtained, the minor changes in the geometry are able to convert the dynamic plastic buckling into dynamic progressive buckling behavior. This study indicates that which of the dynamic buckling or progressive buckling mechanism will be dominant is sensitive to geometrical properties for cylindrical aluminum alloy shells under the high velocity impact.     

A rigorous numerical formulation for upper bound analysis of reinforced soils using second order cone programming

A rigorous upper bound formulation is established for reinforced soils considering both the tensile rupture of the reinforcement and the relative slippage of the reinforcement-soil interface. To represent its finite tensile strength and negligible compressive strength, a novel strategy is proposed to calculate the plastic dissipation rate of the reinforcement without the incorporation of stress variables. Plastic dissipation rates of the soil, the reinforcement and their interfaces are obtained using only kinematic variables and all flow rules are expressed in terms of linear constraints and second order cones. The solution domain is then discretized using linear strain elements for the soil and constant strain elements for the reinforcement and the interface. Numerical examples are given to show the accuracy of the present formulation. The effect of design parameters such as the tensile strength, the length and the location of the reinforcement is discussed.     

土工布加筋基础的一维非线性模型(英文)

本文推导出一个代表软土双曲线弹簧支撑的土工布加筋基础一维非线性模型。该模型的数学形式是两个非线性二阶常微分方程组。给出了解常微分方程组的迭代格式，并着重讨论了非线性弹簧参数对加筋基础的沉降和土工布拉力的影响。     

含渐缩段卜形分岔合流隧道火灾临界风速研究

为探究“卜”形分岔隧道这一特殊隧道结构对隧道火灾临界风速的影响,运用FDS构建了主路渐缩分岔隧道、主路等宽分岔隧道与直线隧道3种结构的缩尺寸隧道模型,通过数值模拟分析隧道渐缩结构与分岔角度对火灾临界风速的影响。研究表明,对于主路渐缩的分岔隧道,当火源所在位置的局部隧道宽度减小时,所需的临界风量变小。而火源位置确定时,隧道的渐缩结构、分岔角度和分岔结构对临界风速的影响不明显,并提出一种适用于隧道工程渐缩段任意火源位置临界风量的计算公式。对于主路位置的火灾,提出无量纲临界风速与无量纲热释放速率的关系式,与前人直线隧道的变化规律相似,而较高的隧道高度导致临界风速的转折点较大。     

基于矢量加速度变化的下坡路段道路线型评价

基于实测数据，研究了长下坡路段道路线型的交通安全影响，总结出下坡路段道路矢量加速度特征曲线，指明其特征曲线所适应的道路线型条件，提出了基于矢量加速度变化的下坡路段线型评价方法。