汽车用铝合金/钢焊接接头组织与力学性能

采用电阻焊方法实现对A6061铝合金和Q235钢的焊接。采用显微硬度计测试焊接接头显微硬度,采用SEM、EDS等方法分析焊接接头界面显微结构和元素组成,研究了点焊接头的缺陷形式。结果表明,铝合金/钢点焊接头主要由靠近Q235侧和靠近铝合金侧两层金属间化合物构成。化合物层主要为Al-Fe金属间化合物,其显微硬度高于基体。采用合适的点焊工艺,可以避免电阻焊接头中未焊合、裂纹、缩孔等缺陷的产生。     

A6061铝合金与Q235钢电阻点焊接头组织与性能

采用热补偿电阻点焊方法对A6061铝合金与Q235低碳钢进行焊接,探讨了焊接电流、电极压力对接头熔核尺寸和抗剪力的影响,观察分析了熔核界面区反应物形貌及分布等微观组织结构特征。试验结果表明,A6061铝合金与Q235低碳钢采用热补偿电阻点焊方法能在较低的焊接电流条件下获得具有较大熔核与较高抗剪力的点焊接头;接头熔核直径及抗剪力随焊接电流、电极压力的增大而增大;无飞溅条件下接头最大抗剪力为4.25 kN,对应的焊接电流为17.5 kA;接头界面处生成了主要由Fe2Al5和FeAl3构成的金属间化合物层。     

铝合金与低碳钢的复合电极电阻点焊接头特性

针对铝/钢难以焊接这一课题,研发了基于复合电极的电阻点焊新工艺,并对铝合金A6061与低碳钢Q235进行了点焊. 介绍了复合电极的设计、制造流程,观察分析了结合界面区反应层形貌及分布等微观组织特点,探讨了焊接电流对熔核尺寸和接头抗剪载荷的影响. 在结合界面上观察到了反应层的生成,其厚度随位置的变化而变化. 焊接接头熔核直径与抗剪载荷随焊接电流的增加而增大. 结果表明,在铝合金与低碳钢的电阻点焊中,镶嵌式复合电极的使用能够起到抑制界面反应层在焊点中央区域生长的效果.     

铝/钢异种金属电阻点焊接头微观组织与力学性能研究

采用电阻点焊实现对6061铝合金和H220YD高强镀锌钢的焊接,通过金相显微镜、扫描电镜、能谱仪、显微硬度计和万能试验机等测试方法研究了铝/钢点焊接头的组织和性能。结果表明,铝/钢点焊接头从铝侧向钢侧依次为铝合金熔核、铝/钢界面、高强钢热影响区。铝/钢点焊接头界面靠近钢侧金属间化合物层显微硬度最高,靠近铝合金侧金属间化合物硬度次之,铝合金显微硬度最低。随着焊接电流的增加,铝/钢点焊接头拉剪力先增加后减小,焊接电流9 k A、焊接时间300 ms、焊接压力2 k N时,接头拉剪力达到最大值3.4 k N。     

基于非对称电极的铝合金/钢电阻点焊

采用非对称电极点焊铝合金A6061与低碳钢Q235,观察接合界面区反应层形貌及分布等微观组织特征,探讨焊接电流、焊接时间与电极压力对熔核尺寸和接头抗剪力的影响。在接合界面上观察到反应层的生成,其厚度随界面的位置的变化而变化。在22 k A的焊接电流条件下获得的接头抗剪力达到5.51 k N。结果表明,在铝合金与低碳钢的电阻点焊中,不对称电极的使用有效地提高了焊接接头强度。     

基于中间层的铝合金/钢电阻点焊

以AlSi12为中间层对A6061铝合金与Q235低碳钢进行了电阻点焊,分析了界面区金属间化合物层形貌及分布等微观组织结构特征,探讨了焊接电流、焊接时间与电极压力对接头熔核尺寸和抗剪力的影响。结果表明:接头熔核直径、抗剪力随焊接电流、焊接时间的增加而增加,随电极压力的增大而降低,所得接头抗剪力达到4.87 kN,中间过渡层的使用起到了抑制界面金属间化合物生长的效果。     

铝合金与低碳钢的夹层电阻点焊接头特性

以钎料Al86Si6Mg8薄带为中间层对铝合金A6061与低碳钢Q235进行了点焊,观察分析了接合界面区反应层形貌及分布等微观组织结构特征,探讨了焊接电流、焊接时间与电极压力对熔核尺寸和接头抗剪力的影响。接头熔核直径与抗剪力随焊接电流、焊接时间的增加而增加,随电极压力的增大而降低,在19 k A的焊接电流条件下获得接头的抗剪力达到5.2 k N。试验结果表明,夹层的使用起到了抑制界面反应层生长和提高接头性能的效果。     

基于定位电极的铝合金/钢电阻铆焊接头的组织与性能

采用自冲铆与电阻点焊的复合连接工艺焊接铝合金与钢,点焊中以定位电极为下电极以保证电极与铆钉的同轴度。分析了接头中各界面接合状态,探讨了焊接电流对接头的断面特征参量和抗剪载荷的影响。在所得电阻铆焊接头中,铆钉腿与周边金属实现了冶金结合。当采用直径为10 mm的上电极,焊接电流为10 kA时,接头的抗剪载荷达到6.78 kN。结果表明：采用定位电极对铝合金A6061与低碳钢Q235自冲铆接头进行点焊可提升接头性能。     

铝合金与钢的电阻凸塞焊

采用电阻凸塞焊新方法对A6061铝合金和Q235低碳钢进行焊接,观测了接头微观形貌并检测了接头特征区域的化学成分,对接头的力学性能进行了测试。结果表明:在电阻凸塞焊中,以钢/钢同种材料界面取代铝/钢异种材料界面实现了接头的可靠连接,避免了在焊接接头产生较多脆性的金属间化合物。与普通点焊的接头相比,电阻凸塞焊接头的力学性能有明显的提升;工艺孔直径为10.0 mm时,接头最大抗剪力达到6.28 kN,接头断裂属于塑性断裂。对于铝合金/钢异种材料的连接,电阻凸塞焊是一种有效的工艺方法。     

Q235碳素结构钢与6061铝合金搅拌摩擦点焊的试验研究

为验证Q235碳素结构钢与6061铝合金搅拌摩擦点焊的可行性,将厚度2mm的Q235钢板(上板)分别与厚度5mm和10mm的6061铝合金板(下板),在主轴转速1200 r/min、轴向负荷12kN以及不同的焊接挤压时间下进行搅拌摩擦点焊试验.结果 表明,对于5mm厚的铝合金板,钢/铝界面温度在8s时迅速上升至6061...     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.