内向型与外向型:中美高等教育国际化发展模式分析

根据知识输送方式的不同，高等教育国际化可以分为三种发展模式，即内向型国际化、外向型国际化和综合型国际化。笔者认为目前中美高等教育根据自身不同的特点，采取了不同的高等教育国际化发展模式，由于美国高等教育比较发达，因此实施了以“输出”为主要发展方向的外向型国际化，而目前中国的高等教育相对滞后，因此实行了以“引进”为主要发展方向的内向型国际化。无论内向型国际化还是外向型国际化，在本质上存在着同样的问题——单向度发展。本文将从教育国际化观念、教师国际化、留学生教育以及课程国际化四个方面对中美高等教育国际化发展模式进行分析。     

入世对我国高等教育国际化的影响及其对策

本文通过分析WTO的一般义务、纪律和我国在服务贸易承诺表中的具体承诺对我国高等教育国际化的影响，认为入世对我国高等教育国际化的影响是利弊并存。因此应对入世挑战，推进我国高等教育国际化健康、快速和有序发展是我国政府和国内一流高校的共同责任：政府应发挥宏观指导与协调者的作用，而高校则是应对挑战重任的承担者。     

克拉克·克尔高等教育国际化与民族化思想评述——读《高等教育不能回避历史——21世纪的问题》

高等教育国际化和民族化均属于高等教育本质、内在和固有的特征,二者贯穿于高等教育历史,但在不同历史时期二者处于不同的轻重地位;在高等教育的历史长河中,国际化和民族化既是相冲突的又是相容的;当代世界高等教育存在着并不唯一的“趋同”的国际化和民族化发展模式。克拉克·克尔对上述高等教育国际化和民族化关系问题的见解和认识对正确处理当前我国高等教育国际化和民族化关系问题有着重要的借鉴意义。     

克拉克·克尔高等教育国际化与民族化思想评述——读《高等教育不能回避历史——21世纪的问题》

高等教育国际化和民族化均属于高等教育本质、内在和固有的特征,二者贯穿于高等教育历史,但在不同历史时期二者处于不同的轻重地位;在高等教育的历史长河中,国际化和民族化既是相冲突的又是相容的;当代世界高等教育存在着并不唯一的"趋同"的国际化和民族化发展模式.克拉克·克尔对上述高等教育国际化和民族化关系问题的见解和认识对正确处理当前我国高等教育国际化和民族化关系问题有着重要的借鉴意义.     

日本高等教育在地国际化的实践及启示——以6所高校为中心的考察

进入21世纪,面对财政紧缩与18岁适龄人口的减少、高等教育国际化与人才竞争的激化、全球疫情暴发与信息技术在高等教育领域的应用等国内外形势,日本政府积极调整教育政策推进高等教育在地国际化发展。日本政府出台一系列政策引导高等教育在地国际化,高校在政府的政策指引下结合自身实际进行富有特色的探索与实践。接收外国留学生、建设国际化课程、推动教师国际化以及构建国际化支援体制是日本高等教育在地国际化的主要路径。日本高等教育在地国际化在留学生数量及比例、外国教师比例、留学生留日就业、特色教育项目以及国际合作等方面实现了较大幅度的提升。中国高等教育在地国际化可以借鉴日本的经验,在提供在地国际化政策支持、完善留学生支援体制、充分利用留学生和外籍教师资源、鼓励大学发挥自身特色等方面进行有益尝试。     

当代不同国家高等教育国际化政策发展模式

近代以来国家政府逐渐成为教育国际化极其重要的行为主体,教育国际化趋势正在影响国家层面上高等教育政策的发展.在教育国际化背景下,不同国家在回应高等教育国际化的挑战中,主要存在国家政治安全、经济需求与能力建设等三种教育政策发展模式.教育国际化并没有削弱国家政府对教育的控制,各个国家在不断调整着高等教育国际化的政策.不同国家政府在高等教育国际化政策方面具有重视国际化政策的系统性、体现国际化的国家差异性、突出国际化的经济性与强调大学在国际化中的主体地位等特征.     

试论高等教育大众化和高等教育国际化的关系

无论是高等教育国际化还是高等教育大众化,国内学术界讨论已久,可以说就单独每一个问题的研究都相当深入和全面了,但是,但实中活生生的高等教育系统,是作为一个有机体而运作的,其各方面的发展是相互联系的。那么理论上,我们又怎能仅仅是孤立地探讨国际化或大众化呢？本文正是从辩证唯物主义的联系的观点出发,借鉴国外关于高等教育国际化、大众化的最新理论,就高等教育国际化和大众化的关系试作探析。     

世界主要国家高等教育产业国际化及对我国的启示

本文在把高等教育产业内涵确定为高等教育的产业要素,作为产业的高等教育组织和高等教育产业实体的基础上,通过对三者在国际化方向的特点和世界主要国家高等教育产业化动因的分析,论述了高等教育产业国际化成为世界性趋势,并从世界中务高等教育产业国际化的经验中,得出了在全球化条件下和即将加入WTO的中国,发展高等教育产业的迫切性和使我国高等教育产业走上国际化轨道的一些具体措施。     

世界主要国家高等教育产业国际化及对我国的启示

本文在把高等教育产业内涵确定为高等教育的产业要素、作为产业的高等教育组织和高等教育产业实体的基础上,通过对三者在国际化方面的特点和世界主要国家高等教育产业化动因的分析,论述了高等教育产业国际化成为世界性趋势,并从世界各国高等教育产业国际化的经验中,得出了在全球化条件下和即将加入WTO的中国,发展高等教育产业的迫切性和使我国高等教育产业走上国际化轨道的一些具体措施.     

试论高等教育大众化和高等教育国际化的关系

无论是高等教育国际化还是高等教育大众化,国内学术界讨论已久,可以说就单独每一个问题的研究都相当深入和全面了,但是,现实中活生生的高等教育系统,是作为一个有机体而运作的,其各方面的发展是相互联系的.那么理论上,我们又怎能仅仅是孤立地探讨国际化或大众化呢?本文正是从辩证唯物主义的联系的观点出发,借鉴国外关于高等教育国际化、大众化的最新理论,就高等教育国际化和大众化的关系试作探析.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.