Multiple-Access Interference Suppression for Interleaved OFDMA System Uplink

In this paper, the issue of multiple-access interference (MAI) suppression for the uplink in an interleaved orthogonal frequency-division multiple-access (OFDMA) system is investigated. In such a system, a carrier frequency offset (CFO) disrupts the orthogonality between the subcarriers and gives rise to MAI among users. Based on the signature vector formulated for each user, we propose a novel detector that performs MAI suppression before CFO compensation and fast Fourier transform (FFT) demodulation. Subspace zero-forcing and minimum mean square error (MMSE) techniques are then developed to suppress MAI. The proposed scheme is shown to become almost MAI free, provided that the CFO estimation is accurate enough. From the obtained simulation results, the proposed scheme is also found to be able to enhance the system performance at low complexity.     

Successive Interference Cancelers for Multimedia Multicode DS-CDMA Systems Over Frequency-Selective Fading Channels

Noncoherent and coherent multicode direct-sequence code-division multiple access (DS-CDMA) systems with successive interference cancellation (SIC) for multimedia reverse links over frequency-selective fading channels are studied. Followed by a RAKE receiver, the SIC scheme is applied for combating the multiple access interference. The bit error rate (BER) using the SIC technique over Nakagami-m fading channels is derived. Simulation results show that the multicode DS-CDMA system with SIC has demonstrated better performance than that without SIC under the multipath fading environment, while their corresponding numerical results from performance analyses are also provided for verifications. Furthermore, the coherent receiver could achieve a more satisfactory BER than the noncoherent counterpart at the expense of synchronization.     

Pre-Coding for MIMO Systems in Frequency-Selective Fading Channels

Multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems showed good utilization of channel characteristics. In MIMO systems multiple signals are transmitted using multiple antenna system. This provides each receiver the combined signals and hence, array processing techniques helps in reducing the effects of interference among them. In this paper we devise the use of pre-coded MIMO system to reduce the effects of frequency selectivity and hence, enhance the systems capacity and/or reduce the bit error rate. In this technique we introduce a temporal pre-coder on each antenna signal; this creates a deterministic multi-path signals similar to signals received when the channel is multi-path fading channel. The same antenna signal will arrive at each receiver forming orthogonal sub-space and the receiver will be simple add and delay of the received signals. Ant colony optimization is used in this paper to select the best pre-code. Results showed that we can diagonalize the channel matrix and practically eliminate the interference for frequency selective fading channel. Simulation of two transmitting two receiving antennas pre-coded MIMO system showed that the capacity can be doubled.     

在频率选择性信道中的差分空频编码

本文提出了频率选择性衰变信道中采用了差分空频编码的正交频分复用(OFDM)传输方法。根据信道长度,我们将每个天线OFDM帧中的输入数据分组,同一组中各天线上的数据编码组成为一个对角信号星座,沿频域方向独立的对每组信号实施差分编码。通过分析成对错误概率,我们证明了这种码潜在能提供的分集是发射天线数,接收天线数和信道长度的乘积,比差分空时码具有更大分集增益,因而具有更好的性能,这一分析结果也为我们的仿真实验证实了。     

频率选择性慢衰落信道下的快速频率估计

给出了在频率选择性慢衰落信道下适用于突发传输的两种快速频偏估计算法。针对慢衰落选择性信道下的频率估计问题,两种算法均给出了一个简单的闭式解,且算法实现无需任何信道幅度信息。第一种算法要求用于频率估计的训练序列的自相关矩阵具有对角特性,第二种算法使用周期的训练序列,两种算法所需的运算量大大低于最大似然估计算法。仿真结果显示,在较高信噪比下两种算法均具有较好的估计性能。     

Direct-Sequence Spread-Spectrum Receiver for Communication on Frequency-Selective Fading Channels

The reception of direct-sequence spread-spectrum signals on frequency-selective fading communication channels is considered. The fading statistics are described using the wide-sense-stationary uncorrelated-scattering (WSSUS) channel model. It is shown that, under certain assumptions about this channel such as time-invariance over the duration of a data symbol, an orthogonal representation for the received distorted signal can be found. The optimum incoherent receiver can then be realized with reasonable complexity. The analysis shows that exploiting the inherent diversity of a frequency-selective channel can reduce the receiver error probability by several orders of magnitude. The optimum selective channel and the jamming susceptibility of the receiver are discussed.     

Parameter Estimation for Correlated MIMO Channels with Frequency-Selective Fading

In this paper, we address the problem of frequency offset and channel gain estimation for frequency-selective multi-input multi-output (MIMO) correlated fading channels. A maximum-likelihood (ML) frequency offset (FO) estimator is proposed by using the Bayesian approach. We show that the proposed FO estimator is efficient and asymptotically optimal. Based on the FO estimate, we derive the linear minimum mean square error (LMMSE) channel estimator and analytically investigate the effect of frequency offset estimation error on the mean square error (MSE) performance of the channel estimator. Finally, the performances of the FO and channel estimation are evaluated by simulation results.     

Asynchronous Iterative Water-Filling for Gaussian Frequency-Selective Interference Channels

This paper considers the maximization of information rates for the Gaussian frequency-selective interference channel, subject to power and spectral mask constraints on each link. To derive decentralized solutions that do not require any cooperation among the users, the optimization problem is formulated as a static noncooperative game of complete information. To achieve the so-called Nash equilibria of the game, we propose a new distributed algorithm called asynchronous iterative water-filling algorithm. In this algorithm, the users update their power spectral density (PSD) in a completely distributed and asynchronous way: some users may update their power allocation more frequently than others and they may even use outdated measurements of the received interference. The proposed algorithm represents a unified framework that encompasses and generalizes all known iterative water-filling algorithms, e.g., sequential and simultaneous versions. The main result of the paper consists of a unified set of conditions that guarantee the global converge of the proposed algorithm to the (unique) Nash equilibrium of the game.     

Space-Time-Block-Coded Transmissions for Downlink MC-CDMA Transmissions Over Frequency-Selective Fading Channels

Mitigation of multipath fading effects and suppression of multiuser interference (MUI) constitute major challenges in the design of the third generation wireless mobile systems. Space-time (ST) coding offers a attractive solution to cope with mutipath fading, but most existing ST coding schemes assume flat fading channels that may not be realistic for wide-band communications. Especially multiuser ST block-coded transmissions through multipath fading channels present unique challenge in suppressing not only MUI but also intersymbol/chip interference. In this paper, we design ST multiuser transceivers for MC-CDMA quasi-synchronous systems, capable to reliably transmit over frequency-selective multipath downlink channels. The proposed system is able to provide transmit diversity and to guarantee symbol recovery in multiuser environments, regardless of unknown multipath. Unlike existing approaches, the mobile does not need to know the channel of other users. In addition to decoding simplicity, computer simulations show the performance merits of the proposed transceiver.     

频率选择性MIMO衰落信道中基于导频的软均衡算法

MIMO无线传输技术的有效应用有赖于高效的空时干扰抑制策略.针对频率选择性衰落MIMO信道特点,本文提出一种联合判决反馈干扰抵消和粒子滤波的软均衡方案.首先利用导频,确定了各发送信号最强径与接收天线之间的对应关系以及基于信干噪比的判决反馈干扰抵消顺序;其次,依据后验估计准则,充分利用径强度及接收信号结构信息,构造了接收信号的重要性分布函数,采用粒子滤波算法对感兴趣用户信号实施最优判决并进行干扰抵消.仿真结果表明:相比于其他均衡方法,本算法可以有效抑制均衡误差的传播,同时具有较低的计算复杂度.     

OFDMA中同频干扰的Coded-IRC抑制算法

正交频分多址（Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access,OFDMA）的同频干扰问题一直是蜂窝移动通信系统的研究重点。本文从信号域时延出发,通过分析推导了系统中干扰的表达式,并验证了不同相对时延方差下同频干扰（Co-Channel Interference, CCI）对系统的影响。针对干扰的异步非相关性以及传统干扰抑制合并（Interference Rejection Combining, IRC）算法的局限性,利用卷积码时延小、高编码增益的特点,采用Coded-IRC方法抑制干扰。仿真结果表明,时延导致的CCI在很大程度上降低了系统的误比特率性能,而Coded-IRC算法克服了IRC的局限,使得系统误比特率性能得到提升。      

Space-Code CS-CDMA Systems over MISO Frequency-Selective Rayleigh Fading Channels

We propose a transmit diversity CDMA scheme which is a combination of convolutional spreading (CS) and space-time spreading (STS) over multiple-input single-output (MISO) multipath Rayleigh fading channels. With our scheme, multiuser detection over an MISO multipath channel is transformed to single-user detection over a single-input single-output (SISO) multipath channel as the scheme by Petre et al. Because of its simple configuration, it is immediate to see that our scheme realizes full transmit- and path-diversity for two transmit antennas. We extend the system to four transmit antennas employing quasi-orthogonal construction and show a necessary and sufficient condition for full transmit- and path-diversity to be realized. The proposed scheme requires less hardware complexity and less latency than the one by Petre et al.     

频率选择性瑞利衰落同步CDMA信道的一种空-时多用户检测器

本文提出一种用于频率选择性瑞利衰落同步CDMA信道的空-时多用户检测方法.该方法将多用户检测和阵列信号处理相结合,较好地克服了影响DS/CDMA通信质量和用户容量的多址干扰(MAI)、多径传播及信道衷减.仿真结果表明该方法具有较好的用户检测性能.     

MIMO Precoder Designs for Frequency-Selective Fading Channels Using Spatial and Path Correlation

Multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) precoder design for frequency-selective fading channels using partial channel information based on the spatial and path correlation matrices is presented. By representing a frequency-selective fading channel as a multipath model with $L$ effective paths, a general precoding structure is proposed and used to derive optimum precoding designs that maximize Jensen's upper bound on the channel ergodic capacity under the transmitted power constraint for two cases, i.e., uncorrelated and correlated channel paths. Analytical results show that, in the uncorrelated case, the precoder structure consists of a number of parallel precoders for frequency-flat fading channels. The power assignment to each precoder and the power allocation over the eigenmodes of each precoder are calculated based on the power of channel paths and the eigenvalues of the transmit correlation matrix. In the correlated case, the precoder structure is an eigenbeamformer with the beams referred to a function of eigenvectors of the Kronecker product of path and transmit correlation matrices. Furthermore, the power allocated to each eigenmode can be obtained from a statistical water-pouring policy that is specified by the product of eigenvalues of the transmit antenna and path correlation matrices. Simulation results for different scenarios indicate that the proposed precoder can increase the ergodic capacity of MIMO systems in a frequency-selective fading environment with spatial and path correlations, and its offered capacity gain is increased with the level of correlation and numbers of antennas and channel paths.      

Robust Frequency Hopping for Interference and Fading Channels

A robust frequency-hopping system with noncoherent detection, iterative turbo decoding and demodulation, and channel estimation is presented. The data modulation is the spectrally compact nonorthogonal continuous-phase frequency-shift keying, which strengthens the frequency-hopping system against multiple-access interference and multitone jamming. An analysis based on information theory provides the optimal values of the modulation index when there is a bandwidth constraint. The channel estimator, which is derived by applying the expectationmaximization algorithm, accommodates both frequency-selective fading and interference. Simulation experiments demonstrate the excellent system performance against both partial-band and multiple-access interference.     

Differential MMSE: A Framework for Robust Adaptive Interference Suppression for DS-CDMA Over Fading Channels

The linear minimum mean-squared error (MMSE) criterion is known to provide adaptive algorithms for interference suppression in direct-sequence (DS) code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems. However, standard MMSE adaptation is not robust to fast fading, being unable to compensate for rapid channel variations. In this paper, we provide a framework for deriving robust adaptive algorithms in this setting based on a new differential MMSE (DMMSE) criterion, which is a constrained optimization problem in which the quantity to be tracked is the ratio of the data appearing in two successive observation intervals. When applied to a DS-CDMA system with short spreading waveforms (i.e., with period equal to the symbol interval) operating over a flat-fading channel, the DMMSE criterion avoids tracking the fades, exploiting the negligible variation of the fading gain over two consecutive symbols. For frequency-selective fading, the DMMSE criterion is extended to provide a new eigenrake receiver which provides interference suppression and diversity combining without requiring explicit information regarding the desired user's propagation channel.     

Direct-Sequence Spread-Spectrum Multiple-Access Communications Over Nonselective and Frequency-Selective Rician Fading Channels

An accurate approximation is obtained for the average probability of error in an asynchronous binary direct-sequence spreadspectrum multiple-access communications system operating over nonselective and frequency-selective Rician fading channels. The approximation is based on the integration of the characteristic function of the multiple-access interference which now consists of specular and scatter components. For nonselective fading, the amount of computation required to evaluate this approximation grows linearly with the productKN, whereKis the number of simultaneous transmitters andNis the number of chips per bit. For frequency-selective fading, the computational effort grows linearly with the product KN². The resulting probability of error is also compared with an approximation based on the signal-to-noise ratio. Numerical results are presented for specific chip waveforms and signature sequences.     

Performance Evaluation for Forward-Link Cellular DS-CDMA over Frequency-Selective Nakagami Multipath Fading Channels

The bit-error rate (BER) for a forward-link cellulardirect-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) systemis evaluated. This analysis takes into account the effects ofmulti-cell interference resulting from Nakagami multipath fading,frequency selectivity, path loss and mobile user spatialdistribution. Exponentially decaying multipath intensityprofile (MIP) is adopted in the model to investigate itssignificance on the overall performance. In order to evaluatethe BER performance efficiently, saddlepoint integration (SPI)is applied in the analysis. By fixing the number of resolvablemultipaths and varying the number of fingers for the RAKEreceiver, it can be shown that the capacity of a DS-CDMAcellular system increases almost linearly with the number ofRAKE fingers.     

Least-Squares Channel Estimation for Mobile OFDM Communication on Time-Varying Frequency-Selective Fading Channels

A least-squares (LS) channel estimation (CE) technique for mobile orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) communications over a rapidly time-varying frequency-selective fading channel is investigated in this paper. The proposed technique keeping the comb-type pilot arrangement can achieve a low error probability by accurately estimating channel impulse response (CIR) and effectively tracking rapid CIR time variations. The LS CE technique proposed here is conducted in the time domain (TD). Meanwhile, a generic estimator is serially performed block by block without assistance from a priori channel information and without increasing computational complexity. By taking advantage of linearly frequency-modulated (LFM) or pseudorandom signals transceived for jointly sounding pilot subchannels, the proposed LS CE can inherently perform pseudonoise (PN) matched filtering (MF) to suppress multipath interference (MPI) caused by frequency-selective fading and intercarrier interference (ICI) resulting from data subchannels. The optimality of the proposed technique is verified by taking Cramer–Rao lower bounds (CRLBs) into comparison both on noise- and interference-dominant signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) conditions. In addition, the dual optimality of the LFM and PN pilot symbols is verified for both TD and frequency-domain (FD) CEs. Furthermore, the proposed technique also exhibits good resistance against residual timing errors occurring with the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) demodulation. Extensive computer simulations in conjunction with statistical derivations show the superiority of the proposed technique.