等离子发生器燃烧过程的数值研究

用湍流扩散燃烧的简单概率密度函数模型对等离子发生器燃烧流场进行了数值模拟。其中概率密度分布采用函数,使用RNG湍流模型得到了流场各参数同平均混合分数,混合分数脉动均方值的关系图及等离子发生器内部温度、压力、速度、密度、湍动能及各种燃烧产物等一系列湍流燃烧流场的特性参数分布,为研究燃烧室等离子强化燃烧机理奠定了基础。     

高压缩比活塞顶形状对湍流动能和缸内气流的影响

基于一台排量1.0L的小型涡轮增压直喷汽油机,研究了压缩比、活塞形状和结构尺寸对缸内气流和湍流动能的影响。结果显示,随着压缩比的提高,缸内滚流在压缩过程中减弱,压缩末期的湍流动能减小,压缩比16.0的活塞在压缩末期的湍流动能大约为压缩比9.6活塞的27%。而对于活塞形状来说,较大尺寸的球面凹坑形状有利于压缩末期湍流动能的保持,而不规则的活塞会使得压缩末期的湍流动能下降41%。凹坑的尺寸存在一个最佳值,凹坑深度过浅或过深都会降低缸内湍流动能。选择压缩比为12.0且湍流动能最高的活塞加工并试验,基于4种不同形状的活塞和最佳油耗的工况分析燃烧特性,结果显示随着工况的改变,缸内湍流动能的峰值和相位会改变,但结构对湍流动能影响的优劣基本不变。火焰扩散方向为缸内湍流动能较大的位置,缸内平均湍流动能越大,火焰传播越快,燃烧特性越好。     

多流体模型在燃气轮机燃烧室三维反应流中的应用

对一种模型燃气轮机燃烧室中的三维反应流进行了数值模拟，模型燃烧室的燃料是CH4，燃烧类型是预混燃烧，在数值模拟过程中，采用了Spalding于1995年提出来的多流体模型来对燃烧室中的湍流预混燃烧进行了数值模拟，在数值模拟过程中考虑了辐射问题，采用了六通量辐射模型。通过数值模拟给出了速度，压力，湍流脉动动能，湍流动能耗散率，焓值，湍流粘度，温度，密度，燃烧产物质量分数，氧的质量分数，燃料/空气混合比，燃料质量分数，空间三个方向的辐射热通量以及各种流体的质量分数等变量的分布情况，此外，还采用传统的旋涡破碎模型对此燃烧室进行了数值模拟，并对两种方法的结果进行了分析比较，由分析可以看出多流体模型的结果接近于实际情况，对模型燃烧室进行三维反应流数值模拟的工作为今后对实际燃烧室反应流的数值模拟打下了一定的基础。     

增压发动机被动预燃室的仿真分析

用CONVERGE软件对预燃室燃烧系统模型进行网格划分，设置关键参数以研究预燃室喷孔数对湍流比、湍动能、空燃比、缸内混合气流速的影响。结果表明：进气行程结束前，预燃室喷孔数对湍流比无影响；气门关闭时，预燃室喷孔数为偶数对湍流比无影响，奇数则对湍流比影响较大；预燃室喷孔数对湍动能影响较小；预燃室喷孔数对主燃室空燃比影响不大；预燃室喷孔数减少，可以提升缸内混合气流速。     

旋流杯矩阵下游冷态流场特征分析

基于分级贫油直射燃烧概念的多点喷雾燃烧室在降低航空发动机氮氧化物排放方面显示出极大的潜力,在传统航空发动机燃烧室模型的基础上构建了相邻旋流杯旋转方向相同(顺转)和相反(逆转)两种3×3旋流杯矩阵,数值计算采用可实现k-ε湍流模型,对比分析了旋流杯矩阵下游流场特性。结果表明,对于逆转旋流杯矩阵,部分旋流杯下游回流区相互靠近,而且回流区的长度与回流速度均大于顺转旋流杯矩阵情况。有利于维持火焰稳定,但燃烧情况下气流在高温环境中滞留时间增加,不利于降低氮氧化物排量。对于顺转和逆转两种旋流杯矩阵,下游回流区边缘处湍流动能最大值与湍流动能分布相似。     

基于两方程湍流模型的均匀流中湍流动能衰减规律研究

通过理论推导和数值模拟,从湍流模型封闭系数的确定过程、输运方程扩散项的影响因素、入口边界条件和网格尺度等方面分析标准k-ε模型、标准k-ω模型和SST k-ω湍流模型在计算均匀来流时湍流动能的衰减规律及其本质物理区别;通过数值模拟分析中性大气条件下湍流动能的衰减规律.结果表明,在均匀流中,采用标准k-ε湍流模型,入口湍...     

湍流燃烧亚格子线性涡模型研究

湍流燃烧的亚格子模式一直是限制大涡模拟在湍流燃烧中应用的主要困难,介绍了湍流燃烧亚格子模型———亚格子线性涡模型.回顾了该模型的发展历程并给出了其当前形式,指出了该模型建立过程与其他湍流燃烧亚格子模型相比的长处,指出了该模型的不足.对亚格子线性涡模型在湍流燃烧大涡模拟中的应用进行了总结评述,重点分析了该模型应用于超声速燃烧存在的问题.     

柴油机湍流燃烧模型的研究现状及发展趋势

本文根据湍流燃烧模型研究的最新文献资料,综述了柴油机湍流燃烧模型的研究现状,重点介绍了作为当今研究热点的拟序火焰面模型(ＣＦＭ)和概率密度函数模型(ＰＤＦ),并指出了今后湍流燃烧模型研究的趋势。     

稳态湍流非预混燃烧的小火焰模拟

以甲烷/空气的湍流射流非预混燃烧为对象,建立二维稳态湍流非预混火焰的小火焰模型.利用湍流流动模型和小火焰模型耦合求解,计算出速度、混合分数、温度以及反应标量的摩尔分数在燃烧室内的分布,模拟结果表明小火焰模型能够用来描述燃烧室内燃烧机理.     

燃烧室开口形式对475柴油机性能影响研究

柴油机燃烧室不同形状对气流运动、燃烧过程以及排放具有较大影响.针对475柴油机,运用AVL-FIRE软件对3种不同开口(缩口型,直口型以及开口型)形式的ω型燃烧室建立燃烧仿真模型并进行了仿真分析.对3种形状燃烧室的平均压力、平均温度、平均湍流动能、放热率、累计放热量、平均碳烟质量分数、平均NOx质量分数等参数进行对比分析.结果表明,缩口型燃烧室能够形成较大的湍流运动,使得燃烧迅速,碳烟排放量减小,NOx的排放相比原直口型燃烧室增加量不超过10％.本研究可以为475柴油机燃烧室的设计提供理论参考.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.