高精度立式磨床关键结合面动态特性研究

机床的结合面是整机动态特性的薄弱环节。应用实验测试和计算机仿真,对机床结合面的动态特性进行研究,以提升整机的动态性能。针对磨床中螺栓连接的关键结合面,建立考虑法向和切向刚度的三维接触刚度模型。将实验测试结果与有限元分析相对比,验证所建结合面模型的正确性。应用该模型,采用增加螺栓个数及提高螺栓预紧力等方法,改进结合面设计,分析改进后的整机动态特性。该方法实现了机床整机结合部的非线性特性的合理处理,以支持机床设计中整机性能的预测。     

预紧载荷下螺栓结合部静特性分析

结合面的接触变形与构件变形存在耦合关系,为提高整机分析结果的准确性,提出了建立分析模型时在构件间增加虚拟材料层反映结合部非线性特性的假设。基于结合面基础特性参数获得了虚拟材料物理参数,建立了包含结合部特性的分析模型。对预紧力作用下的螺栓结合部进行了一系列不同材料、预紧力及构件厚度的静特性试验。结合分析和试验结果,将结合面变形从整体形变中分离出来,与理论计算比较,验证了本文所提出的建模理论和试验方法的准确性和有效性。     

机械结合部单元的受力和变形分析研究

分析了单螺栓结合部在受到预紧力和外载荷时的受力情况,要点是螺栓刚度和被连接刚度的计算,为整机结合部的静态特性分析提供了边界依据。     

直线滚动导轨结合部的静刚度解析

介绍了影响结合部静态特性的主要因素及接触理论,并通过非线性接触表面层理论对直线滚动导轨圆柱结合部的接触变形进行了解析计算,可为机械结构的静态特性提供结合部的边界条件。     

考虑结合部耦合的结构梁的边界元解析方法研究

机床结合部是影响机械系统性能的关键因素之一,对机床的静态、动态和热态性能有很大影响。以机械系统中最常见的基本结构形式-梁单元及其结合部为对象,研究了结合部理论与边界元法有机结合的静态特性解析方法。基于结合部理论分析了结合面接触压力、接触变形、接触刚度之间的非线性关系,建立了考虑结合部接触刚度的边界元梁与梁、梁与边界的系统耦合解析模型,将结合部接触刚度纳入边界元解析的子结构中,使其与机械系统的元件进行合成,将结合部接触刚度作为机械系统的解耦收敛条件进行迭代,解决了机械系统与结合面结合问题的耦合并利用边界元法开发了专业的结合问题解析软件,解析结果表明,采用边界元法对于柔性结合部的处理比较方便,在柔性结合部的部件或整机性能预测方面具有明显优势。     

数控机床结合面动、静态特性实验系统的设计

结合面的动静态特性是机床整机动态优化中的关键技术,通过建立结合面实验的数学模型,开发了一套实验装置,并进行了实验,最终得到了结合面的实验数据.为机床整机的动静态优化设计提供了理论基础.     

连接件非均匀面压结合部动态性能建模与分析

基于栓接结合面非均匀面压分布与分形接触理论,通过静力仿真获得了结合部非均匀面压的分布规律,建立了结合面的动态参数的动力学模型,并将结合面的动态参数换算为虚拟材料的弹性模量、切变模量及泊松比等材料属性参数。提出了考虑结合面非均匀面压影响的栓接结合部有限元模型,结合有限元分析获得栓接结合部的理论模态频率及振型。将理论与实验模态相比较,所提出的模型能够准确地描述机械结合部的固有频率及振型等动态特性,可应用于提高数控机床整机的动态性能建模分析准确性。     

一种螺栓结合部刚度四点等效方法

螺栓结合部是机床结构中应用最普遍的固定结合部之一,直接影响着机床整机性能。应用有限元软件分析机床整机结构性能时,为了保证计算精度,需要精细划分螺栓结合部网格,导致计算规模大、耗时,因此探索简单有效的机床螺栓结合部有限元模型的处理方法具有重要意义。基于实验获取结合面基础特性参数,通过解析方法得到螺栓结合部中每个单元螺栓结合部的六项刚度,然后基于刚度等效原则将每个单元螺栓结合部等效成对称分布的四个弹簧单元,给出了等效弹簧刚度及位置的计算方法,在机床整机结构有限元分析时,以等效弹簧单元代替单元螺栓结合部,直接将其等效刚度代入有限元模型求解,可大大简化有限元计算模型。实验验证该等效方法是可行的。     

螺栓预紧力对螺栓结合面特性参数的影响规律研究

高精度空气静压轴承中螺栓结合面的特性受组成结合面的构件的材料、接触面的形貌、接触面的几何精度、接触面的接触形式等因素的影响,其中影响最为显著的是螺栓预紧力。通过有限元仿真和实验模态分析方法辨识了螺栓结合面的特性参数,并研究了螺栓预紧力对螺栓结合面特性参数的影响规律。发现,随着螺栓预紧力的增加,螺栓结合面特征频率随之增加;当螺栓预紧力增加到一定数值时,螺栓结合面在有限元仿真时可以定义为绑定接触。     

切向载荷下螺栓结合部静特性分析及试验

为了准确理解螺栓结合部静态特性,基于结合面基础特性建立了螺栓单元结合面解析数学模型,提出了一种等效分步载荷解析算法,可以实现在结合部承受切向载荷时,无需考虑载荷间耦合关系就能对结合部力平衡非线性隐含积分方程组进行快速准确求解。采用自行设计的螺栓结合部切向加载装置进行了结合部扭转和剪切加载试验。试验与解析结果均表明,在切向载荷不超过最大静摩擦力的情况下,螺栓结合面切向变形与外载荷成线性关系。解析与试验结果的一致性验证了模型的正确性,为机械结合面静态特性分析提供了理论和试验支持,求解算法可方便地将结合面研究成果应用于工程实践。     

Surface contact stress-based nonlinear virtual material method for dynamic analysis of bolted joint of machine tool

The components of machine tools are mainly fixed and connected by bolts. The performance of the assembly can be affected by the dynamic characteristics of the bolted joints. This paper presents a nonlinear virtual material method based on surface contact stress to describe the bolted joint for accurate dynamic performance analysis of the bolted assembly. Fractal geometry theory is used to describe the surface topography. The elastic modulus and shear modulus of one micro-contact are derived based on fractal contact theory. The equivalent elastic modulus, Poisson ratio, and density of the bolted joint can be obtained through the weighted mean method. In order to obtain the stress distribution, the contact surface is assumed flat in the macro-scale, and the uneven distribution of contact stress can be obtained by the finite element method (FEM). The contact surface can be divided into several sections, and the parameters of a virtual material layer can be determined based on the mean contact stress. Both theoretical and experimental results for a bolted joint are obtained for a box-shaped specimen under equal pre-tightening force and bending moment effect. The results show that the theoretical mode shapes are in good agreement with the experimental mode shapes. The relative errors between the theoretical and experimental natural frequencies are less than 4.41%, which indicates that the present nonlinear virtual material method is appropriate for the bolted joint in modeling CNC machine tools.     

机床结合部特性的理论解析及应用

对机械结构的结合部特性进行了理论解析,从基本的动力学方程出发,推导出单平面结合部静位移与结合部受力之间的关系,进而转换为静刚度的表达式;并基于一个振动周期中某方向的输入能量与阻尼消耗的能量相等的概念,推导出单平面结合部阻尼的表达式。将机械结构中的多平面结合部,看成是多个单平面结合部的组合,而将回转结构等效为正多面体。由此,在机床结合部结构形式、受力大小确定的条件下,可以计算出结合部的等效结合刚度和阻尼。为了在机床整机动力学建模中融合结合部的特性,给出刚性结合和柔性结合两种情况下的协调方程。通过对XK712B立式镗铣床的整机建模和计算,并与试验结果进行比较,结果表明,综合静刚度相对误差的绝对值小于5%,固有频率相对误差的绝对值小于9%。将结合部特性融合到机床整机模型中,可以更精确地预测机床整机的综合静动态特性。     

混联式机床的并联机构刚度解析

了混联式机床中的3－RPS并联机构刚度的边界元解析方法。采用关节合成的方法对并联杆系机构的机械结构系统进行静力学建模;将构件作为柔性体,利用边界元法对并联机构的静力学特性进行了。得出了3－RPS并联机构各分支的受力状态及系统的刚度。     

Longevity enhancement of bolted joints for aircrafts

New designs of bolted joints with bolt countersunk heads having high longevity in comparison with the used ones were proposed. One type of joint has the bolt heads with the reduced surface taper of the bolt head and in a joined part. Two other types have a spherical head surface, which is in contact with a tapered countersink surface. The rise in the fatigue life is achieved owing to the balance of the radial tension along the contact surfaces of the head and the countersink. Designs of a washer from the direction of a nut are proposed. These washers have ring bulges of wedge-shaped cross section that form areas of plastic deformations around a bolt body during the bolt tightening and reduce the concentration of contact stresses close to an edge of the contact surfaces of the bolt and joined parts. Procedures of fatigue tests were developed. Results of tests of the proposed bolted joints supporting their high longevity are presented. Findings of experimental investigations verify the efficiency of the application of proposed types of bolted joints in the designs of aircrafts.     

6UPS并联机构铰链间隙误差的标定与精度分析

研究了常用的机构标定方法及相应的测量工具,使用激光干涉仪完成了测量实验,并使用矢量法误差求解模型对测量结果进行了分析计算,获得了机构静平台铰链的安装位置误差、杆长的误差变化、动平台铰链的位置误差数值,并提出了采用拟合误差椭球面的方法对铰链位置装配误差与铰链间隙误差进行分离的误差分析方法,研究了椭球的求解方法,得到了椭球的长轴、次长轴和短轴参数,进一步比较了所有铰链误差在坐标系中的空间分布情况,研究了机构安装结构和铰链类型与误差分布规律的相互关系,这样优化的误差数据可以取得比较好的补偿效果。     

Loosening Evaluation of Bolted Joints Modified by Fine Particle Bombardment under Transverse Cyclic Loading

ABSTRACT

The objective of this article is to evaluate the loosening behavior of bolted joints modified by fine particle bombardment (FPB) under transverse cyclic loading. FPB treatment was conducted to thread surfaces of both the bolt and the nut. Self-loosening experiments were then performed on the bolted joint with high, medium, and low preload using a fatigue testing machine. The test results show that fretting wear occurs at the thread surface under transverse cyclic loading, which leads to gradual self-loosening of bolted joints without the rotation of the nut. FPB treatment alleviates thread wear by increasing the surface hardness and reducing the friction coefficient between threads, thereby improving the anti-loosening ability of bolted joints. After FPB treatment, the bolted joints with a lower preload exhibited a greater relative improvement in anti-loosening ability than those at a higher preload.     

栓接结合部迟滞非线性建模与辨识方法

由于栓接结合部是导致结构发生复杂非线性特性的主要因素,而对栓接结合部的传统处理方法往往忽略结合部的非线性特性或采用等效线性化的数学方法来建模,造成无法准确分析和研究栓接结合部的非线性动力行为。通过实验研究结合部上微凸体间相互挤压、搓动引起的能量耗损机理,运用Iwan模型描述栓接结合部的迟滞非线性现象。在准静态条件下获得力位移实验数据,利用无约束非线性优化方法和Newton迭代法辨识出Iwan模型中的未知参数,从而获得随外载荷幅值变化下的迟滞非线性特性,并与实验结果进行比较。结果表明,利用Iwan模型能够准确反映出栓接结合部所表现出的能量迟滞机理和非线性行为。     

Development of a new method for joint damping identification in a bolted lap joint

Mechanical joints have considerable effects on dynamic behaviour of machine tools; thus, joint damping identification is important in studying the dynamics of mechanical structures. Due to the difficulties in analysis of microslip friction, the experimental prediction of microslip joint dynamics is of great importance. In this study, a new experimental approach is proposed to determine the damping of bolted lap joints. Because of the complex nature of the mechanical joints, the lap joint is isolated through the addition of a mechanical resonator, which consists of a lumped mass and spring, to the bolted structure. The frequency response function (FRF) of this system is used for joint damping identification. This approach is used for bolted structures under both translational and torsional excitations and overcomes difficulties associated with slip boundaries identification in the joint interface. The method is verified by comparing the obtained results with those of the hysteresis loop approach.     

基于能量分布的机床整机动态特性优化方法

基于机床结构中的能量分布,在准确建立立式加工中心整机有限元模型的基础上提出一种整机动态性能优化方法。采用弹簧阻尼系统等效结合部的接触特性,基于辨识的结合部等效刚度和阻尼值在Ansys中建立了立式加工中心整机有限元模型,对整机进行模态分析和谐响应分析。通过整机模态试验验证了该有限元模型的准确性,并根据有限元分析与试验结果确定整机的薄弱模态。计算薄弱模态下整机、结合部的弹性能以及结合部在整机中的弹性能分布率,以分布率较高的结合部作为薄弱结合部。基于薄弱结合部的等效接触刚度提出优化方案,优化后薄弱结合部的弹性能分布率明显降低,主轴轴端的动态响应幅值降低,从而使整机动态性能得到改善,验证了该优化方法的可行性。     

螺纹联接件的微动损伤研究

从试验和数值分析两个方面研究了螺栓预紧力矩对ＬＹ１２ＣＺ铝合金双盖板对接螺纹联接件微动损伤的影响。在高频疲劳试验机上进行了微动试验,对接触表面间的微动损伤状况进行了观察分析。