A comparison of the functional characteristics of wheat stored as grain with wheat stored in spike form

In this study, wheat grain and wheat spike with 12%, 14% and 16% moisture content were stored at 10, 20 and 30 °C for 0, 3, 6 and 9 months. After storage, wheat samples were investigated for hectolitre weight, gluten content, Zeleny sedimentation volume, enzyme activity, acidity, phytic acid and L colour value. Storage of wheat at different storage forms (spike and grain) and storage conditions showed considerable changes in grain quality. In general, the storage period of 3 months positively affected wheat quality. However, hectolitre weight, gluten, Zeleny sedimentation, enzyme activity, acidity and colour of wheat got worse at storage periods beyond 3 months. Hectolitre weight, wet and dry gluten, Zeleny sedimentation, phytic acid content and L Colour value of wheat stored in both spike and grain form significantly decreased during storage. However, the increase in grain moisture content, storage time and temperature resulted in significant increase in total titratable acidity and falling number values of wheat. Falling Number and phytic acid values of wheat stored in spike form were generally lower than wheat stored in grain form. Storage in spike form had a positive effect on especially wet gluten content of wheat stored at non-optimal storage conditions such as high grain moisture content and high temperature. Wet gluten of wheat stored in spike form was higher than that of wheat stored grain form after storage at 30 °C for 6 and 9 months. Wheat stored in spike form is more resistant than wheat stored in grain form against adverse storage conditions such as high moisture content and temperature and longer storage time.     

GLUTEN QUALITY PREDICTION AND CORRELATION STUDIES IN SPRING WHEATS

ABSTRACT

Gluten, “cohesive, viscoelastic, proteinaceous material prepared as a by‐product of the starch isolation from wheat flour” and the storage and dough‐forming protein of wheat flour, is the key to the unique ability of wheat to suit the production of leavened products. Wet gluten was only affected by wheat varieties, while dry gluten was affected by wheat varieties, crop years and their interaction. The wet and dry gluten ranged 8.0–43.13% and 2.58–14.55%, respectively, and were positively correlated with Zeleny value, sodium dodecyl sulfate sedimentation value and falling number. The gluten content was higher in Pavon, SA 42 and Faisalabad 85, while Zeleny value was higher in GA 02 and C 518, resulting in better gluten quality. Zeleny value was negatively correlated with crude protein content (r = –0.1857*). The lowest amount of wet and dry gluten was detected in Triticale and durum wheats as compared to common wheats. Zeleny value and sedimentation value may be used as indicators of gluten content and quality while working on wheats. The information thus collected will be valuable for cereal chemists and wheat breeders for improvements in their future breeding programs.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

This research work will be a breakthrough and helpful for wheat breeders, growers, millers and bakers for their intended uses as every consumer demand specific wheat quality characteristics for their end products.

     

不同基因型和环境影响小麦主要品质的研究

选用参加山东省2005~2006年小麦高肥组区域试验的11个小麦品种(系),研究了不同品种(系)的硬度、容重、粗脂肪含量、蛋白质含量、沉淀值、湿面筋含量、粗淀粉含量、黏度、稳定时间、W值、P/L值和小麦粉白度等小麦主要品质性状在9个地区不同生态环境条件下的遗传变异。结果表明,所有性状均受基因型、环境及其互作的影响,且影响排序为基因型(环境(两者互作(除容重外);所有品种的绝大多数性状表现出显著的差异(P0.05);所有地区的绝大多数性状表现出显著的差异(P0.05);不同品种在不同地区的稳定性不同,DH5197的稳定性较好、泰山098的稳定性较差。     

小麦在华南地区浅圆仓储藏过程中的品质特性变化

本文研究了小麦在华南地区浅圆仓储存过程中品质特性的变化。研究结果表明：随着储藏时间的延长,小麦水分,面筋含量、面筋吸水量和发芽率均呈下降趋势;而小麦降落数值、面团形成时间、拉伸面积、拉伸阻力及最大拉伸阻力、拉伸比例及最大拉伸比例均呈上升趋势,说明在长期的储存过程中小麦的品质发生了一定的变化。高温高湿的华南地区浅圆仓储存小麦安全储藏水分为12．5％,浅圆仓常规储存安全水分小麦,轮换周期可以适当延长至扯5年。     

小麦品种品质与面条品质关系的研究

通过对陕西关中近年育成的１３个小麦品种（品系）的籽粒性状、蛋白质品质、磨粉品质、粉质参数及面条蒸煮品质的系统分析,研究了小麦品种品质性状与面条品质性状的相关关系,结果认为,信仪２号８８２１、大粒８７８、３个小麦品种适宜于制作面条。面条蒸煮吸水率与小麦品种的出粉率、湿面筋含量呈显著负相关,与籽粒硬度、面粉吸水率与小麦品种的发率、湿面筋含量呈显著负相关,与籽粒硬度、面粉吸水率１、灰分含量呈极显著负相关     

PREDICTION OF THE QUALITY OF SOME TURKISH WHEAT GENOTYPES BY ELECTROPHORETIC SEPARATION OF PROTEIN FRACTIONS

An exploratory study was conducted to compare Konya‐Bezostoya and Tokat‐Bezostoya, bread making varieties of wheat, and Sofu, a Turkish local strain used for pasta making plus four breeding lines to ascertain which of the breeding lines most likely merits carrying forward for further refinement of the line. The wheat was analyzed for weight per unit of volume, kernel weight, impurities, kernel size and shape and hardness; for moisture, ash and protein content; sedimentation values and wet and dry gluten content to provide background information on kernel characteristics. The chief purpose of the study was to examine the electrophoretic properties of the standard varieties and breeding lines to relate genetic characteristics to bread‐ or pasta‐making potential. Glutenin profiles and gliadin subunits were among the factors studied. Low and high‐molecular‐weight (HMW) alleles were considered. Two of the     

面包质地品质性状的研究 II面包小麦烘烤品质的逐步回归分析

测定面包小麦品种的常用品质性状 ,经过选择后 ,确定其蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、SDS沉降值、Zeleny沉降值、Pelshenke值、溶涨值、和面仪曲线和粉质仪曲线特征值及种子贮藏蛋白高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基评分等为研究对象。结果表明 ,同美国优质面包小麦相比 ,首届面包小麦品种的蛋白质含量和沉降值较高 ;面包体积较大 ,但是面包质地品质 (三项品质评分 :平滑度、弹揉性和内部结构 )表现较差 ;研究的 14个品质特征值变幅较大 ,研究材料表现出不同的蛋白质含量和不同的面筋强度等特点 ,通过逐步回归分析 ,对面包体积影响突出的性状是SDS沉降值、粉质仪形成时间、高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基评分和Pelshenke值 ;对面包的质地品质贡献突出的性状是Zeleny沉降值、和面曲线的和面时间、粉质仪的形成时间和Pelshenke值     

Susceptibility of Ethiopian wheat varieties to granary weevil and rice weevil infestation at optimal and sub-optimal temperatures

Integrating varietal resistance with temperature manipulation during storage may provide a better option for protection of stored grains and may decrease reliance on the use of synthetic chemicals. The current study was conducted to determine the susceptibility of different varieties of wheat seed to the infestation by the granary weevil, Sitophilus granarius (L.), and rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), at optimal (30 °C) and sub-optimal (19 °C) temperatures. Kernels of six wheat varieties namely, Danda'a, Digalu, ET-13-A2, Kakaba, Millennium, and Pavon-76 were examined over a period of 90 d. Significant interactions were detected between wheat varieties and storage temperature for progeny emergence, percentage of insect damaged kernels, grain weight loss, and amount of powder produced per gram of wheat. Kernels of Danda'a, infested with S. oryzae at 30 °C exhibited significantly lower mean progeny counts (13.3 live insects), lower percentage of grain weight loss (4.2%) and insect-damaged kernels (6.4%), and powder production (1.5 mg/g). Kernel weight and hardness index were negatively associated with percentage of insect damaged kernels and grain weight loss. Kernel diameter was positively associated with both of percentage of insect damaged kernels and grain weight loss. Wheat varieties with high Zeleny sedimentation values had lower percentage of insect-damaged kernels and grain weight loss. These results indicated that kernel weight, hardness index, and protein content are predominant factors contributing to wheat resistance against S. granarius and S. oryzae. The varieties Millennium and Danda'a can be considered with other integrated pest management approaches to reduce stored grain losses of wheat in Ethiopia.     

谷朊粉对马铃薯热干面品质的影响

为提高马铃薯热干面的品质和稳定性,该文在分析谷朊粉基本成分与物化特性的基础上,深入研究了谷朊粉添加量对混合粉特性及对生鲜及熟制马铃薯热干面蒸煮、质构、贮藏等品质特性的影响。结果表明,随着混合粉中谷朊粉含量升高,其持水性下降,吸水膨胀性上升。随着谷朊粉添加量的增加,马铃薯热干面吸水性呈下降趋势、蒸煮损失率呈先上升后下降变化趋势;生鲜湿面和熟面剪切性、拉伸特性均呈先下降后上升变化趋势,且谷朊粉添加量相同时,生鲜湿面剪切性和拉伸特性均高于熟面。谷朊粉最适宜添加量为10%~15%(质量分数),此时马铃薯热干面的剪切力最小,拉伸力和黏度适中,具有较好质构特性。马铃薯热干面熟制后贮存,可提升其品质稳定性。     

Influence of the degree of fusariosis on technological traits of wheat grain

The paper aims to enlarge the current knowledge about the dependence of technological traits of wheat grain on its degree of infestation (DI) with fusariosis. Samples of grain of four wheat cultivars were obtained from naturally grown crops (control) and from crops inoculated with Fusarium culmorum from which three degrees of kernel infestation were selected. Samples were determined for thousand kernels weight (TKW), total protein, starch and wet gluten (WG) contents, Hagberg falling number (HFN) and sedimentation value (SV). Content of protein and wet gluten showed higher values for moderately infested kernels (up to 15 and 25%, respectively, when compared to control grain) than for kernels lightly or heavily infested. All the remaining traits had values lower than that for control grain and showed a decrease with increasing DI. Decrease for the heaviest infestation was on average: 8, 29, 31 and 34% for starch, TKW, HFN and SV, respectively.     

The Effect of Year,Site and Variety on the Quality Characteristics and Bioethanol Yield of Winter Triticale

Results of three‐year trials (2003 to 2005) conducted with four winter triticale varieties to investigate the effect of sites and years on quality characteristics and ethanol yield showed a statistically highly significant effect of sites (P > 0.01) on the quality parameters of test weight, falling number, protein content, starch content, grain yield and ethanol yield. Climate conditions showed a statistically highly significant effect (P > 0.01) on test weight, thousand grain weight, falling number, Zeleny sedimentation test, starch content, grain yield and ethanol yield. Percentage of complete grains and protein content were non‐significant. The effect of the variety was highly significant (P > 0.01) on the quality parameters of test weight and percentage of complete grains and there was a significant effect (P > 0.05) on falling number, Zeleny sedimentation test and starch content. Regarding the bioethanol yield, the most suitable variety according to the measured values was the variety Modus (average 41.19 la/100 kg dry matter). The variety Disco provided the largest yield on the site Hradec nad Svitavou in 2005 (46.7 la/100 kg dry matter), which agrees with starch content. Year 2003, when the starch content in grain was at the lowest level (63.41%), resulted in the lowest bioethanol yield.     

面包小麦品质和产量若干性状的相关性

利用国内外40个面包小麦品种(系)进行了品质和产量若干性状的相关性分析，结果表明，SDS-沉降值与籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量间呈显著正相关，与比沉降值、伯尔辛值、高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基品质评分之间呈极显著正相关；籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量与比沉降值、伯尔辛克值、高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基品质评分之间没有相关性。籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量与株粒重、收获指数、穗粒数呈显著或极显著负相关；SDS-沉降值、伯尔辛克值与株粒重等产量性状间几乎没有相关性；比沉降值与株粒重呈弱的正相关，与收获指数呈显著正相关。讨论认为，在现阶段我国小麦品质育种中，筛选和利用具有优良蛋白质品质，比沉降值高的亲本资源来选育高产优质新品种，具有十分重要的意义。     

臭氧处理结合密闭包装在储藏期间对小麦品质的影响

本实验以2018年收获的‘藁优2018’小麦为对象,研究了气流量15 g/h臭氧处理结合密闭包装对小麦储藏期间理化指标（色泽、湿面筋质量分数、面筋指数、蛋白质亚基分布、降落数值）、糊化特性和储藏稳定性指标（还原糖含量、沉降值和表面菌落总数）的影响。结果表明：与对照相比,15 min臭氧处理抑制了储藏期间小麦粉糊化温度的下降速率,在储藏末期（70 d）,可以使小麦粉L*值、白度值升高,蛋白质聚合体/亚基降解,峰值黏度、崩解值、还原糖含量降低,沉降值升高,减菌率可达到94.68%,但对最终黏度和回升值、面筋指数、湿面筋质量分数、降落数值无显著性影响。因此,15 g/h 15 min臭氧预处理结合密闭包装对小麦品质劣变有明显延缓作用,主要表现在表面菌落总数、还原糖含量和沉降值方面,因此臭氧处理是有效抑制小麦品质劣变的绿色储粮方法。     

碱性盐对小麦粉面筋特性和面条蛋白质组分的影响

为研究碱性盐（Na2CO3+K2CO3）对小麦粉和其面条品质变化的影响,以3种不同筋力的小麦品种为试验材料,结合SDS-PAGE电泳法,探讨了Na2CO3和K2CO3复配比例和碱性盐添加量对其小麦粉面筋特性和面条中蛋白质组分及分子量变化的影响,并结合SDS-PAGE电泳法考察了碱性盐对面条中蛋白质分子量分布变化的影响。结果表明：添加碱性盐后,3种小麦粉的湿面筋和干面筋含量减少而面筋指数增加,其中西农979湿面筋含量由36.04%逐渐下降至26.58%,干面筋含量由12.22%下降至7.74%。碱性盐使得3种小麦面条粉中的清蛋白和盐溶蛋白含量整体上显著增加而球蛋白和面筋蛋白含量整体上显著减少,GMP含量变化不显著但醇溶蛋白与谷蛋白含量减少,其中由矮抗58制得的面条中醇溶蛋白含量随着碱性盐添加量的增加由4.12%降至1.69%,而谷蛋白含量则由4.44%降至2.77%,研究结果可以为面条的工业化生产提供理论依据。     

高筋小麦粉储藏技术的研究

以高筋小麦粉为研究对象,通过模拟在不同温度(15、25、35℃)、不同储藏方式(充N2、脱氧剂脱氧、真空、对照)下储藏高筋小麦粉,研究了储藏期间高筋小麦粉脂肪酸值、降落数值、湿面筋、面筋指数的变化规律。结果表明:高筋小麦粉的脂肪酸值、降落数值、湿面筋以及面筋指数都能较好地反映出高筋小麦粉储藏品质的变化。总体变化趋势表现为:随着储藏时间的延长,脂肪酸值和降落数值升高,湿面筋含量和面筋指数下降。在储藏期间温度的变化是最主要的影响因素,低温有延缓品质劣变的优点;其次为储藏方式,但相互之间差别不明显;同时发现气调储藏在高温环境中效果较好,所以高筋小麦粉应尽量保存在低温气调储藏条件下。     

小麦粉吸水速率与其蛋白组成特性的关系

蛋白质理化特性的差异会导致小麦粉吸水速率的不同。本文以不同吸水速率的小麦粉为研究对象,测定面粉中粗蛋白含量、面筋蛋白含量、湿面筋含量、面筋指数、沉降值、谷蛋白溶胀指数、氨基酸含量及观测面团内部微观网络结构。结果表明,当粗蛋白含量13.25%降低到6.98%时,小麦粉的吸水速率从0.17 g/s增大到3.87 g/s;当麦醇溶蛋白含量从4.02%下降到1.53%及麦谷蛋白含量从5.28%下降到2.77%时,因形成的面筋膜的质量下降使小麦粉的吸水速率增大。同时吸水速率随湿面筋含量的减小而显著性增大,面筋指数对吸水速率无显著性影响。沉降值从69.50m L降到32.50 mL,谷蛋白溶胀指数从5.24%下降到3.33%,均与吸水速率呈显著性负相关(p0.05)。半胱氨酸含量从0.14%降低到0.04%,导致二硫键含量下降,使蛋白质间的分子作用力下降。当面团内部面筋网络结构紧密时,面粉成团时的阻力越大,其吸水速率越小。本研究表明蛋白质性质与小麦粉吸水速率呈负相关。     

Solvent retention capacity values in relation to the Czech commercial wheat quality

Technological quality in the sets of eighty commercial wheat samples was evaluated by grain milling traits (test weight, thousand kernel weight, grain hardness as Particle Size Index, one‐stream flour yield) and common analytical parameters (wet gluten and protein contents, Zeleny test value, falling number) together with the solvent retention capacity (SRC) method (AACC 56‐11). For the commercial wheat, the latter analytical procedure (originally designed for flour quality analysis) was verified also for grain wholemeal. Within the mentioned sample group, anova revealed the strongest effect of the harvest year, both for milling and for technological parameters. For the SRC profiles, the effect of the sample form used dominated the crop year influence. The grain SRCs were correlated with the milling traits foursome, while an agreement between the flour SRC profiles and technological quality data was not so tight. However, the flour lactic acid SRC was associated with the wet gluten and protein contents (r = 0.24, P < 0.05), and the protein quality as Zeleny value with the flour water SRC (r = 0.24, P < 0.05). Relationship between Zeleny's value and flour lactic acid SCR was confirmed by nonlinear Spearman correlation (R = ?0.26, P < 0.05).     

豫北地区小麦籽粒质量及其加工利用潜力研究

为明确豫北地区大田小麦籽粒质量现状,分析区域小麦加工利用潜力,以2008年—2013年在豫北地区按试验设计采集的486份大田小麦样品为材料,分析豫北地区大田小麦籽粒质量现状,探讨小麦加工适用性及加工利用潜力。结果表明,豫北地区大田小麦容重、面团稳定时间较高,湿面筋含量偏低;沉降指数、面团形成时间、弱化度、粉质质量指数年际间变化较大。2008年~2013年豫北地区大田小麦样品有2.88%达到《优质小麦强筋小麦》二等标准。湿面筋含量较低是豫北地区优质小麦比例较低的限制性因素。以湿面筋含量、面团稳定时间同时满足要求作为参考依据,豫北地区大田小麦样品满足不同食品要求的比例依次为面条馒头饺子发酵饼干面包酥性饼干蛋糕、糕点。     

高水分小麦通风干燥过程中加工品质变化规律研究

将刚收获的高水分小麦放置在就仓干燥模拟仓内进行通风干燥,测定小麦粮堆各层水分含量变化,及小麦粗蛋白含量、湿面筋含量、粉质特性、降落值等指标。结果表明：含水量超过20%的小麦在模拟仓中采用纵向通风技术可以在短期内将小麦水分含量降低至安全水分,对其加工品质没有显著不良影响。使用通风技术可有效降低小麦水分含量,但各粮层降水存在一定不均匀性,在实仓干燥中可辅以其他技术予以改善。     

Safe storage guidelines for durum wheat

Storage conditions determine the safe storage period for any grain. Safe storage guidelines for durum wheat have not been developed, despite the fact that it is more susceptible to spoilage than other wheat classes. The rates of deterioration of durum wheat samples with 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 and 20% initial moisture content (wet basis) stored at 10, 20, 30 and 40 °C for 12 wk were studied. The grain deterioration parameters including seed germination, moisture content, appearance of visible mould, invisible microflora, free fatty acid value (FAV), and ochratoxin production were monitored at regular intervals. From these results, safe storage guidelines for durum wheat were developed with respect to the moisture content and storage temperature. Germination rates of the samples decreased with an increase in moisture content, temperature and storage period. Visible mould was found in all high moisture samples (17, 18, 19 and 20%) stored at high temperatures. FAV of the samples increased with moisture content and storage time.