微波促进二氯菊酸甲酯的水解新工艺研究

采用微波技术对二氯菊酸甲酯在NaOH溶液中水解为二氯菊酸工艺进行了研究。结果表明,微波促进下最佳水解条件为:反应温度90℃,功率100 W,反应时间10 m in,物质的量比n(二氯菊酸甲酯)∶n(C2H5OH)∶n(NaOH)=1∶4∶1.5,重结晶后收率高达99.6%。与传统条件相比,时间缩短30倍,收率提高24.6%,无水乙醇用量减少60%,NaOH用量减少17%。并用红外光谱和熔点对二氯菊酸进行表征。     

顺式二氯菊酸的合成

本文从3,3-二甲基-4-戊烯酸乙酯(4)出发,经调聚加成、立体选择性分子内环化及皂化三步反应合成顺式二氯菊酸(1)。重点研究了反应条件对分子内环化甲顺式选择性的影响,筛选出有利的反应条件。同时,本文提出了顺式有择环化的机理。     

反体二氯菊酸的立体选择合成

以贲亭酸甲酯为原料,经自由基加成、立体有择环化合成了富反式二氯菊酸甲酯,收率高达95%,反顺比为88∶12。还以顺反混合体 (trans/cis=60/40) 二氯菊酸酰氯为原料,立体选择性转化合成富反式二氯菊酸酯,对催化剂、反应时间、溶剂进行条件实验,以4-二甲氨基吡啶催化立体转化效果最好,收率95%,反顺比达93/7。     

异戊二烯—偏氯乙烯法合成二氯菊酸乙酯

二氯菊酸乙酯作为合成拟除虫菊酯的重要中间体,目前应用或开发的合成路线有4种。其中,以异成二烯为原料、偏氯乙烯加成的半连续工艺,解决了其他3种工艺所存在的原料及污染问题。今后的研究方向是研制高顺式的二氯菊酸及其酯。     

1,2-二氯-4-硝基苯催化合成反应动力学

在塔式氯化器中，以路易氏酸作催化剂，氯气氯化对硝基氯苯，合成1，2-二氯-4-硝基苯。根据亲电取代机理和连串反应特征，提出了塔式氯化器中对硝基氯苯间歇氯化的宏观动力学模型，并通过实验确定了该模型参数。结果表明，对硝基氯苯氯化为一典型的连串反应，对反应物氯气浓度和对硝基氯苯浓度均表现为一级反应；在90～105℃，m(催化剂)／m(对硝基氯苯)为6％，氯气流量3．5～4．5mL／s条件下，反应的表观活化能分别为69．8kJ／mol和93．3kJ／mol。     

二氯菊酸甲酯气相色谱定量分析

本文采用5%DEGS为固定液，红火焰离子化检测器，用气相色谱法测定二氯菊酸甲酯含量，回收率在99．24%～101．04%，标准偏差＜0．53%，变异系数＜0。59%。     

二氯菊酸新合成路线的研究

以二甲基乙氧甲酰甲基锍伊利德（EDSA）和1，1，1－三氯－4－甲基－3－戊烯－2－酮出发形成环丙烷，合成了反式二氯菊酸。这条新的合成二氯菊酸的路线，具有原料易得，反应温和，产率高和操作简便的特点。     

二氯菊酸生产工艺路线评述

二氯菊酸是拟除虫菊酯的重要中间体，可以制备多种的拟除虫菊酯，生产二氯菊酸的方法有Ｆａｒｋａｓ法、相模法、相模－库拉莱法、环丁酮法、ＮＲＤＣ法和偏氯乙烯法等，本文简单介绍了各种方法的合成工艺，并对其优缺点进行评述，其中相模法最适宜于工业化生产。     

3,4-二氯苯酚的合成研究

以邻二氯苯为原料,经硝化、还原、重氮化合成3,4-二氯苯酚,通过正交试验,找出了三步反应的优化反应条件。硝化反应混酸（硝酸：硫酸）物质的量比为1：3．5,邻二氯苯与硝酸的物质的量的比为1：1．3,反应温度为50℃,3,4-二氯硝基苯收率94．0％;用铁粉作还原剂,以7．0％NH4Cl水溶液作为还原介质,3,4-二氯苯胺的收率92．5％;重氮化反应的优化条件为3,4-二氯苯胺：亚硝酸钠：硫酸的物质的量比为1：1．2：8,3,4-二氯苯酚收率为91．7％。     

2,6—二氯—5—氟—3—氰基吡啶的合成研究

经过系统的研究，得到了2，6-二氯-5-氟-3-氰基吡啶的优惠合成工艺。在2，6-二羟基-5-氟-3-氰基吡啶／五氯化磷／催化剂／三氯氧磷为1．0mol／4～4．5mol／8～15ml／800～1000ml投料比下，回流反应3～4小时，脱去三氯氧磷后，直接水解，其产物收率为70～80％。同时，本文提供了产物的红外、质谱、1HNMR港及13CN－MR谱的有关参数。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。