Nanomaterials based on peptides

Owing to the assortment of functional groups, peptides are capable of self-assembly and formation of regularly patterned supramolecular complexes. Peptide-based nanomaterials offer promise for medicine, engineering, and bioimaging. The present review surveys the structure and characteristics of filaments formed by peptides of various secondary structures and their further assembly into 2D and 3D nanomaterials. Possible application areas of self-assembling peptide systems, including the synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials, are considered.     

含硅树枝状聚合物

简述了近年来在高分子化学领域内十分活跃的树枝状聚合物的基本概况，着重介绍了含硅树枝状聚合物的特点、合成方法及其应用，指出了树枝状聚合物在实际应用中的局限性。     

反硝化除磷+短程反硝化厌氧氨氧化工艺的深度脱氮除磷效能

为经济高效地去除城市生活污水和硝酸盐废水中的氮磷元素,本研究在厌氧折流板反应器（ABR）和连续搅拌反应器（CSTR）一体式反应器中分别建立了反硝化除磷（DPR）和短程反硝化厌氧氨氧化（PDA）工艺。结果表明,反应器运行185天,在缺氧/厌氧和外加COD/NO{}_{\mathrm{3}}^{-}-N比仅为0.7条件下,PO{}_{\mathrm{4}}^{\mathrm{3}-}-P和TN的去除率高达96.91%和97.75%,最终出水PO{}_{\mathrm{4}}^{\mathrm{3}-}-P和TN的浓度低至0.22mg/L和3.30mg/L,意味着该系统极佳的脱氮除磷效果不依赖氧气和有机碳源量。DPR对系统PO{}_{\mathrm{4}}^{\mathrm{3}-}-P和TN的去除均占主体部分（99.07%和60.23%）,而PDA对总氮（TN）的去除占比呈现逐渐上升的趋势（4.53%→37.52%）。批次实验表明：①COD（300mg/L）显著抑制DPR菌活性,PO{}_{\mathrm{4}}^{\mathrm{3}-}-P主要是在缺氧状态下以NO{}_{\mathrm{3}}^{-}-N为电子受体,有机物为电子供体通过DPR途径去除;②高效短程反硝化过程（亚硝酸转化率92.25%）稳定为厌氧氨氧化供给电子受体（NO{}_{\mathrm{2}}^{-}-N）,DPR系统剩余NH{}_{\mathrm{4}}^{+}-N主要被NO{}_{\mathrm{2}}^{-}-N氧化去除,因此DPR+PDA系统实现了高效同步脱氮除磷效果。高通量测序表明,Accumulibacter（7.41%）是DPR系统功能性除磷菌,Thauera（7.24%）和Candidatus Brocadia（3.12%）为PDA系统关键脱氮菌。     

《纳米材料学》教学之我见

《纳米材料学》课程是使学生了解纳米材料和纳米科技发展前沿和方向，引导学生从事新颖性的科研活动。文章从纳米材料学的特点出发，论述了在讲授此门课程常见的问题，并对此提出了针对性的解决方法。     

基于薄层黑磷的电化学传感器研究进展

自2014年首次被报道以来,层状黑磷作为一种新型的二维纳米材料受到了广泛的关注与研究。层状黑磷具有比表面积大、带隙结构可调、载流子迁移率高、生物相容性好及易修饰等特点,是一类潜在的理想生物传感材料。本文将关注层状黑磷在电化学传感器中的应用,根据检测目标物的类型,对最新的研究报道进行了详细分类与讨论,主要包括气体分子、生物小分子、其他小分子、生物大分子、细胞几大类基于层状黑磷构筑的电化学传感器。重点概述了层状黑磷及其复合纳米材料的制备方法与性质,传感器的结构、工作原理与分析性能等。最后讨论了黑磷基纳米材料在电化学传感器中应用的现存问题和未来发展方向,为进一步拓展黑磷纳米材料在分析传感领域的应用提供了参考。     

纳米材料的产业化

纳米材料有着广泛的用途和巨大的市场，人们一直在力图寻求一种批量低价生产这种材料的方法，纳米相技术公司（Nanophase Technolgies Corp.）花费数年时间开发出一种工艺，即物理气相合成法（PVS）生产纳米材料。之后，公司大大改进了该工艺，使产品产量以及产品纯度大为提高，随后，公司又开发出了离散粒子封装法（DPE），用这种方法可以在纳米粒子的表面产生聚合物膜，使得产品的表面性质能迎合不同用户的需求，最后，介绍了几种采用该公司的新技术生产的产品。     

溶剂热法合成纳米材料的研究进展

本文介绍了溶剂热法的特点,综述了溶剂热法在非氧化物纳米材料如Ⅲ-Ⅴ族半导体、金刚石、碳化物、氮化物、金属硫属化合物及一维纳米材料制备中的研究进展,并对溶剂热法合成纳米材料的发展方向进行了展望。     

纳米材料概述

由纳米级别的颗粒(尺寸不大于100nm)构成的材料称为纳米材料。纳米材料自上世纪八十年代研究以来,便得到人们的重视,发展迅速,影响深远。它不同于传统材料,单分子的性质使其具有量子尺寸效应、表面效应,从而使材料的力学性能、光学性能、热性能等性能发生改变,并在医药、化工、电子学等多个领域创造重要价值,得到广泛应用,目前已经成为一门富有活力的学科。虽然在纳米材料的研究上已经取得一些突破,但仍有问题在困扰着人们,如不能制备大量的块状样品。所以目前主要的研究方向为纳米材料的制备与合成技术。     

Nanomaterials Based on Polyanilines and MoSe2

Polyaniline, poly(N-methyl aniline), poly(2-ethyl aniline) and poly(2-propyl aniline) were intercalated into layered molybdenum diselenide by using the exfoliation/restacking property of Li_xMoSe₂. MoSe₂ was reacted with n-butyllithium to form Li_xMoSe₂. The Li_xMoSe₂ was exfoliated in N-methylformamide (NMF) with the help of ultrasonication which lead to the formation of single layers of MoSe₂. Addition of NMF solutions of the polymers to the exfoliated layers resulted in their intercalation into MoSe₂. The products were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction. Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy, and four-probe van der Pauw technique electrical conductivity measurements are reported here for the first time.     

纳米材料制备方法的研究初探

纳米材料是近年来受到人们极大关注的新型课题,由于其具有许多特殊微观结构和性质,使其广泛应用于电子、化工、轻工、纺织、军事和医学等领域。然而纳米材料研究和发展的一个重要环节就是材料的制备。新材料制备工艺和过程的研究与控制对纳米材料的微观结构和性能具有重要的影响。文章叙述了目前纳米材料的制备与合成方法,包括物理方法和化学方...     

树枝状高分子的研究进展

介绍了树枝状高分子的发展现状、结构特点和合成方法,主要包括发散合成法和收敛合成法,并比较了两种合成方法的优缺点。总结了树枝状高分子的表面功能化方法,分析了表面功能化的树枝状高分子具备的特殊性质如表面活性、增溶作用和破乳化能力等。     

Fabrication of Ag nanoparticle–encapsulating multilayer films based on PAMAM dendrimers with covalent interlayer linkages

Ag‐dendrimer nanoclusters were prepared with Ag⁺ and carboxyl shell (G4.5) poly(amino amine) dendrimers. Self‐assembly photosensitive ultrathin films were then fabricated with these Ag‐dendrimer nanoclusters as polyanions and diazoresin (DR) as polycation. With UV irradiating the films became stable because of the formation of covalent linkages between the layers. Compared to similar films containing no Ag nanoclusters, the obtained films showed greatly enhanced electric conductivity. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 1515–1519, 2003     

树枝状大分子对原油的破乳与降粘作用

采用发散法合成以乙二胺为核的聚酰胺-胺树枝状大分子,针对O/W型的模拟原油乳液评价了PAMAM的破乳性能,同时评价了PAMAM对稠油的降粘性能。结果表明,整代PAMAM均具有一定的破乳效果,其中3.0代PAMAM在45℃、添加量为100mg.L-1,破乳时间为60min时,破乳率达80%。半代PAMAM均具有一定的降粘效果,在70℃,添加量为0.6%,降粘时间为60min时,2.5代的降粘率为28.2%。     

《纳米材料》教学研究

纳米材料是纳米科技的核心和基础,在大学阶段开设纳米材料课程是培养材料科学类综合、创新性人才的必然要求。通过对《纳米材料》课程教学内容的选择、教学方法和教学手段的创新、理论教学和实践教学相结合、成绩考核方式的改革等方面进行了探索,初步建立了较完善的教学体系。这些教学研究的目的是提高教学质量,拓宽学生的知识面,增加学生的实践能力和创新能力。     

Synthesis of Energy-Rich Nanomaterials

For the first time, vacuum condensation was used to prepare nanomaterials for high-energy systems. At the first stage of the study, nanodispersed ammonium nitrate and RDX were obtained, and chemically pure crystallites of either substance with a mean size of 50 nm were subsequently extracted from the powders obtained. At the second stage, simultaneous vacuum evaporation and condensation of the two components were used to obtain a composite material containing nanocrystal-force microscopy were employed to identify the phase composition of the crystallites and determine their morphology and sizes. The crystallite size of the synthesized two-component composite material is shown to be no greater than 100 nm. Key words: nanoparticles, nanocomposites, energy materials, vacuum condensation, combustion.     

Nanomaterials in refractory technology

Ashort review is presented of prospects for using nanomaterials in various refractory technologies, and an estimate is given of existing and future directions of their use for improving the operating properties of refractories. The possibility of controlling material properties at the atomic level makes it possible to create new innovative refractory materials and technology.     

Nanomaterials for Heterogeneous Combustion

Nanophase materials and nanocomposites, characterized by an ultra fine grain size (less than 100 nm) have attracted wide spread interest in recent years by virtue of their unusual mechanical, electrical, optical, magnetic, and energetic properties. Studies have shown that the thermal behavior of nano‐scaled materials is quite different from micron‐sized powders. Nanosized metallic and explosive powders have been used as solid propellant and explosive mixtures to increase efficiency. At the same time recent studies reveal that the presence of nanosized metals in propellants does not necessary translate into an increased burning rate and burning temperature. The reasons of this effect are far from being clear. This paper presents a new approach to the production of nanocomposites of some energetic materials – ammonium nitrite, cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX), and aluminum – by the vacuum co‐deposition technique. The thermal behavior of the synthesized nanopowder and nanocomposites is investigated. A substantial difference in burning rate of RDX nanopowder has been found in comparison to micron‐sized material. Experimental results allow investigating the effects of nanosized materials on the combustion characteristics.     

含二茂铁单元的分子树络合物的电化学性质

介绍了近年来含二茂铁单元分子树络合物化学行为及其应用的研究。     

树枝状大分子的合成与应用

本文介绍了树枝状大分子的结构特点、合成方法,并阐述了树枝状大分子在众多领域中的应用价值及今后研究方向的展望。