埋弧焊焊缝CCD跟踪系统研制

快速而准确地寻找到焊缝中心的位置是实时焊缝跟踪系统要解决的首要问题,文中提出一种基于视觉传感器CCD的焊缝跟踪系统.通过对焊缝图像的分析发现,焊缝图像具有较为明显的统计特征,即坡口的平均灰度较其它位置的平均灰度要大.基于这一统计特征,给出一种新的确定焊缝中心的快速算法.该算法根据像素点的灰度值对其进行排序,并以此为依据来确定焊缝边缘及焊缝中心.该算法无需进行滤波处理、对光源无特殊要求且鲁棒性强.现场实际计算表明所提算法准确可靠,适合于现场应用.     

激光跟踪式无导轨焊接机器人及其焊缝位置识别系统研究

介绍了激光跟踪式无导轨焊接机器人及其焊缝位置识别系统.该系统集成了光纤式激光焊缝跟踪传感器,采用以高性能DSP为核心单元的图像处理系统对激光焊缝图像进行图像处理,识别出焊缝中心位置.详细阐述了基于DSP-DM642的焊缝中心位置识别算法,通过实验确定处理一幅焊缝图像的时间为200ms,能够满足实时焊缝跟踪的要求.     

微间隙焊缝磁光图像Otsu骨架法识别

在紧密对接焊缝跟踪过程中,针对磁光传感的焊缝磁光图像,研究一种基于Otsu和骨架法的焊缝位置识别方法。通过自适应中值滤波对焊缝磁光图像进行降噪处理,利用改进的Otsu算法和数学形态学将焊缝磁光图像分割成母材部分和焊缝部分,最后根据最大圆盘骨架法提取焊缝中心。试验结果表明,该方法能准确提取肉眼难以分辨的微间隙焊缝中心。     

基于CCD的埋弧焊焊缝跟踪系统数字图像处理方法

提取焊缝信息、确定焊缝中心是实时焊缝跟踪系统要解决的首要问题,本文介绍了以CCD视觉传感器和V系列图像采集卡为核心的焊缝检测跟踪系统,基于该系统并根据焊接现场务件采集的图像信息,结合Sobel边缘检测算子及二值图像连通域像素标记算法对焊缝图像进行处理,该算法可以满足埋弧焊焊接生产现场实时处理图像要求,且对光源无严格要求.     

基于Beamlet变换的结构光焊缝图像线性特征提取

鉴于以结构光为主动光源的焊缝跟踪方法可用于识别不同坡口形式的焊缝位置信息,对结构光焊缝图像进行了分析.为有效提取图像中结构光线性特征以确定焊缝位置,引入了束波变换.阐述了束波变换原理,开发了基于多尺度束波变换的结构光焊缝图像线性特征提取算法.做基于最大Beamlet统计的检验,对结构光焊缝图像进行小尺度束波变换以确定结构光线的大致位置,缩小搜索范围;然后对图像进行大尺度束波变换确定焊缝部分结构光线的线性特征,根据线段斜率变化可确定焊缝位置.采用该算法确定一幅结构光焊缝图像的焊缝位置的时间为260 ms.     

基于焊缝中心的焊缝信息的直接提取

如何快速而准确地寻找到焊缝中心的位置是实时焊缝跟踪系统要解决的首要问题。本文提出一种根据焊缝的先验知识来寻找焊缝中心的新的算法。这种算法主要是根据焊缝的横向和纵向两个方面的特征来判别焊缝CCD图像中自焊缝中心的位置,具有定位精确及速度快的优点,能够大大提高焊缝跟踪系统的实时性能。     

无坡口对接焊缝特征角点检测方法

针对无坡口平板对接焊缝,研究一种应用线结构光传感的角点检测原理实现焊缝特征检测与跟踪的方法.与基于线结构光形变特征检测焊缝位置的传统方法不同,根据激光条纹在焊缝处的灰度变化,运用图像形态学处理方法,提取焊缝中心特征.计算图像每列邻域内灰度值和,运用中心差分方法,提取焊缝图像感兴趣区域.再依据角点检测原理,确定焊缝中心亚像素级坐标位置,通过简单快速的系统标定,得到焊缝实际位置偏差.结果表明,对焊缝间隙为0.2 mm左右的对接焊缝进行跟踪试验,平均误差均保持在0.1 mm以内,满足焊缝跟踪精度要求.     

磁光成像焊缝跟踪卡尔曼滤波算法

在激光对接焊过程中,精确控制激光束使其始终对正并跟踪焊缝是保证激光焊接的前提,为此首先须精确检测焊缝位置。针对小于0.05 mm的微间隙对接焊缝,通过对焊件施加感应磁场,利用法拉第磁旋光原理构成磁光传感器并获取焊缝磁光图像。通过图像处理提取焊缝中心位置并构成状态向量,建立基于焊缝中心位置的系统状态方程和测量方程。采用卡尔曼滤波算法对焊缝中心位置进行最优估计,得到焊缝中心位置最优预测值,消除过程噪声与测量的干扰影响。试验结果表明,卡尔曼滤波方法能够有效减少噪声干扰并提高焊缝跟踪精度。     

灰度形态学在焊缝图像处理中的应用

寻求一种快速、有效的焊缝图像处理方法，是基于视觉传感的焊缝跟踪系统的关键技术之一。在分析灰度形态学膨胀、腐蚀、开和闭四种基本运算对图像的处理效果的基础上，将灰度形态学引入焊缝图像处理中。研究一种焊缝图像处理新方法，根据视觉传感器获取的焊缝图像的形态特征，选择合适的结构元素，对焊缝图像进行多种形态学运算，提取出焊缝、检测出焊缝边缘和焊缝中心位置，作为焊缝跟踪系统的控制量。试验结果表明，该方法效果良好，完全满足焊缝跟踪系统实时性要求，能有效地提高焊缝跟踪精度。     

激光紧密对接焊磁光成像焊缝识别

准确检测焊缝中心位置是保证焊缝自动跟踪的前提。针对激光焊接碳钢紧密对接焊缝(间隙不大于0.1 mm),利用磁光传感系统获取焊缝磁光图像,分析焊缝磁光图像的灰度分布特征,对磁光图像进行中值滤波去噪,通过逐列扫描磁光图像灰度梯度极大值后拟合焊缝中心位置。焊缝位置检测试验结果表明,基于焊缝磁光图像灰度梯度特征的焊缝中心拟合法优于直接边缘检测算子;所提出的方法能够识别微间隙焊缝中心位置,为实时控制激光束跟踪紧密对接焊缝奠定了基础。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。