间甲酚和磺酸对聚苯胺“协同掺杂”作用研究

将甲酚作为一种掺杂剂与传统掺杂剂对聚苯胺(PANI)进行共同掺杂,并通过改变甲酚掺杂量和掺杂方式,制备得到一系列甲酚、磺酸共同掺杂PANI。测定了掺杂产物的电导率、结晶度和热稳定性,结果表明,甲酚和磺酸共同掺杂使PANI的分子链构像由卷曲变得更加舒展,从而使其电导率提高。在掺杂的同时加入间甲酚,且甲酚和本征态聚苯胺(EB)的摩尔比为0.2∶1所得PANI的电导率达到32.5S/cm。共同掺杂还使所得PANI的结晶度增大,热稳定性提高。     

盐酸与DBSA共掺杂聚苯胺修饰碳纳米管性能的研究

采用原位乳液聚合法制备了盐酸与十二烷基苯磺酸(DBSA)共掺杂聚苯胺/MWNTs复合材料。利用FTIR、TEM和TG等对复合材料的形貌和性能进行了表征。TEM结果表明苯胺共聚物包覆于碳纳米管表面,包覆厚度为10~20nm。复合材料在DMF、THF和氯仿中的溶解性大幅度提高,在520~750℃的热稳定性明显提高,包覆率为15.16%,电导率从聚苯胺的10-7S/cm增大到10-3S/cm。     

热处理工艺对硫酸掺杂聚苯胺性能的影响

采用四因素三水平正交设计法,研究了硫酸掺杂导电聚苯胺(p型)的热处理优化条件,结果表明最优热处理条件为:175℃、8h,此时聚苯胺的电导率和结晶度最大,分别为4.926S/cm和28.94%。通过X射线衍射分析(XRD)、差热分析(DTA)和电导率测试等手段,对其进行表征分析,并比较热处理前后聚苯胺太阳能电池性能。结果表明,经热处理后,掺杂聚苯胺分子构型变为扩展线圈,结晶度、电导率和热稳定性得到很大提高,也使得组装的聚苯胺太阳能电池性能较未热处理前大为提高。     

碘掺杂聚苯胺的结构与性能

用元素分析、ＦＴ－ＩＲ、ＸＰＳ、ＷＡＸＤ、ＤＴＡ等研究了聚苯胺经碘掺杂前后的结构变化及其对性能的影响。结果表明，掺杂剂碘从聚苯胺分子链中的醌亚胺结构单元的氮原子上取得电子，形成了电荷转移复合物，碘掺杂后聚苯胺的电导率可提高到２．６４×１０－２Ｓ／ｃｍ。复合物中的碘主要以Ｉ－３和Ｉ－５离子的形式存在，而且Ｉ－５离子的相对含量随掺碘量的增加而增大。碘掺杂的聚苯胺呈无定形态，不易吸水受潮，但热稳定性较差。     

乳液聚合条件对聚苯胺性能的影响

以（NH4）2S2O8为催化剂,在非极性溶剂-功能质子酸-水三相体系中,采用乳液聚合方法合成聚苯胺。对乳液聚合与化学氧化溶液聚合合成的聚苯胺性能进行了比较,研究了掺杂酸、氧化剂、反应时间、温度等聚合条件对聚苯胺导电性、溶解性等性能的影响。结果表明,乳液聚合产率高于80%,聚苯胺电导率大于1S/cm,在有机溶剂中的溶解性与用化学氧化合成的聚苯胺比较有明显提高。     

导电聚苯胺纤维的制备与性能表征

以一种新型的双子表面活性剂6,6′-(丁基-1,4-二基双氧)双(3-壬基苯磺酸)(9BA-4-9BA)作为掺杂剂制备聚苯胺导电纤维,并与用2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPSA)掺杂的聚苯胺纤维的性能进行比较,探讨了聚苯胺分子量、纺丝原液的浓度、掺杂剂种类、凝固浴、牵伸工艺对纤维形貌和导电性能的影响。研究表明,质量分数为14%的AMPSA掺杂聚苯胺的二氯乙酸溶液在丙酮凝固浴中得到的初生纤维的电导率达到1.77S/cm,而质量分数为14%9BA-4-9BA掺杂聚苯胺的二氯乙酸溶液在9BA-4-9BA/丙酮凝固浴中得到的初生纤维及1倍牵伸纤维的表面形貌光滑规整,电导率分别为0.39 S/cm和1.14 S/cm。     

超声辐照条件下HCl掺杂聚苯胺纳米棒的结构和性能

在超声辐照条件下,以HCl为掺杂剂、(NH4)2S2O8为氧化剂,通过溶液聚合得到了HCl掺杂聚苯胺(PA-NI)纳米棒.采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X-射线衍射(XRD)、四电极电导率仪、热重分析(TGA)和电化学工作站对材料的结构与性能进行研究.研究结果表明,超声辐照条件下HCl掺杂PANI具有较高的掺杂程度和结构规整度,形成直径为50～65 nm左右的纳米棒状结构.与传统方法相比,超声辐照法所得材料的热稳定性在270～500℃有明显上升,室温电导率升至0.25 s/cm,并具有较好的电容行为和较高的电化学活性.     

新型聚苯胺衍生物——聚邻乙氧基苯胺的合成优化及性能研究

采用化学氧化法,以盐酸为掺杂剂合成一类新型的聚苯胺衍生物——聚邻乙氧基苯胺(POEA)。通过考察反应温度、反应时间、氧化剂用量、掺杂盐酸浓度对POEA溶解性和电性能的影响规律,优化其合成条件:在反应温度15℃,反应时间6h,盐酸摩尔浓度1.00mol/L,过硫酸铵(APS)与邻乙氧基苯胺(OEA)的质量配合比为1∶1条件下,制得的POEA的溶解度为67.52%、电导率达到0.00871S/cm,具有较好的热稳定性和电容性能,在电容电极材料领域应用前景较好。     

聚乙烯醇-聚吡咯复合纳米纤维的制备及其导电性能

利用化学氧化法制备出导电聚吡咯（PPy）,与聚乙烯醇（PVA）共混后,采用静电纺丝技术制备PVA-PPy纳米共混纤维,随后加入对甲苯磺酸钠（TSNa）、十二烷基磺酸钠（DSNa）、十二烷基苯磺酸钠（DBSNa）和磺基琥珀酸二乙基己酯钠（DEHS）等不同掺杂剂改变纤维的结构和性能,采用SEM、TGA和四探针测试仪检测了纳米纤维的形貌、热稳定性和导电性能。结果表明,掺杂剂、PPy制备技术及聚合物添加剂对PPy的形貌、热稳定性和导电性能有很大影响。纳米纤维的电导率远远高于用同样掺杂剂所制备的PVA-PPy薄膜和PPy粉末,四种纳米纤维中DEHS掺杂PVA-PPy纳米纤维的电导率最高,可达26.64 S/cm。     

基于灰色理论的掺杂态导电聚苯胺的制备及导电性能研究

以苯胺(An)为单体,氨基磺酸(SA)为掺杂剂,过硫酸铵(APS)为氧化剂,采用化学氧化聚合法合成了掺杂态导电聚苯胺。考察了n(苯胺)/n(掺杂剂)、n(苯胺)/n(氧化剂)和反应时间对聚苯胺电导率的影响。结果表明,当n(An)∶n(SA)∶n(APS)=1∶6∶0.4、反应时间为6h时,聚苯胺的电导率最高达到0.87S/cm。进一步利用灰色关联分析,定量地分析了各因素对掺杂态导电聚苯胺电导率的影响程度,得出了各因素影响电导率的大小顺序为掺杂剂、氧化剂、反应时间。并以氨基磺酸的添加量为基本建立了掺杂态导电聚苯胺电导率的灰色预测模型(灰色离散Verhulst模型),预测了氨基磺酸不同添加量下的电导率,平均预测精度为97.25%。结果证明,灰色系统理论在掺杂态导电聚苯胺的电导率的预测中是可行的。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from