腐殖酸共存条件下NF90纳滤膜去除水中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯

水中共存有机物会对纳滤产生影响,以邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)为对象,研究了NF90膜对纯水、模拟水和河水中DBP的去除效果。DBP的初始质量浓度为100μg/L。结果表明,NF90膜能实现对微量DBP的有效去除,截留率高达90%以上;在模拟水中,腐殖酸共存时,会引起膜通量的下降和截留率的上升,pH为7时,截留率最高,     

天然有机质污染对纳滤膜去除水中邻苯二甲酸酯的影响

选用具有不同特性的2种纳滤膜NF90和NF270,采用错流试验研究了被天然有机质污染前后纳滤膜对水中邻苯二甲酸酯的去除效率和渗透通量。结果表明,NF90对邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)具有较高的截留率,分别为87.9%、95.3%和100%,且截留率随着有机物分子量的增大而增大;NF270对DMP、DEP和DBP的截留率分别为32.1%、50.4%和50%,较NF90的截留率低,且对分子量较大、较疏水的DBP未呈现较高的截留率。在进料液中添加海藻酸钠后,2种纳滤膜的渗透通量明显下降;污染后2种纳滤膜对DMP的截留率分别提高了5.9%和2.4%,对DEP的截留率略有下降,对DBP没有显著影响。改变离子强度(10 mmol/L到20 mmol/L)使NF270对DMP、DEP和DBP的截留率分别下降了2.4%、1.5%和1.5%,而NF90对3种邻苯二甲酸酯的截留率没有明显变化。     

纳滤海水软化的实验研究

利用小型平板膜测试设备,进行纳滤海水全回流实验研究.考察了操作压力、流量对DL膜通量的影响和膜对海水中主要离子的截留效果,进而研究在7 h的运行过程中DL膜对海水的软化效果,最后采用扫描电镜与X射线能谱分析纳滤海水软化过程中微溶盐的结晶情况及二价阳离子与海水中有机物的络合作用.结果表明,荷负电DL纳滤膜具备良好的渗透性和分离性能,膜通量随压力的升高线性增加,提高流量通量略有增大.在0.8～2.4 Mpa的压力范围内,DL膜对SO42-和Mg2+的截留率分别保持在98%和70%以上,对Ca2+、Na+和Cl-的截留率是随着压力的升高先增大后保持稳定.随着运行时间的延长,膜通量和离子截留率呈现一定下降趋势.在全回流运行方式下,硫酸钙表面结晶是膜通量衰减的主要原因,海水有机物与二价钙镁离子的络合作用甚微.     

4nm孔径陶瓷膜去除水中钙离子研究

采用孔径为4 nm的陶瓷膜去除水中的Ca2+,考察了不同Ca2+含量、跨膜压差、溶液pH和温度对陶瓷膜渗透通量和Ca2+截留率随时间的变化情况。结果表明,溶液中的Ca2+含量越低,膜渗透通量越高,Ca2+截留率也越高;跨膜压差升高,膜渗透通量增大,Ca2+截留率降低;降低溶液pH及升高温度能够提高膜渗透通量及对Ca2+的截留率。对Ca2+的质量浓度为10 mg/L的水溶液,在TMP为0.1 MPa、溶液pH为3、温度为50℃时、孔径为4 nm陶瓷膜渗透通量稳定在80 L/(m2.h),Ca2+截留率为85%左右。研究结果可为金属离子微污染水的净化提供方法。     

电氧化耦合纳滤工艺处理微污染苦咸水研究

针对抗生素污染引起的微污染苦咸水问题,本研究采用电氧化耦合纳滤工艺对其进行处理,使其达到净化效果。考查不同的电导率、电流密度、初始微污染物浓度、错流速度和有机物含量等条件下,耦合工艺的净水效能。结果表明,电导率对于去除水中抗生素类物质有明显的效果,尤其在电流密度 10 mA/cm²和电氧化时间 2 min 条件下,对微污染苦咸水中抗生素的去除最为高效,可将原水中 SMZ 降解到痕量。在短期实验中,耦合系统对水中抗生素的去除可以达到 100%,同时纳滤对天然有机物有很明显的截留效果。在多周期实验中,耦合系统对水中抗生素、天然有机物和盐类的去除可以达到100%、90%和90%,且随着运行时间的增加出水水质较为稳定。通过研究多周期实验膜污染情况,发现膜污染主要发生在纳滤的前期,有机物浓度是影响膜通量的主要因素;且对纳滤膜表面进行成分测试和扫描式电子显微镜-X 射线能谱分析,结果表明纳滤膜截留大量的有机、无机物。可见,经过电氧化预处理耦合纳滤工艺可协同实现降解抗生素、去除有机物和脱盐的目的。     

纳滤法去除中低放射性废水中钴离子的研究

研究纳滤法对模拟核电站中、低放射性水平废水中痕量Co2+的去除效果,采用NFW-2B平板聚酰胺纳滤复合膜,考察了压力、pH、无机离子干扰和投加有机络合剂等情况下对膜通量和Co2+去除率的影响。结果表明,随着压力的升高,膜通量增大,截留率在一定压力范围内先增大后降低;pH对膜通量影响不大,在25℃、pH=10附近时,截留效果最佳;在以聚丙烯酰胺作为络合剂的情况下,pH=7、装载量比为0.25时得到较好的去除效果,有效截留率达到98%以上。     

操作条件对NF90膜软化水过程的影响

以模拟硬水为水样,针对压力、温度和pH值等操作因子对NF90型纳滤膜软化水过程的影响进行了试验研究。结果表明,在处理暂时硬度为300 mg.L-1(以CaCO3计)的硬水时,NF90膜有较高的通量和Ca2+截留率,适用于水质软化过程。在操作压力为0.5～2.0 MPa、温度为13℃～37℃、水样pH值为6.0～8.0的条件下,膜通量随操作压力、温度的升高而升高,但受pH值的影响不大。在试验条件范围内,Ca2+的截留率均>97%。     

天然有机物和离子对纳滤膜过滤性能的影响研究

采用纳滤膜Desal 5 DK对天然有机物(NOM)和离子进行死端过滤实验,以考察进水组分对膜过滤性能的影响。结果表明,Desal 5 DK对NOM的截留率为60%~80%,由NOM引起的不可逆水通量降低占总水通量降低的70%。Desal 5 DK对水中Ca2+的截留率90%,而对Na+的截留率保持在20%~38%,离子与荷电纳滤膜之间的道南效应以及水合离子大小和扩散系数的不同引起二者截留率的差异,并导致了水通量衰减。     

利用纳滤膜软化浓海水研究

利用纳滤膜对海水淡化副产浓海水进行了纳滤软化试验,考察了操作压力、进水流量及盐度对膜通量和浓海水中主要离子截留效果的影响。结果表明,增大操作压力,膜通量呈线性增大趋势,离子截留率先增大后趋于定值;提高进水流量,膜通量增大,离子截留率变化不大;随着进料盐度升高,膜通量和离子截留率均呈下降趋势。在操作压力为1.2MPa、进水体积流量为300L/h条件下,浓海水含盐量为66.8g/L时,对K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+、SO42-、Cl-的截留率可达5.17%、-0.06%、58.41%、93.38%、100%、9.67%,NaCl的回收率可达54.32%,从而达到了软化浓海水的目的,为浓海水制盐提供了优质原料。     

膜集成技术处理氯化法钛白后处理废水的研究

氯化法钛白无机包膜处理工序会产生大量中性废水,其中包含少量钛白粉和水溶性盐,现阶段企业多以外排为主。采用膜集成（陶瓷膜+反渗透膜+纳滤膜）技术对氯化法钛白后处理废水的处理进行研究。将氯化法钛白后处理废水用陶瓷膜过滤,分离回收二氧化钛;将陶瓷膜清液用反渗透膜浓缩,清水回收利用;将反渗透浓液用纳滤膜分离硫酸钠和氯化钠。结果表明：利用陶瓷膜处理氯化法钛白后处理废水,平均通量为650 L/（m ²·h）,浓液中钛白粉质量浓度达到90 g/L以上,清液中钛白粉质量浓度低于0.001 g/L;使用反渗透膜截留清液中的硫酸钠和氯化钠,硫酸钠和氯化钠的截留率为99.5%,浓水中的盐质量分数达到4%以上;浓水中的硫酸钠和氯化钠通过纳滤膜分离,纳滤膜对硫酸钠的截留率为97%,硫酸钠质量分数达到14%以上。     

Performance evaluation of polyamide nanofiltration membranes for phosphorus removal process and their stability against strong acid/alkali solution

In this study,a quantitative performance of three commercial polyamide nanofiltration(NF) membranes(i.e.,NF,NF90,and NF270) for phosphorus removal under different feed conditions was investigated.The experiments were conducted at different feed phosphorus concentrations(2.5,5,10,and 15 mg·L~(-1)) and elevated pHs(pH 1.5,5,10,and 13.5) at a constant feed pressure of 1 MPa using a dead-end filtration cell.Membrane rejection against total phosphorus generally increased with increasing phosphorus concentration regardless of membrane type.In contrast,the permeate flux for all the membranes only decreased slightly with increasing phosphorus concentration.The results also showed that the phosphorus rejections improved while water flux remained almost unchanged with increasing feed solution pH.When the three membranes were exposed to strong pHs(pH 1.5 and 13.5) for a longer duration(up to 6 weeks)it was found that the rejection capability and water flux of the membranes remained very similar throughout the duration,except for NF membrane with marginal decrement in phosphorus rejection.Adsorption study also revealed that more phosphorus was adsorbed onto the membrane structure at alkaline conditions(pH 10 and 13.5) compared to the same membranes tested at lower pHs(pH 1.5 and 5).In eonelusion,NF270 membrane outperformed Nf and NF90 membranes owing to its desirable performance of water flux and phosphorus rejection particularly under strong alkali solution.The NF270 membrane achieved 14.0 L·m~(-2)·h~(-1) and 96.5% rejection against 10 mg·L~(-1) phosphorus solution with a pH value of 13.5 at the applied pressure of 1 MPa.     

天然有机物对国产纳滤膜的污染及清洗效果研究

为考察水体中天然有机物(NOM)对纳滤膜性能产生的影响,以腐殖酸(HA)、牛血清蛋白(BSA)和海藻酸钠(SA)分别模拟水中常见NOM,腐殖质、蛋白质和多糖,对国产NF-1812纳滤膜进行单组分及其混合物定性定量有机污染及清洗实验。结果表明,有机污染造成膜通量下降,膜污染程度为SA>HA>BSA;NOM截留率可稳定在99.2%~99.6%;膜污染阻力主要为浓差极化阻力,其次是凝胶层阻力和内部污染阻力,有机污染液综合黏度和综合含量越大,浓差极化阻力的比例越高;对多组分有机污染膜进行错流速度9 cm/s的物理水力清洗和pH=10.0的质量分数分别为0.1%的NaOH+0.025%Na-SDS化学药剂清洗,膜通量、NOM截留率、苦咸水截留率、SEM成像均恢复至原膜状态,纳滤膜清洗效果良好,适用于中国西北苦咸水地区。     

天然有机物对纳滤水处理工艺的影响

天然有机物（NOM）广泛存在于天然水体中,对纳滤处理过程产生较大影响。该文在介绍NOM的组成和物化性质的基础上,讨论了NOM对截留率和膜通量的影响,阐述了纳滤过程中NOM的亲、疏水性,浓差极化效应,静电排斥作用,氢键作用,二价离子络合等对纳滤过程的影响机理,对提高纳滤膜过滤性能有重要意义。     

Rejection of salt mixtures from high saline by nanofiltration membranes

Nanofiltration (NF) membranes have recently been employed as pretreatment unit operations in seawater desalination processes and as partial demineralization to seawater. The present paper investigates the performance of selected commercial NF membranes to reject salts of high concentrations at salinity levels representative of brackish and sea water. Two commercial nanofiltration membranes (NF90 and NF270) have been investigated in detail to study their performance in filtering aqueous solutions containing different salt mixtures in a cross-flow NF membrane process within the pressure range from 4 to 9 bar. Spiegler-Kedem model (SKM) was used to fit the experimental data of rejection with the permeate flux. The results showed that NF90 membrane was shown to have a distinct ability to reject both monovalent and divalent ions of all investigated mixtures with very reasonable values but with relatively low flux. This will make NF90 more suitable for the application in the pretreatment of desalination processes. On the other hand, NF270 can reject monovalent ions at relatively low values and divalent ions at reasonable values, but at very high permeate flux. The SKM model only fitted well the experimental data of divalent ions in salt mixture. Based on the evaluation of the overall performance of NF90 and NF270 membranes, their distinct ability to reject salts at high salinity from seawater is considered an advantage in the field of pretreatment of seawater feed to desalination units.     

四种纳滤膜对高盐废水分盐效果分析

为了使煤化工零排放高盐废水分盐产出高质量NaCl和Na2SO4结晶盐,提高废水处理过程的分盐效率,以宁东某煤化工零排放高盐废水的水质情况模拟配制了无机盐溶液,选取了膜1、膜2、膜3和膜4等4种商用纳滤膜,探讨了其对模拟高盐废水中的常规离子(Mg2+、Ca2+、Na+、K+、SO42-、Cl-、NO3-)的截留率,并考察...     

进水水质对纳滤膜苦咸水软化的分离性能

针对黄淮地区苦咸水,构建了小试级别的纳滤膜法软化系统,并开展了包括pH、总溶解固体含盐量（TDS）和总有机碳（TOC）等进水水质对DL、DK型纳滤膜的软化分离实验。结果表明,pH为3~10、TDS为1317~5926 mg·L^-1和TOC为2.72~12.24 mg·L^-1的进水条件下,DL和DK纳滤膜比通量随pH的增加分别呈先上升后下降和缓慢下降的趋势,随进水TDS和TOC的增加呈整体下降趋势,而纳滤膜对硬度离子（Mg²⁺和Ca²⁺）的截留率均呈明显的上升趋势。DL膜运行至267 h时,膜比通量下降幅度超过10%,进行化学清洗,酸洗后膜比通量恢复率达到85.05%,酸洗加碱洗后该值高达97.2%,结合扫描电子显微镜和原子力显微镜表征结果,可知化学清洗对膜面污染有较好的去除效果。     

Impact of Solute Properties and Water Matrix on Nanofiltration of Pesticides

The application of different nanofiltration membranes for the separation of pesticides, i.e., atrazine and dimethoate, from aqueous solutions is described. The nanoflitration membranes DK, NF270, NF200, and NF90 were tested for the pesticide retention performance in a stirred dead‐end filtration system. NF90 demonstrated the best pesticide retention with over 95 % for atrazine and approximately 80 % for dimethoate. All membranes consistently showed better retention of atrazine than of dimethoate. Dissolving the pesticides in river or tap water amplified the overall pesticide retention performance, indicating that filtration in water treatment plants could render superior pesticide retention. However, a lower flux was obtained for the filtration of tap and river water.     

Preparation and characterization of asymmetric polyethersulfone nanofiltration membranes: The effects of polyvinylpyrrolidone molecular weights and concentrations

In this study, asymmetric flat‐sheet polyethersulfone (PES) nanofiltration (NF) membranes were prepared via immersion precipitation phase inversion with the addition of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). The effects of PVP with the molecular weights (MW) from 17 to 1400 kDa and the concentration from 0 to 3.0 wt % on the morphologies and performances of PES membranes were systematically studied. The prepared membranes were characterized by SEM, AFM, ATR‐FTIR, contact angle, membrane porosity, the water flux, and the rejection measurement. The results indicated that the porosity and the hydrophilicity of PES NF membrane increased with increasing PVP concentration, and the hydrophilicity of PES NF membrane also improved with increasing PVP MW. The enhancements of the porosity and hydrophilicity resulted in the higher water flux of PES NF membrane. The rejection of Bordeaux S (MW 604.48 Da) for the prepared PES membrane was increased to above 90% with the low PVP concentration, but it turned to decrease remarkably when the PVP concentration reached to a critical value which related to PVP MW. It was concluded that the addition of a small amount of PVP could significantly increase the permeability of PES NF membrane and maintain its rejection of Bordeaux S above 90%. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 43769.     

水溶性荧光染料溶液脱盐浓缩的纳滤实验研究

选用NTR7450和NF270两种纳滤膜对水溶性工业荧光染料原液进行分离，选择出透过通量大、除盐效果好和染料截留率高的纳滤膜，并对该染料溶液进行了脱盐和浓缩的间歇渗滤过程研究：在温度25℃和压力1.0MPa下，膜对染料截留率达到100％，最终料液中NaCl浓度从0.214mol／L降到0.0025mol／L,料液被浓缩了2．6倍。说明纳滤膜的间歇渗滤操作过程能够实现染料溶液的脱盐浓缩。     

Nanofiltration flux, fouling and retention in filtering dilute model waters

Fouling of membranes decreases the applicability of the nanofiltration (NF) process, and thus a deeper understanding of membrane fouling is needed. Fouling and retention of different NF membranes by model feed waters was investigated in a laboratory-scale filtration unit. The model waters were composed so as to imitate the characteristics of chemically pre-treated surface water. No differences were seen in membrane flux declines when filtering feed waters containing the studied organic compounds of different characteristics. However, organic matter containing feed waters resulted in remarkably lower flux than the metal ions containing feed waters. An additional decrease in flux was seen when both organic matter and metal ions,especially silica, were present in the feed water. An increased feed water organics concentration increased the retention of organic matter, but the addition of metal ions to organics containing feed water caused a decrease in the retention of both organic matter and conductivity. The different behaviour is most probably caused by the differences in the fouling layers and foulant characteristics as well as by the electroneutrality effect. Generally, it is difficult to change feed water composition to non-fouling, but the operating pH can be used to some extent in optimising membrane performance.