Trans Fatty Acids and Fatty Acid Composition of Mature Breast Milk in Turkish Women and Their Association with Maternal Diet’s

The aim of this study was to determine the fatty acid composition and trans fatty acid and fatty acid contents of breast milk in Turkish women and to find the effect of breastfeeding mothers’ diet on trans fatty acid and fatty acid composition. Mature milk samples obtained from 50 Turkish nursing women were analyzed. Total milk lipids extracts were transmethylated and analyzed by using gas liquid chromatography to determine fatty acids contents. A questionnaire was applied to observe eating habits and 3 days dietary records from mothers were obtained. Daily dietary intake of total energy and nutrients were estimated by using nutrient database. The mean total trans fatty acids contents was 2.13 ± 1.03%. The major sources of trans fatty acids in mothers’ diets were margarines-butter (37.0%), bakery products and confectionery (29.6%). Mothers who had high level of trans isomers in their milk consumed significantly higher amounts of these products. Saturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids of human milk constituted 40.7 ± 4.7%, 26.9 ± 4.2% and 30.8 ± 0.6% of the total fatty acids, respectively. The levels of fatty acids in human milk may reflect the current diet of the mother as well as the diet consumed early in pregnancy. Margarines, bakery products and confectionery are a major source of trans fatty acids in maternal diet in Turkey.     

Is the Fatty Acid Composition of Freshwater Zoobenthic Invertebrates Controlled by Phylogenetic or Trophic Factors?

We studied the fatty acid (FA) content and composition of ten zoobenthic species of several taxonomic groups from different freshwater bodies. Special attention was paid to essential polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), and arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6); and the n-3/n-6 and DHA/ARA ratios, which are important for consumers of higher trophic levels, i.e., fish. The content and ratios of these FA varied significantly in the studied zoobenthic species, consequently, the invertebrates were of different nutritional quality for fish. Eulimnogammarus viridis (Crustacea) and Dendrocoelopsis sp. (Turbellaria) had the highest nutrition value for fish concerning the content of EPA and DHA and n-3/n-6 and DHA/ARA ratios. Using canonical correspondence analysis we compared the FA profiles of species of the studied taxa taking into account their feeding strategies and habitats. We gained evidence that feeding strategy is of importance to determine fatty acid profiles of zoobenthic species. However, the phylogenetic position of the zoobenthic species is also responsible and may result in a similar fatty acid composition even if species or populations inhabit different water bodies or have different feeding strategies.     

Stable Carbon Isotope Composition of c9,t11-Conjugated Linoleic Acid in Cow’s Milk as Related to Dietary Fatty Acids

This study explores the potential use of stable carbon isotope ratios (δ¹³C) of single fatty acids (FA) as tracers for the transformation of FA from diet to milk, with focus on the metabolic origin of c9,t11-18:2. For this purpose, dairy cows were fed diets based exclusively on C₃ and C₄ plants. The FA in milk and feed were fractionated by silver-ion thin-layer chromatography and analyzed for their δ¹³C values. Mean δ¹³C values of FA from C₃ milk were lower compared to those from C₄ milk (−30.1‰ vs. −24.9‰, respectively). In both groups the most negative δ¹³C values of all FA analyzed were measured for c9,t11-18:2 (C₃ milk = −37.0 ± 2.7‰; C₄ milk −31.4 ± 1.4‰). Compared to the dietary precursors 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, no significant ¹³C-depletion was measured in t11-18:1. This suggests that the δ¹³C-change in c9,t11-18:2 did not originate from the microbial biohydrogenation in the rumen, but most probably from endogenous desaturation of t11-18:1. It appears that the natural δ¹³C differences in some dietary FA are at least partly preserved in milk FA. Therefore, carbon isotope analyses of individual FA could be useful for studying metabolic transformation processes in ruminants.     

Branched Chain Fatty Acid Content of United States Retail Cow’s Milk and Implications for Dietary Intake

Branched chain fatty acids (BCFA) have recently been shown to be a major component of the normal human newborn gastrointestinal tract and have long been known to be a component of human milk. Ruminant food products are major sources of fat in the American diet, but there are no studies of milkfat BCFA content in retail milk. We report here the profile and concentrations of BCFA in a representative sampling of retail milk in the 48 contiguous United States (US), and their estimated intake in the American diet. Conventionally produced whole fluid milk samples were obtained from 56 processing plants across the contiguous 48 states. Retail milk samples contain exclusively iso- and anteiso-BCFA with 14–18 carbons. BCFA were 2.05 ± 0.14%, w/w of milkfat fatty acids (mean ± SD), and anteiso-BCFA comprised more than half this total. Based on these data and USDA food availability data, the average per capita BCFA intake of Americans is estimated to be about 220 mg/d from dairy; if current dietary recommendations were followed, BCFA intake would be about 400 mg/d. Adding intake from beef consumption, these estimates rise to approximately 400 and 575 mg/d, respectively. These results indicate that BCFA intake is a substantial fraction of daily fat intake, in amounts exceeding those of many bioactive fatty acids.     

Production and Running Status of China＇s I ＆ S,Building Materials and Nonferrous industries in the First Half of 2014

In the first half of 2014, China＇s crude steel output was 412 million tons, increasing by 2.99% YOY, in which the output of steel products was 552 million tons, increasing by 6.4%; coke output was 234 million tons, decreasing by 1.1% YOY; output of Fe alloy was 19 million tons, increasing by 9.3% YOY. In the first half of 2014, China imported 7.25 million tons of steel products, up 6.1% YOY, exported 41.01 million tons of steel products, up 33.6%; imported 457 million tons of iron sand, up 19.1% YOY; exported 3.93 million tons of coke.     

Correcting the Effects of −20 °C Storage and Aliquot Size on Erythrocyte Fatty Acid Content in the Women’s Health Initiative

Red blood cell (RBC) fatty acid (FA) patterns have been shown to predict risk for cardiovascular and other chronic diseases. As part of a project analyzing RBC samples from the Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study (WHIMS) we observed implausibly low levels of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) suggestive of degradation. This was hypothesized to be due to short term storage (<1 month) at ?20 °C during sample aliquoting. The purpose of this study was to measure the extent of degradation that occurs under these conditions, and then to use regression calibration equations with multiple imputations to correct the biases. Samples from the Women’s Health Initiative that had always been stored at ?80 °C were obtained and subjected to similar conditions as the WHIMS samples. General linear mixed models were used to develop bias-corrected calibration equations for each fatty acid. Sample degradation occurred at ?20 °C with the average HUFA loss of 3.5 to 5.9 % per week depending on aliquot size (250 and 80 µL, respectively). Using the ratio of HUFA to saturated fatty acids (HUFA/SAT) as a marker of degradation, this bias-correction method raised the HUFA/SAT from 0.70 to 0.81, which was similar to that (0.78) seen in another large study with optimal processing. In summary, RBC samples should always be stored at ?80 °C. The FA compositions of the degraded RBC samples from WHIMS were rehabilitated by application of regression calibration equations and multiple imputations, and these imputed datasets should be used in all future WHIMS studies.     

Dietary Lipid Supplementation Could Significantly Affect the Growth,Fatty Acid Profiles,and Expression of PPARα, Leptin,and Adiponectin Genes in Juvenile Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia

This study aims to investigate the effect of different dietary lipid levels on the growth performance, fatty acids and their relative enzymes, and expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), leptin, and adiponectin genes in juvenile genetic improvement farmed tilapia (GIFT, Oreochromis niloticus). Six groups of the juveniles with 40 d of age in triplicate are fed for 90 d using six iso-nitrogen (34 g/100 g dietary protein) diets with different lipid levels: 0.35 (control), 3.35, 6.35, 9.35, 12.35, and 15.35 g/100 g adjusted by adding fish oil. It is concluded that the greatest effect is found in the diet with 9.35 g/100 g of lipid, which is the optimal dietary lipid in the experiment and can be applied in developing the optimal diet for juvenile GIFT tilapia to promote the development of tilapia aquaculture industry. Practical Applications: It is found that the diets with lipid supplementation can significantly influence the expression of PPARα, leptin, and adiponectin genes of juvenile GIFT tilapia and recognized that dietary lipid supplementation can significantly affect their growth performance, fatty acids, and relative enzymes. The greatest effect is found in the diet with 9.35 g/100 g of lipid, which is the optimal dietary lipid in the experiment. The findings can be applied in developing the optimal diet for juvenile GIFT tilapia, which will promote considerably the development of tilapia aquaculture industry.     

A Study of the Acid–Base Properties of Melts in the Na2O–B2O3–SiO2 System: II. Composition Joins with Sodium Oxide Contents of 25, 30, and 35 mol %

The exponent of oxygen ion activity pO = for melts in the Na₂O–B₂O₃–SiO₂ system along the composition joins with constant sodium oxide contents of 25, 30, and 35 mol % is studied by an electromotive force (emf) technique at 950°C. Measurements are performed using two variants of the technique of determining pO, namely, in high-temperature salt solutions of oxide systems in KF and with a salt bridge between two oxide melts. It is shown that the basicity of melts increases with an increase in the Na₂O content at a constant concentration ratio of glass-forming oxides. The acid–base properties of sodium borosilicate melts are simulated under the assumption of acid–base interaction between the components. It is found that the basicity of the studied melts along the composition joins with constant sodium oxide contents of 30 and 35 mol % is governed primarily by the acid–base interaction in Na₂O–B₂O₃ and Na₂O–SiO₂ binary systems and, to a lesser extent as compared to low-alkali composition joins (below 20 mol % Na₂O), by the formation of Na₂O · B₂O₃ · 2SiO₂ and Na₂O · B₂O₃ · 6SiO₂ ternary compounds.