Chemical-Enhanced Washing for Remediation of Soils Contaminated with Marine Diesel Fuel in the Presence/Absence of Pb

The effects of the operating conditions, the initial concentrations of marine diesel fuel (MDF) and the coexisting Pb in the soil, and the ethylene diamine tetra acetic salt (EDTA) in solution on MDF removal by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) washing were extensively investigated with the aim of optimizing the process parameters and determining the MDF removal efficiency by SDS under different contamination conditions. The experimental results from batch tests indicated that the majority of MDF was removed by SDS in the first 2?h, and its optimal pH was nearly neutral. Increasing the SDS concentration linearly increased the MDF removal efficiency. At a given SDS concentration, the removal efficiency was dependent on the existing forms of MDF in soils, and the free phase of MDF was found to be more easily removed than the adsorbed phase. MDF removal by SDS was significantly reduced by the coexisting Pb in soils, which likely forms a complexation with SDS and thereby enhances the partitioning of MDF in the soil by the re-adsorption of released MDF onto the hydrophobic tails of the adsorbed SDS. EDTA alone, or with SDS, could remove MDF, but the remaining MDF in the contaminated soil after EDTA washing became more difficult to be removed by SDS. Therefore, the EDTA washing followed by SDS washing is not recommended for MDF removal.     

典型锰矿区周边农田土壤重金属污染风险评价及其来源分析

为探究典型锰矿区周边农田土壤重金属污染状况及主要来源,以重庆市秀山县溶溪锰矿区周边农用地的土壤为研究对象,测定了土壤中镉、砷、铅、铬、镍、铜、锌和锰的含量,采用了多种分析方法（包括多元统计分析、单因子污染指数法、内梅罗指数法和地质累积指数法）研究土壤重金属污染水平、分布特征,并结合皮尔逊相关性分析、PCA和APCS-MLR分析,解析研究区土壤重金属的主要来源和贡献率。结果表明,锰矿区周边水稻田土壤Mn均值含量显著低于其它农作物土壤（p＜0.05）,其他7种重金属均值含量在各农田土壤中均无显著差异（p＞0.05）。内梅罗综合污染指数表现为红薯地（13.34）＞大豆地（2.73）＞玉米地（2.19）＞水稻田（1.80）,重金属污染程度由大到小表现为：Mn＞Cd＞As＞Ni、Zn＞Pb、Cr、Cu。地累积指数由大到小表现为：Mn＞As＞Pb＞Zn＞Ni＞Cd＞Cu＞Cr。污染源解析表明,研究区土壤中Cd、Pb、Ni、Cu、Zn和Mn之间存在显著正相关关系（r=0.5~0.8、p＜0.01）,主要受到矿业开采等活动影响,贡献率分别为80.0%、55.3%、57.9%、61.4%、73.3%和98.4%。As和Cr存在显著正相关关系（r=0.548、p＜0.01）,主要受到土壤母质等自然因素的影响,贡献率分别高达88.5%和76.3%。因此,应重点加强对Mn和Cd的来源管控和污染防治。此外,红薯地8种重金属污染累积程度均高于其他农作物土地,应开展相应整治,防止持续对红薯地土壤造成污染。     

Study on Optimal Conditions for Recovery of EDTA from Soil Washing Effluents

The recovery of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) from washing effluents is essential to reduce the cost of EDTA-enhanced soil washing and the production of wastewater. This study evaluated a recovery method, in which Pb or Zn was first dissociated from Pb– or Zn–EDTA complex through the replacement reaction by adding FeCl3 and then removed as phosphate precipitates through adding Na2HPO4. Finally, Fe(III) was removed as Fe(OH)3 precipitates through adding Ca(OH)2. As a result, EDTA was recovered as Ca–EDTA for further use in soil washing process. The optimal conditions for EDTA recovery, including the molar ratios of FeCl3 and Na2HPO4 to EDTA as well as the pH after adding Na2HPO4 and adding Ca(OH)2, were well investigated. Under the optimal conditions, 96% of Pb or 83% of Zn was removed from the Pb– or Zn–EDTA, respectively. The four-cycle recovery and reuse of EDTA experiments indicated the recovered EDTA from soil washing effluents did not lose much chelating capacity for Pb removal. However, there is a loss of 15% of its chelating capacity in the first cycle reuse for Zn-contaminated soil washing due to substantial Zn residual in the recovered EDTA solution.     

Levels of heavy metals in seals of Lake Ladoga and the White Sea

Between 1990 and 1993 samples of hair, liver, kidney and muscle were collected from 28 ringed seals from Lake Ladoga, Phoca hispida ladogensis, 20 ringed seals, Phoca hispida hispida, and three bearded seals, Erignathus barbatus, from the White Sea for heavy-metal residue analyses in tissues. The concentration of Hg, Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni and Zn were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). The samples of hair and liver contained the highest mean levels of the elements analysed and the muscle contained the lowest mean heavy-metal concentrations. Age and sex differences in the accumulation of pollutants were found. Tissues of Ladoga ringed seal were to a greater extent contaminated with the heavy metals studied than the tissues of the White Sea pinnipeds.     

Feasibility of Estimating Heavy Metal Contaminations in Floodplain Soils Using Laboratory-Based Hyperspectral Data—A Case Study Along Le'an River,China

It is necessary to estimate heavy metal concentrations within soils for understanding heavy metal contaminations and for keeping the sustainable developments of ecosystems. This study, with the floodplain along Le'an River and its two branches in Jiangxi Province of China as a case study, aimed to explore the feasibility of estimating concentrations of heavy metal lead (Pb), copper (Cu)and zinc (Zn) within soils using laboratory-based hyperspectral data. Thirty soil samples were collected, and their hyperspectral data,soil organic matters and Pb, Cu and Zn concentrations were measured in the laboratory. The potential relations among hyperspectral data, soil organic matter and Pb, Cu and Zn concentrations were explored and further used to estimate Pb, Cu and Zn concentrations from hyperspectral data with soil organic matter as a bridge. The results showed that the ratio of the first-order derivatives of spectral absorbance at wavelengths 624 and 564 nm could explain 52% of the variation of soil organic matter; the soil organic matter could explain 59%, 51% and 50% of the variation of Pb, Cu and Zn concentrations with estimated standard errors of 1.41, 48.27 and 45.15mg·kg-1;and the absolute estimation errors were 8%-56%,12%-118% and 2%-22%,and 50%,67% and 100% of them were less than 25% Pb, Cu and Zn concentration estimations. We concluded that the laboratory-based hyperspectral data hold potentials in estimating concentrations of heavy metal Pb, Cu and Zn in soils. More sampling points or other potential linear and non-linear regression methods should be used for improving the stabilities and accuracies of the estimation models.     

湖南某铅锌矿区土壤重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价

在湖南郴州某铅锌矿区采集94个表层土样,分析土壤中As、Cd、Pb、Zn的含量及污染程度,并运用hakanson指数法对其进行潜在生态风险评价。结果表明,土壤中As、Cd、Pb、zn的平均含量分别为89．73mg／kg、7．69mg／kg、876．83mg／kg和1018．83mg／kg,均超过国家土壤环境质量三级标准的限定值,其平均污染指数分别为：2．24、7．69、1．75、2．04。研究区综合污染指数为13．76,污染程度为较高污染。土壤重金属元素的潜在生态危害性为Cd〉As〉Pb〉Zn,其中Cd是主要的生态风险的贡献因子。     

赣州市土壤重金属形态分布特征及污染评价

以赣州市6大功能区土壤重金属为研究对象,采取表层0~20cm土壤共50个样品,测定土壤中重金属Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd和Cr含量并分析其来源,采用改进BCR连续提取法进行形态分析,结合次生相与原生相分布比值法、单因子指数法进行污染评价。结果表明研究区土壤中Pb和Cu元素变异系数较大,重金属Zn, Cu和Pb之间相关性显著。通过单因子指数法评价结果可以看出,赣州市6大功能区都受到重金属Cd的重度污染,居民区和工业区受到重金属Cr的轻度污染,交通区受到重金属Pb和Zn的轻度污染。研究区土壤重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn形态都以残渣态为主,次生相与原生相比值都是小于1的属于无污染。      

某矿区农田土壤重金属分布特征与生态风险评价

为探明贵州六盘水某矿区周边农田土壤重金属的分布特征及污染程度,以矿区周边农田为研究对象,采集表层土壤测定Cr、Ni、Cu、Pb、Zn和As含量,分析重金属空间分布特征,评价土壤重金属污染程度及潜在生态风险,并探究其来源。结果显示,6种重金属元素含量均高于贵州省土壤重金属背景值,超标倍数依次为Cu(5.82)>Ni(2.52)>Zn(2.46)>Pb(1.81)Cr(1.51)>As(1.18),重金属分布显示矿区煤矸石山和洗选厂周边的农田土壤重金属富集较为严重。单项污染指数均值显示Cu处于重度污染水平,Ni、Zn为轻度污染水平,Pb、Cr、As为轻微污染水平;综合污染处于重度污染级别。地质累积指数法评价结果显示:Cu、Ni、Zn、Pb处于轻度污染,Cr、As表现为尚未污染水平。研究区重金属的综合潜在生态风险指数为68.02,已经达到轻度危害程度,其中Cu、Ni对综合潜在生态风险(RI)的贡献最大。多元统计分析结果显示,Zn与Pb、Zn与As以及Cu与Pb的相关性较强,表明Zn、Pb、AS、Cu的来源较相似,为第一类来源,主要源于采矿活动产生的三废;Ni、Cr分别为第二、三类来源,第二类重金属来源与汽车尾气的排放、机械损耗有关;第三类重金属主要受土壤母质影响。4种评价结果基本一致,矿区周边农田土壤重金属处于重度污染,轻度危害程度,Cu、Ni是研究区土壤影响最显著的生态风险因子,重金属主要源于采矿活动产生的三废。     

Advanced Oxidation for Treatment of Aqueous Extracts from EDTA Extraction of Pb and Zn Contaminated Soil

The feasibility of using advanced oxidation processes (AOPs): ozone, ozone/sonification, and ozone/ultraviolet (UV) irradiation in treatment to remove heavy metals and ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA) from aqueous extracts, obtained after soil extraction with EDTA, was examined. Extraction of soil contaminated with 1,243?mg?kg?1 Pb and 1,190?mg?kg?1 Zn with 40?mmol?kg?1 EDTA removed 41.8±0.9 and 7.2±.0.2% of Pb and Zn. Of the AOPs tested, only the use of ozone/UV enabled the decomposition of EDTA–heavy metals complexes in aqueous soil extracts, and recovery of released Pb and Zn by sorption on a commercial sorbent Slovakite. After treatment, the concentration of Pb, Zn, and EDTA in the extracts was fairly low (2.87±1.15?mg?L?1, 7.58±2.12?mg?L?1, and 0.012±0.002?mmol?L?1, respectively), and could presumably be reduced even further with a continuation of treatment. The treated extract was used for subsequent soil rinsing, which removed an additional 12.7±1.6 and 2.7±0.1% of soil Pb and Zn. The results of our study indicate that the use of ozone/UV is a feasible option for treatment of aqueous soil extracts from EDTA extraction. Treated extracts could be safely discharged or reused to lower requirements for process water.     

Complicating Factors of Using Ethylenediamine Tetraacetic Acid to Enhance Electrokinetic Remediation of Multiple Heavy Metals in Clayey Soils

Batch and electrokinetic experiments were conducted to investigate the removal of three different heavy metals, chromium(VI), nickel(II), and cadmium(II), from a clayey soil by using ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) as a complexing agent. The batch experiments revealed that high removal of these heavy metals (62–100%) was possible by using either a 0.1?M or 0.2?M EDTA concentration over a wide range of pH conditions (2–10). However, the results of the electrokinetic experiments using EDTA at the cathode showed low heavy metal removal efficiency. Using EDTA at the cathode along with the pH control at the anode with NaOH increased the pH throughout the soil and achieved high (95%) Cr(VI) removal, but the removal of Ni(II) and Cd(II) was limited due to the precipitation of these metals near the cathode. Apparently, the low mobility of EDTA and its migration direction, which opposed electroosmotic flow, prevented EDTA complexation from occurring. Overall, this study found that many complicating factors affect EDTA-enhanced electrokinetic remediation, and further research is necessary to optimize this process to achieve high contaminant removal efficiency.     

Heavy Metals Removal from Acidic and Saline Soil Leachate Using Either Electrochemical Coagulation or Chemical Precipitation

This study compares electrocoagulation and chemical precipitation for heavy metals removal from acidic soil saline leachate (SSL) at the laboratory pilot scale. The electrocoagulation process was evaluated via an electrolytic cell [12 cm (width)×12 cm (length)×19 cm (depth)] using mild steel electrodes (10 cm width×11 cm high), whereas chemical precipitation was evaluated using either calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] or sodium hydroxide (NaOH). By comparison with chemical precipitation at a pH varying between 7 and 8, electrocoagulation was more effective in removing metals from SSL having a relatively low contamination level (124?mg?Pb/L and 38?mg?Zn/L). For SSL enriched with different heavy metals (each concentration of metals was initially adjusted to 100 mg/L) and treated at a pH lower than 8.5, with the exception of Cd, the residual metal concentrations at the end of the experiments were below the acceptable level recommended for effluent discharge in urban sewage works (less than 4 mg/L of each residual metal concentration was recorded) using electrocoagulation, contrary to chemical precipitation using NaOH (more than 15 mg/L of each residual metal concentration was recorded). By comparison, chemical precipitation using Ca(OH)2 was effective in reducing Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn under the permissive level, but not for Cd and Pb. However, both chemical precipitation processes needed to be operated at higher pH values (around 10.0) to be more effective in reducing metals from SSL and, therefore, required a pH adjustment of the effluent before discharge, whereas electrochemical treatment had a practical advantage of producing an effluent having a pH close to the neutral value and suitable for stream discharge in the receiving water. On the other hand, electrocoagulation was also found to be very efficient for removing Pb from very contaminated solutions (250–2,000 mg?Pb/L). At least 94% of Pb was removed regardless of the initial Pb concentration in the SSL. Electrochemical coagulation involves a total cost varying from 8.67 to 13.00 $/tds, whereas 0.84 to 16.73 $/tds is recorded using chemical precipitation. The cost included only energy consumption, chemicals consumption, and metallic sludge disposal.     

Food poisoning and infections in 1992

The concentration of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were determined in the soils obtained from various traffic roads in Cracow including surroundings of steel works. The method of atom absorption spectrometry was using to determination of Ca, Mg, Pb, Fe, Zn, Cd, Cu. PAH (fluoranthene, pyrene, benz(a)anthracene + chryzene, benz(a)pyrene, benz(ghi)perylene, fenanthrene and perylene) were determined by gas chromatography. The highest concentration of heavy metals was found in zone of steel works. A steep fall concentration of Fe was observed in the soils with increasing distance from the works. It seems that the variety in concentration of metals don't depend only on vehicular traffic. The highest mean PAH concentration exceeding 800 micrograms/kg of dried soils was found in soil samples taken from roads where the traffic is the highest.     

Enhanced Electrokinetic Remediation of Heavy Metals in Glacial Till Soils Using Different Electrolyte Solutions

Previous electrokinetic remediation studies involving the geochemical characterization of heavy metals in high acid buffering soils, such as glacial till soil, revealed significant hexavalent chromium migration towards the anode. The migration of cationic contaminants, such as nickel and cadmium, towards the cathode was insignificant due to their precipitation under the high pH conditions that result when the soil has a high acid buffering capacity. Therefore the present laboratory study was undertaken to investigate the performance of different electrolyte (or purging) solutions, which were introduced to either dissolve the metal precipitates and/or form soluble metal complexes. Tests were conducted on a glacial till soil that was spiked with Cr(VI), Ni(II), and Cd(II) in concentrations of 1,000, 500, and 250 mg/kg, respectively, under the application of a 1.0 VDC/cm voltage gradient. The electrolyte solutions tested were 0.1M EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), 1.0M acetic acid, 1.0M citric acid, 0.1M NaCl/0.1M EDTA, and 0.05M sulfuric acid/0.5M sulfuric acid. The results showed that 46–82% of the Cr(VI) was removed from the soil, depending on the purging solution used. The highest removal of Ni(II) and Cd(II) was 48 and 26%, respectively, and this removal was achieved using 1.0M acetic acid. Although cationic contaminant removal was low, the use of 0.1M NaCl as an anode purging solution and 0.1M EDTA as a cathode purging solution resulted in significant contaminant migration towards the soil regions adjacent to the electrodes. Compared to low buffering capacity soils, such as kaolin, the removal of heavy metals from the glacial till soil was low, and this was attributed to the more complex composition of glacial till. Overall, this study showed that the selection of the purging solutions for the enhanced removal of heavy metals from soils should be primarily based upon the contaminant characteristics and the soil composition.     

Prediction of Heavy Metals Mobility and Bioavailability in Contaminated Soil Using Sequential Extraction and Biosensors

Several chemical and biological methods have been developed in the last decade to evaluate heavy metals mobility and bioavailability in contaminated soils. In this study, two methods, Biomet sensors and chemical sequential extraction [potentially bioavailable assessment sequential extraction (PBASE) method], were used to predict heavy metals bioavailability in the surface and heavy metals mobility in the subsurface of smelter-contaminated soils, respectively. The heavy metals considered (arsenic, copper, iron, lead, and zinc) were those detected in a previous sampling campaign performed in the contaminated area. Biomet biosensor results indicated that 15–25% of Cu and Zn were bioavailable for plants and animals uptake in the soil surface, whereas higher values were obtained for As and Pb (>60%). In the soil subsurface, iron was identified as the less mobile element, followed by As and Pb, since they were mainly present in the nonsoluble fractions of PBASE method. In contrast, Cu and Zn showed similar distribution between the soluble and nonsoluble fractions. Therefore, PBASE and Biomet are useful and complementary methods which supply different information about heavy metals occurrence in contaminated soils: the first method indicates their potential mobility, whereas the second one shows their potential bioavailability for biota.     

某铅锌尾矿库周边土壤重金属污染特征及其来源分析

以某铅锌尾矿库周边土壤为研究对象,测定土壤中Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni重金属含量,采用地质统计分析掌握重金属含量空间分布,再利用单因子污染指数、内梅罗综合污染指数和地质累积指数评价重金属污染状况,并结合相关性分析和主成分分析探重金属来源。结果表明,土壤中Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni平均含量分别为10.4、1.54、132、653、62.8、73.8、1 392、31.6 mg/kg,越靠近尾矿库,Cd、As、Pb、Cu、Zn、Hg含量越高。内梅罗综合污染指数表明,研究区综合污染指数为11.2,为重污染,单因子污染指数和地质累积指数表明,研究区土壤Cd污染最严重,其次是As、Zn、Pb、Cu、Hg污染,Cr和Ni无污染。相关性分析和主成分分析表明,Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Zn之间存在显著正相关关系,主要受铅锌尾矿库长期堆存、转运及加工等人为活动影响,Cr、Ni主要来自土壤母质,Cu主要受矿业活动和农业活动共同影响。     

Sequential Electrokinetic Remediation of Mixed Contaminants in Low Permeability Soils

The coexistence of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at many of the contaminated sites poses a severe threat to public health and the environment. Very few technologies, such as soil washing/flushing and stabilization/solidification, are available to remediate such sites; however, these technologies are ineffective and expensive to treat contaminants in low permeability clayey soils. Previous studies have shown that electrokinetic remediation has potential to remove heavy metals and organic compounds when they exist individually in clayey soils. In the present study, the feasibility of using surfactants and organic acids sequentially and vice versa during electrokinetic remediation was evaluated for the removal of both heavy metals and PAHs from clayey soils. Kaolin was selected as a model clayey soil and it was spiked with phenanthrene and nickel at concentrations of 500 mg/kg dry each to simulate typical field mixed contamination. Bench-scale electrokinetic experiments were performed with the sequential anode conditioning with: (1) 1 M citric acid followed by 5% Igepal CA-720; (2) 1 M citric acid followed by 5% Tween 80; and (3) 5% Igepal CA-720 followed by 1 M citric acid. A periodic voltage gradient of 2 V/cm (with 5 days on and 2 days off cycles) was applied in all the tests. A removal of about 96% of phenanthrene was observed in the test with 5% Igepal CA-720 followed by 1 M citric acid sequence. Most of the nickel (>90%) migrated from anode to cathode in this test; however, it precipitated in the section very close to the cathode due to the high pH conditions. Conversely, the removal efficiency of nickel was about 96 and 88% in the tests with 1 M citric acid followed by 5% Igepal CA-720 sequence and 1?M citric acid followed by 5% Tween 80 sequence, respectively. However, the migration and removal efficiency of phenanthrene in both of these tests were very low. Overall, it can be concluded that the sequential use of 5% Igepal CA-720 followed by 1 M citric acid may be an effective remedial strategy to remove coexisting heavy metals and PAHs from clayey soils.     

地质高背景区铅锌矿废弃地土壤重金属污染评价

调查研究了某废弃铅锌矿区周边农田土壤中重金属Hg、As、Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn的污染状况,并结合单因素指数法、地累积指数法、污染指数负荷法、灰色聚类法及聚类热图分析对重金属污染程度和空间分布状况进行评价,采用相关性分析和主成分分析识别污染途径。结果表明,研究区Cd、Zn、Hg、Pb、Cu和As含量均超过贵州省土壤背景值。Cd的外源污染最严重,Zn、Pb、Hg次之。重金属污染程度与河流以及距矿区距离呈正相关。主要污染因子为Cd,次要污染因子为Hg和Zn,各采样点均处于严重污染。研究区重金属来源可分为4类,Cu、Cd、Zn属工业源污染,主要为矿山开采;As、Hg污染与工业源和农业源有关;Cr、Pb含量受交通源与工业源以及自然源多方面影响。     

Electrokinetic Remediation of Cadmium-Contaminated Clay

Electrokinetic extraction has been demonstrated to be very effective in removing heavy metals from Georgia kaolinite. The relatively high removal efficiency depends on the extremely acidic soil environment generated by the electrokinetic process. However, the efficiency observed in Georgia kaolinite cannot be achieved in soils of high acid/base buffer capacity without enhancement. In this study, the effect of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) to enhance electrokinetic extraction of cadmium from Milwhite kaolinite was examined. The influence of electro-osmotic flow direction on the migration of cadmium, EDTA, and their complexes were also investigated. It was observed that injection of EDTA from the cathode reservoir by a reverse electro-osmotic flow could mobilize the cadmium in the specimen effectively. A less significant mobilization of cadmium was observed when the electro-osmotic flow was directed toward the cathode. However, accumulation of cadmium near the anode was observed regardless of the electro-osmotic flow direction.     

Evaluation of Electrokinetic Removal of Heavy Metals from Tailing Soils

Electrokinetic remediation was studied for the removal of toxic heavy metals from tailing soils. The study emphasized the dependency of removal efficiencies upon their speciations, as demonstrated by the different extraction methods used, which included sequential extraction, total digestion, and 0.1 N HCl extraction. The tailing soils examined showed different physicochemical characteristics, such as initial pH, particle size distribution, and major mineral constituents, and they contained high concentrations of target metal contaminants in various forms. The electrokinetic removal efficiencies of heavy metals were significantly influenced by their partitioning prior to treatment, and the pHs of the tailing soils. The mobile and weakly bound fractions of heavy metals, such as the exchangeable fraction, were easily removed by electrokinetic treatment (more than 90% removal efficiency), but immobile and strongly bound fractions, such as the organically bound species and residual fractions, were not significantly removed (less than 20% removal efficiencies).     

铜矿矿山废水的物化净化处理研究

针对某铜矿矿山酸性废水与选矿废水的所形成的混合废水的pH值较低,COD及重金属离子浓度较高的特点,研究利用Fenton氧化-电石乳中和-絮凝联合工艺处理酸碱混合废水的效果,试验表明:联合工艺对废水中的COD和重金属有着较高的去除率,当双氧水、电石乳及PAM投加量分别为340mg/L、12g/L以及2mg/L时,废水经处理后,COD<100mg/L,重金属Zn2+、Cu2+无检出,总铁<0.1mg/L、总锰<0.1mg/L,出水达到国家《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)一级排放标准。