NaOH/AQ预处理对玉米秸秆脱木质素及酶解性能的影响

对玉米秸秆进行氢氧化钠/蒽醌（NaOH/AQ）去木质化预处理,考察了预处理温度、时间和NaOH用量对玉米秸秆脱木质素程度的影响,并探讨了脱木质素程度对提高预处理后物料酶解性能的影响。L₉（3⁴）正交试验得出较适宜预处理工艺条件为：温度160℃,时间60 min,NaOH用量（以绝干原料质量计）2.8%;其他条件为AQ用量0.05%,固液比1：5（g：mL）,此时木质素脱除率为75%,酶解后聚糖转化率达到73.79%。随着物料脱木质素程度的提高,其酶解效率相应增加;当木质素脱除率达到一定程度后,预处理后的聚糖转化率达到最大值,继续提高木质素脱除率,聚糖转化率反而降低。响应面优化的酶水解工艺条件为纤维素酶用量30 FPU/g,β-葡萄糖苷酶10 IU/g,反应时间72 h,温度50℃,底物质量分数2.5%,此时还原糖得率为85.62%。对酶解液进行HPLC分析,酶解液中的葡萄糖质量浓度为14.83 g/L,木糖质量浓度为4.83 g/L。XRD分析显示,预处理前后纤维素的晶型没有变化,而结晶度由31.40%提高至46.91%,表明物料中木质素和半纤维素发生了不同程度的溶出。     

碱法预处理棕榈空果串纤维及其酶解糖化效果

本实验结果表明:经Na OH预处理后的棕榈空果串纤维进行成分分析发现:其木质素的含量得到有效去除,且纤维素含量为53.8%,半纤维素的含量为23.6%,显著高于在同一条件下经KOH,Ca(OH)2预处理后的含量。对预处理后棕榈空果串进行酶解,发现经Na OH预处理后能够得到更高的还原糖(葡萄糖33.0 g/L,木糖17.5 g/L)。对酶水解反应的加酶量和固液比进行了优化,发现最适加酶量为40 IU/g,最适固液比为10%,最终得到纤维素的转化率为62.4%,半纤维素的转化率为71.3%。     

木糖渣的有机溶剂预处理及酶解性能

木糖渣是玉米芯经稀酸处理提取木糖后的残余物,一般作为燃料焚烧以提供部分热能。由于其含有丰富的纤维素组分,故可通过生物转化来生产多种化工产品,但残渣中大量木素的存在严重抑制了纤维素酶的水解效率。采用一些有机溶剂预处理可将部分木素溶出,因而可改善物料的酶解性能。采用乙醇对木糖渣进行预处理,研究了预处理条件（如温度、时间、固液比等）对木糖渣化学组分和纤维素酶解转化率的影响,并与玉米秸秆和玉米芯等进行了对比。结果表明预处理降低了木糖渣的木素含量,在固液（质量/体积）比1︰8、处理液中乙醇浓度50%（体积）、预处理温度210℃、预处理时间60 min时,木素脱除率为53.26%,预处理后木糖渣在酶解72 h时的纤维素转化率达到84.42%,比预处理前提高 14.58%。研究还发现,与木糖渣相比,有机溶剂乙醇更适合用于玉米芯和玉米秸秆酶解前的预处理。     

稻草秸秆3种预处理方法的比较

底物w(纤维素)和w(半纤维素)是木质纤维素转化为乙醇、乳酸和其他化学品最为重要的因素。为了提高底物w(纤维素)、w(半纤维素)和糖化得率,该文采用稀硫酸、氢氧化钠和氢氧化钠联合过氧乙酸等3种化学方法对稻草秸秆进行了预处理。结果表明,用ρ(NaOH)=20 g/L的碱液于85℃与ρ(过氧乙酸)=60 g/L酸液于75℃联合处理秸秆时,秸秆w(纤维素)从41.5%上升到81.5%,w(半纤维素)下降为13.7%,纤维素酶酶解48 h葡萄糖质量浓度达37.7 g/L,木糖质量浓度为12.8 g/L;用ρ(NaOH)=20 g/L碱液于121℃处理秸秆时,秸秆w(纤维素)为66.3%,w(半纤维素)为20.2%,酶解60 h后葡萄糖质量浓度为33.5 g/L,72 h木糖质量浓度为15.1 g/L。     

慈竹机械浆（RMP）氨法预处理工艺研究

研究了在氨水中添加少量KOH或K3PO4预处理慈竹机械浆（RMP）的新工艺。分别采用氨水加KOH和氨水加K3PO4两种方法对原料进行预处理,考察了预处理条件对酶解还原糖产率的影响规律。单因素试验得到氨水加KOH最佳预处理条件为：预处理温度120℃、固液质量体积比1：6g/ mL、时间3.5 h、氨水用量70%(g/g绝干)、KOH用量5%(g/g绝干)。在此最佳条件下,慈竹RMP的纤维素回收率为90.66%、半纤维素回收率为92.90%、木质素去除率为41.05%；在pH4.8、加酶量20FPU/g预处理后底物、反应温度50℃的条件下酶解24 h,还原糖产率为23.95%,纤维素转化率为44.61%。 虽然氨水加K3PO4预处理酶解纤维素转化率可以达到56.95%,但是纤维素回收率仅为74.59%,与氨水加KOH相比,纤维素损失较大。     

典型预处理对甘草渣酶解产糖及其结构的影响

采用稀酸、水热、离子液体和蒸汽爆破4种典型预处理方式处理甘草渣,通过HPLC、SEM、FT-IR、XRD分析,比较不同预处理方法对甘草渣产糖及结构的影响。研究结果表明：离子液体预处理对甘草渣中纤维素作用明显,酶水解液中葡萄糖、木糖和木二糖含量最高,其纤维素得率达到77.08%±2.12%,是未处理的2.05倍;水热预处理对甘草渣中半纤维素作用明显,预处理液中木糖、阿拉伯糖和木二糖含量最多,半纤维素得率最高,达到82.37%±1.13%,是未处理的8.90倍;蒸汽爆破预处理对甘草渣中木质素作用明显,预处理液中葡萄糖得率最高。结构分析结果与组分分析结果相一致,相比于其他预处理方式,离子液体预处理过程有效打破了甘草渣纤维结构,更有利于甘草渣的进一步高值化利用。     

稀酸辅助离子液体1,3-二甲基咪唑磷酸二甲酯高效预处理 木薯渣厌氧发酵残渣

为了有效地糖化木薯渣厌氧发酵残渣,建立了稀酸辅助离子液体1,3-二甲基咪唑磷酸二甲酯盐（[Mmim]DMP）预处理工艺。通过考察不同预处理条件对残渣酶解糖化活性的影响,确定了最适的预处理条件。进一步,通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和红外光谱（FT-IR）研究了预处理前后残渣纤维素微观结构的变化。结果表明：最适的预处理介质是盐酸、水和[Mmim]DMP（1.5∶20∶78.5,质量比）的混合物;最适预处理温度和预处理时间分别为130℃和30min;糖化20g/L预处理的残渣96h,还原糖产率为70.9%;再生纤维素的表面及晶体结构有了明显的变化,聚合度降低,便于酶解的进行,达到了高效糖化木薯渣厌氧发酵残渣的目的。     

稀碱-Fenton试剂预处理对云南苦竹酶水解得率的影响

利用响应面法对稀碱-Fenton反应预处理竹粉的条件进行优化,确定最佳的Fenton预处理条件为:1 g 稀碱预处理后竹粉底物加入质量分数30 %的 H₂O₂ 溶液3.4 mL,Fe²⁺浓度15.8 mmol/L,反应时间12 h,获得的 72 h 酶水解得率为49.98%。与原料和经2%NaOH 预处理后的样品相比,经2%NaOH-Fenton 预处理后的样品中纤维素含量升高,半纤维素和木质素含量降低,72 h酶水解得率为48.24%,分别提高了47.79和37.44个百分点。当纤维素酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶的用量分别为32 FPIU/g和16 IU/g(以纤维素质量计)时,72 h 酶水解得率为76.64%,比单独使用纤维素酶时的酶水解得率提高了22.80%。     

玉米芯氨水预处理及酶解工艺研究

为有效提高木质纤维素酶解转化率,文中以玉米芯为研究对象,在常压中温下采用氨水浸泡工艺处理原料,考察了预处理条件对木质素脱除率和纤维素、半纤维素酶解转化率的影响规律。确定了最适预处理条件:氨水质量分数为15%、固液质量体积比为1∶6 g/mL、反应温度为60℃和预处理时间为12 h。该条件下纤维素、半纤维素回收率和木质素脱除率分别为94.5%,86.7%和48.1%;在每g葡聚糖加入30 FPU纤维素酶和60 CBUβ-葡萄糖苷酶条件下,酶解24 h后纤维素和半纤维素酶解转化率分别可达83.0%和81.6%。     

SFP-AQ法预处理麦秸秆酶解葡萄糖得率的变化规律

对SFP-AQ法(亚硫酸钠和甲醛―蒽醌)预处理麦秸秆酶解葡萄糖得率进行了研究。结果表明:葡萄糖得率随着预处理中Na2SO3用量的增加先升高后降低,在12%时葡萄糖得率最高;葡萄糖得率随着酶用量的增加而迅速升高,当酶用量超过20 FPU/g时,提高缓慢;蒸煮最高温度和保温时间对葡萄糖得率的影响不明显。较适宜的预处理和酶解条件分别为:蒸煮最高温度150℃,保温时间1 h,Na2SO3用量为12%,纤维素酶、木聚糖酶、β-纤维二糖酶三种复合酶用量为20 FPU/g。此时,葡萄糖得率可达到31.7%,酶解葡萄糖对原料中葡萄糖的转化率为91.6%。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。