超薄镀锌板辊弯成形回弹工艺分析

对于超薄镀锌板,厚度薄回弹量大难以控制是运用辊弯成形方法中的难点之一。基于ABAQUS有限元软件建立了超薄板辊弯成形仿真模型,以单波模型为例,运用正交试验方法分析了压型板的回弹,详细分析了相对弯曲半径变化对回弹的影响。研究表明,材料厚度增加、弯角半径减小时,回弹角度会减小;在一定范围内较少道次数也能减小回弹角度;板材回弹角度与r／t值成线性关系。     

Two-directional toolpath correction in single-point incremental forming using model predictive control

Incremental sheet forming (ISF) is an emerging forming technology that promises high flexibility and formability. These properties make it suited for small-scale and customised production. However, the poor geometric accuracy of ISF limits the wide application of this flexible forming technology. This paper presents a two-directional toolpath correction approach to enhance ISF forming accuracy using a model predictive control (MPC) algorithm. A toolpath optimisation method for vertical toolpath correction has been validated in our previous work (Lu et al., Int J Adv Manuf Technol 72:1–14, 2015), and it helps to reduce errors in the base of the test shapes to a suitable level while its major limitation is that horizontal geometric errors are relatively large. This paper extends our previous work (Lu et al., Int J Adv Manuf Technol 72:1–14, 2015) by augmenting the vertical control module with a new control module for horizontal toolpath correction. The proposed control algorithm was experimentally validated in single-point incremental sheet forming (SPIF) using two forming case studies. In the first case study (a truncated pyramid), two control approaches with different assumptions for the horizontal springback distribution along the horizontal cross-sectional profile were tested and compared. Then, the developed MPC control algorithm was applied to form a more complex asymmetric shape. The results show that the developed strategy can reduce the forming errors in the wall and base of the formed shape compared to the existing works. The ISF process with MPC control leads to significant accuracy improvement in comparison with the typical ISF process that is without toolpath control.     

铜铝复合板渐进成形回弹缺陷研究

为了讨论不同工艺参数对复合板渐进成形回弹的影响,建立了包含工具头、复合板材和复合界面的三维有限元模型,通过对比T形剥离结果得到复合界面内聚力单元参数,通过实验验证了有限元模型的可靠性.实验结果表明,成形角对双金属复合板渐进成形回弹最敏感,工具头直径对回弹敏感度最低,另外,内聚力单元能有效模拟双金属复合板结合界面,模拟误...     

Optimized bending angle distribution function of contour plate roll forming

Regarding the roll forming of contour plates, traditional roll forming techniques often result in peak longitudinal strain during the forming process, which causes defects such as longitudinal bowing and springback. The bending angle, sheet thickness, and the number of forming passes are all important process parameters that cause the aforementioned problems. This study proposes quantifying the projection track regarding the edge of the profile section in the horizontal plane that follows a cubic curve and uses the curve function to reasonably distribute the bending angle to study the maximum forming strain and the average strain for all passes of the sheet between the forming passes. Simultaneously, the influence law of the sheet thickness and number of forming passes was studied. Based on theoretical simulation and experimental verification, the optimal bending angle distribution function is A1: y?=?x³?+?x²?+?x. When the thickness of the sheet is 1.5 mm, both the maximum forming strain between the passes during roll forming and the average strain of all passes are the smallest, which are 3.91 and 0.609%, respectively. Moreover, with the increase in the number of passes, the longitudinal bowing and springback decrease to varying degrees.     

金属板材数控单点渐进成形回弹的实验研究

主要研究了金属板材数控单点渐进成形过程中的回弹问题 ,分析了影响板材渐进成形回弹的主要因素和变化规律 ,提出了一种通过增大成形角度控制回弹的方法。     

Effects of forming parameters on temperature in frictional stir incremental sheet forming

Frictional stir Incremental sheet forming (ISF) is a new technology used to fabricate parts of hard-to-form materials without using heating equipment. Thus far, limited information is known about the effects of main forming parameters, except spindle speed of the tool, on the temperature of formed sheet in friction-stir ISF. The effects of six forming parameters, namely, sheet thickness, tool vertical step, tool diameter, spindle speed, feed rate, and wall angle of the formed part, were identified using the design of experiment of orthogonal array, analysis of response tables and graphs, and analysis of variance. Results show that spindle speed, feed rate, sheet thickness, and tool vertical step significantly affect the temperature of the sheet. In addition, the temperature of the sheet is significantly increased by increasing sheet thickness, tool vertical step, and spindle speed but significantly decreased with increasing tool feed rate.

     

Springback prediction of high-strength sheet metal under air bending forming and tool design based on GA�CBPNN

Based on orthogonal test for air bending of high-strength steel sheets, 125 values of sheet thickness (t), tool gap (c), punch radius (r), ratio of yield strength to Young??s modulus (?? _y /E), and punch displacement (e) are used to model the springback for air bending of high-strength sheet metal using the genetic algorithm (GA) and back propagation neural network (BPNN) approach, where the positive model and reverse model of springback prediction are established, respectively, with GA and BPNN. Adopting the ??object-positive model?Creverse model?? learning method, air bending springback law is studied with positive model and punch radius is predicted by reverse model. Manifested by the experiment for air bending forming of a workpiece used as crane boom, the prediction method proposed yields satisfactory effect in sheet metal air bending forming and punch design.     

基于响应面法的单点增量成形过程变形能优化

单点增量成形过程中的变形能对加工成本控制及工具头与材料之间的热效应和摩擦效应有直接影响。以典型圆锥形制件为研究对象,采用BBD实验方法,设计四因素三水平实验方案,利用响应面法研究工具头直径d、层间距Z、板厚t和成形角α对变形能的影响,并得到变形能的多元二次预测模型,最后以变形能最小为目标对该模型进行优化。实验结果表明：板厚对变形能的线性影响最显著,随着板厚的增大变形能增大,工具头直径越大所需变形能越大,成形角增大时所需的变形能增大;变形能最小的工艺参数组合是工具头直径4.0mm、层间距0.95mm、板厚0.57mm、成形角45°。     

Thickness improvement in single point incremental forming deduced by sequential limit analysis

Multistage forming is one of the most practical solutions to avoid severe thinning in single point incremental forming (SPIF). A successful implementation of multistage SPIF is strongly dependent on an appropriate deformation path. In this paper, firstly, a simplified modeling technique is proposed using sequential limit analysis. It is shown that sequential limit analysis can predict the thickness distribution faster than an equivalent model in a commercial finite element modeling code like Abaqus can. The reliability of the model is assessed by comparing experimental and simulated results for single-stage and multistage SPIF cones. This model is utilized to study the effect of various deformation paths on the thickness distribution. As a result, a new multistage strategy is designed and implemented to form a 70° wall angle cone in three stages. The thickness distribution of the cone is improved significantly compared to cones formed by a single-stage and a conventional three-stage strategy. Besides this improvement, the new multistage SPIF can be carried out in much less time.     

多道次单点渐进成形变形规律试验研究

针对材料在多道次单点渐进成形中的变形规律,研究了其流动特性和应变分布。试验结果表明,多道次单点渐进成形所得零件存在较为明显的第二主应变,且随成形深度的增大而增大,同时,零件壁厚随成形深度的增大明显地减小。针对此问题进行了补充试验,证明增加成形道次可在一定程度上改善成形质量。此外,结合对试验数据的分析,分析了壁厚随成形深度变化的原因,指出对于大成形角度的零件在多道次单点渐进成形中存在成形深度极限。     

Improving profile accuracy in SPIF process through statistical optimization of forming parameters

In single-point incremental forming (SPIF) process, a number of parameters are involved and need to be adjusted before the commencement of the forming operation. The inappropriate selection of these parameters could be detrimental to process accuracy. In this paper, the effect of five parameters, namely, sheet thickness, tool radius, step size, wall angle, and pre-straining level of sheet, on the profile accuracy of the produced part of AA1060 with SPIF is experimentally investigated. A response surface method is employed for the experimental design and regression analysis. The experimental results are presented in the form of graphical three-dimensional response surfaces. The results of ANOVA show that the sheet thickness, wall angle, step size, and the interaction between the sheet thickness and wall angle are extremely significant in terms of their effect on profile accuracy. Furthermore, an empirical model is proposed to achieve improved profile accuracy in terms of the optimized parameters.     

Modeling and simulation for multiple-step incremental air-bending forming of sheet metal

Based on Hill’s yielding criterion and plane strain condition, the explicit expressions of elastoplastic constitutive model are derived in this paper which takes into account the effects of transverse stress, neutral surface shifting, and sheet thickness thinning on the sheet springback of air-bending. Then, this model is embedded into ABAQUS software platform by means of programming. Finally, 3D ABAQUS finite-element models (FEM), used to form the semiellipse-shaped workpiece with super length and large opening of sheet metal, are established, and the multiple-step incremental air-bending forming and springback processes are simulated. The simulation and experiment results show that the data predicted with the new constructed constitutive model under the plane strain condition are in much better agreement with experimental data than those predicted with the constitutive model built-in ABAQUS. It can be taken as a valuable mathematical tool used for multiple-step incremental air-bending forming simulation of large area sheet metal.     

数控渐进成形中的鼓包问题分析

针对渐进成形过程中的鼓包问题,分析了该现象的形成原因,利用简单试验法分析了零件成形角度、成形深度、成形零件直径、零件形状对鼓包问题的影响规律;并采用三因素两水平的正交试验方法分析了工具头直径、板料厚度、每层进给量及其交互作用对成形结果的影响。结果表明:板料成形角度越小鼓包高度越大,通过优化成形工艺参数可以减小鼓包高度,采用渐进成形正成形方法可以从根本上解决鼓包问题。     

Influence of tool parameters on tool wear in two-roll cross-wedge rolling

A simulation model for two-wedge two-roll cross-wedge rolling was presented by using three-dimensional rigid plastic finite element method. Based on the simulation results, the influence of three tool parameters—the forming angle α, the spreading angle β, and the area reduction Ψ on tool wear—is ascertained and discussed. The study results indicate that the tool wear depth increases with larger α, β, and Ψ. Simultaneously, tool wear can be improved under the condition of α?=?28°, β?=?8°, Ψ₁?=?48.6 %, and Ψ₂?=?53.3 %. Subsequently, blank forming for the engine connect rod was produced in the factory and statistical data from the factory manifests the feasibility of study results.     

Study on multiple-step incremental air-bending forming of sheet metal with springback model and FEM simulation

A mathematical model of springback radius was developed with dimensional analysis and orthogonal test. With this model, the punch radius could be solved for forming high-precision semiellipse-shaped workpieces. With the punch radius and other geometrical parameters of a tool, a 2D ABAQUS finite-element model (FEM) was established. Then, the forming process of sheet metal multiple-step incremental air bending was simulated with the FEM. The result showed that average errors of the simulated workpiece were +0.68/?0.65 mm, and provided the process data consisting of sheet feed rate, punch displacement and springback angle in each step. A semiellipse-shaped workpiece, whose average errors are +0.68/?0.69 mm, was made with the simulation data. These results indicate that the punch design method is feasible with the mathematical model, and the means of FEM simulation is effective. It can be taken as a new approach for sheet metal multiple-step incremental air-bending forming and tool design.     

Determining frustum depth of 304 stainless steel plates with various diameters and thicknesses by incremental forming

Nowadays incremental forming is more popular because of its flexibility and cost saving. However, no engineering data is available for manufacturers for forming simple shapes like a frustum by incremental forming, and either expensive experimental tests or finite element analysis (FEA) should be employed to determine the depth of a frustum considering: thickness, material, cone diameter, wall angle, feed rate, tool diameter, etc. In this study, finite element technique, confirmed by experimental study, was employed for developing applicable curves for determining the depth of frustums made from 304 stainless steel (SS304) sheet with various cone angles, thicknesses from 0.3 to 1 mm and major diameters from 50 to 200 mm using incremental forming. Using these curves, the frustum angle and its depth knowing its thickness and major diameter can be predicted. The effects of feed rate, vertical pitch and tool diameter on frustum depth and surface quality were also addressed in this study.     

差厚激光拼焊板的拉延切边回弹特性

采用数值模拟和试验的方法,对厚度组合为1.2 mm/0.8 mm的激光拼焊板进行拉延切边工艺分析,重点就压边力大小、摩擦因数、凹模圆角等参数对回弹的影响进行研究,测量各工艺参数下拼焊板拉延切边的凸凹模圆角处的回弹角、总的回弹角和侧壁曲率,还测量出拼焊板成形中的焊缝移动和应力分布情况和分析相互联系,并与拼焊板拉延弯曲回弹进行比较。分析认为,与拉延弯曲回弹相似,压边力、摩擦因数、凹模圆角等工艺参数对拼焊板拉延切边回弹有着明显的影响,而压边力是关键因素;拼焊板拉延切边回弹和拉弯回弹都与焊缝移动有密切的关系,控制焊缝移动将有利于回弹的降低;相比之下,拼焊板拉延切边回弹比拉弯回弹要小。     

Influence of the temperature on residual stresses and springback effect in an aluminium alloy

This study deals with the experimental and numerical investigation of springback in an aluminium alloy at different temperatures. An experimental split-ring test is performed on a AA5754-O alloy using a laboratory drawing device. The influence of temperature during forming over springback is measured from room temperature to 200 °C. The temperature is the same for all tools and is maintained constant during all the forming process. The experimental results are compared to numerical simulations performed with the finite element code Abaqus. Material parameters are identified using uniaxial tensile tests at different temperatures and several strain rates in order to take into account both temperature and viscous effects in a coupled thermomechanical constitutive law. The stress and strain states in the cup at the end of the drawing and after springback are analyzed as a function of temperature and a detailed study of stress distributions in the thickness of the blank is proposed. It is shown that the effect of temperature tends to decrease the stress gradient in the cup wall that is directly linked to the decrease of the springback opening of the ring. The distribution of the hoop stress in the cup wall is the main factor influencing the springback mechanism in warm forming condition.     

Numerical simulation and experimental investigation to improve the dimensional accuracy in electric hot incremental forming of Ti–6Al–4V titanium sheet

Electric hot incremental forming is feasible and easy to control to form hard-to-form sheet metals, but the limited accuracy is a major deficiency. In order to find methods to improve precision, single-point electric hot incremental of Ti–6Al–4V titanium sheet was numerically simulated using MSC.Marc, and experimental investigations were also carried out in this paper. Through numerical analysis, distributing laws of temperature, thermal strain, stress, and equivalent strain were revealed, and impacts of cold contract and thermal strain on forming were also revealed. Analysis showed that electric hot incremental forming is a complex pyroplastic deformation, and there is a large internal stress in single-point electric hot incremental forming. The incremental sheet forming region can be divided into three parts: bending deformation at the beginning, shear forming at middle, and reverse bending at last; it is important to enhance the accuracy of the bending part and the reverse bending part, and adequate support must be provided in the beginning to reduce the bending part. In order to form a workpiece with small angle, two-point incremental forming was adopted at first because the gravity of clamp can reduce the reverse bending, then single-point electric hot incremental forming was adopted to enhance the accuracy and reduce internal stress of workpiece.     

高强度梁类件回弹及补偿的二维截面法修正

针对现有的二维截面法预测、补偿回弹时无法有效地解决高强度汽车梁类件在成形后出现的纵向回弹及冲压负角问题,提出了修正算法对原算法进行修正及补充。修正后的算法充分考虑了各个关键截面的纵向回弹,针对迭代效率及精度,在补偿算法基础上引入了材料系数及能动系数来保证算法的合理性和可行性。根据侧壁角度回弹及卷曲回弹的不同变形模式,对补偿算法进行了考虑冲压负角的修正及补充。以某典型拼焊板汽车梁类件为例,对修正前后的二维截面算法进行了对比,实验结果证明了修正算法的可行性。
