基于有限元理论分析切削振动对CBN刀具磨损的影响

研究用CBN刀具切削钛合金Ti-6Al-4V材料时，切削振动对刀具磨损的影响情况。用有限元分析技术，设计正交试验，分析不同方向切削振动幅度和振动频率对刀具表面应力、刀具温度的影响，研究切削振动条件下的刀具磨损情况。有限元仿真结果表明:X方向振动对刀具表面应力和温度影响较小，且规律性影响不明显，因此X方向振动并未加重刀具磨损；Y方向振动对刀具表面应力和温度影响较大，刀具表面应力和温度随着Y方向振动幅度和频率增加而增大和升高，刀具磨损加重；当X方向和Y方向均存在振动时，刀具表面应力和温度也随着振动幅度和频率增加而增大和升高，刀具磨损严重。利用实际切削试验对有限元分析结果进行验证，发现振动对刀具磨损影响较大，与有限元分析结果基本一致。      

高硬度航空合金铣削颤振研究进展

高硬度、高强度合金在航天航空领域的应用越来越广泛,但这类合金在铣削过程中存在铣削力过大而容易引起刀具颤振的问题,而刀具颤振会降低工件的最终表面质量和生产效率。为了减少刀具颤振对加工质量的影响,铣削颤振稳定性预测被广泛应用于高硬度合金铣削的研究中。综述了高硬度航空合金铣削过程颤振稳定性分析的研究现状,重点阐述再生型颤振的动力学建模,分析刀具颤振与磨损的相互关系,介绍了近年来铣削颤振稳定性研究中抑制颤振的研究成果。     

纵扭复合超声振动铣削SiCp/Al表面质量研究

SiCp/Al复合材料具有优异的性能,在航天航空、光学行业、汽车工业等高科技领域得到了广泛应用,但它在塑性和硬度之间差距巨大,使得超精密加工显得非常困难。建立超声铣削动力学模型,采用单因素法检测分析了SiCp/Al复合材料在不同主轴转速、铣削速度和铣削深度下的表面粗糙度与表面形貌,建模仿真了纵扭复合超声振动刀刃铣削轨迹,得到了影响加工表面质量规律及机制。研究发现主轴转速为3000 r/min、铣削速度为180 m/min时,表面粗糙度值最小;材料表面质量随铣削深度的增加而下降。为SiCp/Al复合材料铣削加工提供了合理工艺参数,提高了加工效率,降低了刀具磨损,延长了刀具使用寿命。     

基于改进LSTM-AdaBoost的铣刀磨损量预测

针对铣刀磨损量预测时精度低的问题,提出一种基于黑寡妇算法（BWO）优化的长短期记忆神经网络（LSTM）与AdaBoost集成学习算法相结合的铣刀磨损量预测方法。在铣刀磨损振动信号中提取时域、频域以及时频域多域特征。通过BWO算法优化LSTM的核心参数,并将优化后的LSTM网络与AdaBoost算法进行结合,构建铣刀磨损量预测模型。最后用PHM Society 2010铣刀全寿命周期的振动数据进行实验。研究结果表明：所提方法能够有效地预测出铣刀磨损量变化值,优化后模型的平均绝对误差百分比为3.436%、均方根误差为6.471、决定系数 R2 为0.935。该方法能够获得准确率更高的铣刀磨损量预测值,预测效率更高。     

超声振动辅助铣削加工钛合金表面摩擦磨损性能研究

目的研究超声振动辅助铣削加工钛合金表面形貌及摩擦磨损性能的优势。方法将0、6、12μm的超声振动振幅分别施加到铣削加工的进给方向加工TC4钛合金,得到不同加工参数条件下的表面形貌。用多功能扫描电子显微镜观察不同条件下的微观表面形貌,并且对不同表面的摩擦磨损性能进行了测试,分析了超声振动对表面摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果施加超声振动后,表面微观形貌与传统铣削加工存在较大区别。表面微观形貌不仅存在因进给速度产生的进给划痕,还存在一定规律的微观织构。摩擦磨损试验分析了干摩擦与润滑脂摩擦两种情况。干摩擦条件下,超声振动对摩擦系数的影响较明显,振幅为6μm时,摩擦系数有所减小;振幅为12μm时,摩擦系数有所增大。脂润滑条件下,摩擦系数变化较小。结论通过超声振动辅助铣削可以加工出具有一定微观形貌的表面织构,这些微织构的存在影响了加工表面的摩擦磨损性能,对于研究表面抗磨减阻性能有一定的作用。     

钛合金Ti-6Al-4V纵扭超声铣削残余应力试验研究

目的 提出将纵扭超声振动和铣削加工相复合,对钛合金Ti-6Al-4V进行试验研究,探索工艺参数对加工残余应力的影响规律,实现钛合金的压应力抗疲劳制造。方法 通过试验对比分析了纵扭超声铣削和传统铣削在切削力、切削温度和残余应力的差异性。采用正交试验和单因素试验相结合的方法,同时考虑因素交互作用,研究了加工参数、冷却润滑条件以及刀具磨损对加工残余应力的影响。结果 相较于传统铣削,纵扭超声铣削能够使平均切削力降低约16.3%,切削温度降低约25.6%,表面残余压应力值增加31.3%。在所选参数范围内,径向切深对表面残余应力的影响较大（贡献率为34.1%）,而振幅影响较小（贡献率为6.5%）。表面残余压应力值随着铣削速度、每齿进给量以及径向切深的增大有不同程度的降低,随着振幅的增大有一定程度的提高。采用乳化液作为切削液能够提高加工表面的残余压应力值,而干式切削能够获得和在水、油切削液条件下相当的加工表面残余压应力值。工件表面的残余压应力值随着刀具磨损的增加而逐渐减小。结论 纵扭超声铣削能够有效降低切削力和切削温度,提高加工残余压应力值,同时选择适当的工艺参数及润滑冷却条件可进一步增大表面压应力值,可作为一种可靠的压应力制造技术。     

振动辅助电弧铣削加工技术实验研究

通过对电弧加工技术、电弧铣削加工技术及其机理的总结,提出了振动辅助电弧铣削加工技术。利用自行研制的实验装置,对有、无叠加振动的铣削加工放电波形进行了分析,研究了振动频率对加工速度、电极损耗的影响。结果表明:在较高频率与较大振幅的条件下,通过叠加振动可提高电弧铣削过程的稳定性,并提升加工速度,降低电极相对损耗,进而改善加工精度。振动所起的良好作用是由于叠加振动能促进放电并减少短路。     

纵扭复合超声端面铣削表面微结构建模与试验研究

目的 对纵扭复合超声端面铣削加工表面微结构进行预测,以优化加工参数。方法 对纵扭复合超声端面铣削进行运动学分析,并在其基础上建立三维运动轨迹方程。对刀尖轨迹仿真,且研究该运动方式下的加工特性。通过对切削刃和工件离散化建立纵扭复合超声端面铣削表面微结构理论模型,并利用MATLAB进行三维表面仿真。对TC4钛合金进行超声振动切削试验。结果 理论仿真和切削试验结果均表明超声纵扭端面铣削时,随振幅的增加,由振动引起的表面微观结构特征愈加明显。扭纵幅值比增大时,加工表面微观结构凹坑效应弱化,At/Al=0.55时,加工表面呈条形片状微观结构。振动频率和主轴转速会影响表面微观结构单元的疏密程度。结论 加工表面微结构的生成与振动频率、振幅、扭纵复制比、切削速度等加工参数相关,铣削实验得到的加工表面变化趋势与表面理论模型吻合,该表面模型能够优化超声加工参数。     

变进给高效铣削阻燃钛合金的机理研究

主要采用变进给试验法,开展了正弦变进给高效铣削Ti40阻燃钛合金试验和理论研究。建立了正弦变进给变化幅度、变化周期及进给步持续时间与刀具耐用度的关系模型,并对模型参数进行优化,结果表明：当进给变化幅度为11.72%,变化周期为120s,进给步持续时间为5s时,刀具耐用度相比传统铣削,增长幅度最高可达33%。变进给铣削Ti40阻燃钛合金改变了刀具磨损的形态和机理,主要表现是增大前刀面与切屑的接触面积,改变月牙洼磨损的位置,同时减小月牙洼磨损的深度和磨损速率,增强铣削中刀具切削刃强度,从而提高了刀具耐用度。     

电火花放电微细电极振动的测量与研究

利用电火花铣削进行大深度、大体积的三维型腔加工,需预留足够的电极长度以对损耗的电极进行补偿。在电极直径较小的情况下,较大长度的电极会使电极刚度降低,放电产生的作用力等因素的影响将无法忽略,直接导致电极末端位置误差增大,影响加工精度。围绕电极放电力对微细电极振动的影响,进行了测量及研究。采用显微镜和高速相机的组合观测微细空心电极在单脉冲放电作用下的振动情况,以获得其振幅大小;在实验基础上分析峰值电流和脉宽参数组合的变化对电极振幅的影响。     

Experimental investigation on hard milling of high strength steel using PVD-AlTiN coated cemented carbide tool

High strength steel 30Cr3SiNiMoVA (30Cr3) is usually used to manufacture the key parts in aviation industry owing to its outstanding mechanical properties. However, 30Cr3 has poor machinability due to its high strength and high hardness. Hard milling is an efficient way in machining high strength steels. This paper investigated hard milling of 30Cr3 using a PVD-AlTiN coated cemented carbide tool with regard to cutting forces, surface roughness, chip formation and tool wear, respectively. The experimental results indicated that the increase of cutting speed from 70 to 110 m/min leads to direct reduction of cutting forces and improvement of surface finish, while both feed rate and depth of cut have negative effect on surface finish. The occurrence of oxidation on chip surfaces under high cutting temperature makes the chips show different colors which are strongly influenced by cutting speed. Saw-toothed chips were observed with the occurrence of the thermo-plastic instability within the primary shear zone. Micro-chipping and coating peeling were confirmed to be the primary tool failure modes. Serious abrasion wear and adhesive wear with some oxidative wear were confimed to be the main wear mode in hard milling of 30Cr3.     

Ultrasonic-assisted machining of stone

Hybrid machining processes represent a potential approach to meeting the constantly increasing demands on cutting. In ultrasonic-assisted cutting, as a part of hybrid machining, the machining process is superimposed with a high-frequency vibration of small amplitude. This paper presents investigations on the drilling of stone materials, i.e. different granites and marble, in which this process is applied. It could be observed that the resultant forces and torques were reduced, which had already been discovered in investigations of various other materials. The influence of different parameters on the force reduction is shown, which is basically similar to the theoretical reduction of friction by ultrasound for small speed ratios δ, but is considerably increased. This increase must be due to other effects. Besides the force reduction, a reduction of cratering at the drill exit can be observed. Based on the present results, definite conclusions on tool wear cannot be drawn yet.     

Experimental study on machinability improvement of hardened tool steel using two dimensional vibration-assisted micro-end-milling

High strength, low thermal conductivity and high work hardening tendency of tool steel are the main factors that make its machinability difficult. In this paper, two dimensional vibration-assisted micro-end-milling (2-D VAMEM) is applied to machine the hardened tool steel (HRC 55 and HRC 58) in order to improve its machinability. The experiments are carried out to study the effects of vibration parameters on the surface roughness and the tool wear. It is found that 2-D VAMEM can improve the surface roughness and reduce the tool wear compared to traditional micro-end-milling, and larger amplitude and higher frequency are useful for the surface roughness improvement and the tool wear reduction. Therefore, 2-D VAMEM is an effective method to milling of hardened tool steel and can be applied in the manufacture of moulds and dies with improved machining efficiency, surface quality and tool life.     

Cutting performance of PVD-coated carbide and CBN tools in hardmilling

In this study, cutting performance of CBN tools and PVD-coated carbide tools in end-milling of hardened steel was investigated. In high-speed dry hardmilling, two types of CBN tools were applied: the CBN-rich type and an ordinary one. In the case of relatively low-speed milling, on the other hand, a few coated carbide tools were selected where four kinds of coating films, TiN, TiCN, TiAlN and multi-layered TiAlN/AlCrN, were deposited on the K10 and P30 grade carbide. The cutting performance was mainly evaluated by tool wear, cutting temperature, cutting force and surface roughness. In dry cutting of hardened carbon steel with the ordinary CBN tool, the cutting tool temperature rose rapidly with increase in cutting speed; and tool temperature reached approximately 850 °C at the cutting speed of 600 m/min. In the case of the CBN-rich tool, the cutting temperature decreased by 50 °C or more because of its high thermal conductivity. It is remarkable that tool wear or damage on a cutting tool was not observed even when the cutting length was 156 m in both CBN tools. In the case of coated carbide tools, the temperatures of TiN-, TiCN- and TiAlN-coated carbide tools rose as cutting proceeded because of the progress of tool wear, but that of TiAlN/AlCrN-coated carbide tool hardly rose due to little tool wear. When the base material was K10 grade carbide, tool temperature was lower than that of P30 with any coating. The tool flank wear depends considerably on hardness and oxidizing temperature of the coating film.     

Detection of milled 100Cr6 steel surface by eddy current and incremental permeance methods

Hard milling was applied to 100Cr6 steel of 50 HRC hardness using cutting tools with different flank wear. The modified surface layers were investigated by eddy current and incremental permeance measurements at magnetizing frequencies from 0.2 to 10 kHz. The signals were studied as a function of a low-frequency magnetic field applied to the sample. Both methods showed growth of magnetically harder peak in the measured curve with tool flank wear and magnetizing frequency increase. New parameters were introduced to evaluate the flank wear and corresponding surface damage in the material. The incremental permeance method showed much higher sensitivity comparing to the eddy current testing.     

Effect of dynamic response and displacement/stress amplitude on ultrasonic vibration cutting

In this report, the behavior of the cutting force measured through the dynamic response of tool–work piece system in ultrasonic vibration cutting was discussed first. Measured cutting force mainly depends on the ratio of net cutting time to a vibration cycle in vibration cutting (t_c/T) because the tool–work piece system has much lower natural frequency comparing with the ultrasonic vibration cycle. It was confirmed by the newly proposed cutting experiment using resonated-horn-type work piece, displacement amplitude and stress amplitude at the cutting point vary continuously in this device. It was shown that the measured cutting force varies corresponding to the displacement amplitude. It was also indicated that the measured cutting force does not decrease when the cutting point is on the node of the resonated-horn-type work piece, where the stress amplitude is the maximum but there is no displacement amplitude. It means that there should be the relative intermittent displacement between the tool and the chip in order to decrease the measured cutting force. In addition, the deformation resistance of the work piece material itself does not decrease with ultrasonic vibration of the stress field. Secondly, the significance of the elastic deformation of the tool–work piece system of several microns in ultrasonic intermittent cutting was also indicated from an analytical and experimental point of view. The effect of the elastic behavior on the cutting force becomes relatively large as t_c/T becomes small. The above-mentioned characteristics will be helpful to utilize the ultrasonic vibration cutting system more efficiently.     

切削刃数量对球墨铸铁铣削性能及表面形貌特征的影响

目的 提高球墨铸铁铣削表面质量和刀具寿命。方法 通过刀具轨迹计算和切削试验,研究球墨铸铁平面铣削过程中切削刃数量对切削性能、刀具磨损和表面形貌特征的影响,并用分形维数和表面粗糙度共同表征表面形貌。结果 刀具轨迹分析表明,由于铣削过程中,刀具切削方向和进给方向间的夹角不断变化,铣削表面不同位置和方向的表面形貌存在差异,进而导致表面粗糙度存在较明显的差异。通过铣削试验研究切削刃数量对铣削表面不同位置和方向的几何特征的影响规律发现,随着切削刃数量的成倍增加,切削力显著增加,同时刀具磨损量降低了36.5%,表面粗糙度值降低了39.2%,表面轮廓分形维数值增加了4.8%。结论 增加切削刃数量可以使每齿切削力和刀具磨损均显著减小,刀具寿命显著增加,同时表面粗糙度减小,分形维数增大,即切削刃数量的增加使表面质量更好,表面轮廓结构更复杂。     

Effect of machining parameters in ultrasonic vibration cutting

The ultrasonic vibration cutting (UVC) method is an efficient cutting technique for difficult-to-machine materials. It is found that the UVC mechanism is influenced by three important parameters: tool vibration frequency, tool vibration amplitude and workpiece cutting speed that determine the cutting force. However, the relation between the cutting force and these three parameters in the UVC is not clearly established. This paper presents firstly the mechanism how these parameters effect the UVC. With theoretical studies, it is established that the tool–workpiece contact ratio (TWCR) plays a key role in the UVC process where the increase in both the tool vibration parameters and the decrease in the cutting speed reduce the TWCR, which in turn reduces both cutting force and tool wear, improves surface quality and prolongs tool life. This paper also experimentally investigates the effect of cutting parameters on cutting performances in the cutting of Inconel 718 by applying both the UVC and the conventional turning (CT) methods. It is observed that the UVC method promises better surface finish and improves tool life in hard cutting at low cutting speed as compared to the CT method. The experiments also show that the TWCR, when investigating the effect of cutting speed, has a significant effect on both the cutting force and the tool wear in the UVC method, which substantiates the theoretical findings.     

基于小波包分解和奇异谱分析方法的立铣加工颤振监测

在立铣加工过程中,颤振是加工过程失稳的一个最重要的原因。颤振将会严重影响工件表面质量和材料去除率,加剧刀具磨损和恶化工作环境。虽然大部分颤振监测系统可以监测到颤振发生,但颤振发生时已经对工件和刀具产生了严重的损伤,因此,需要提前监测到颤振特征。在颤振发生过程中,振动信号具有在时域中不断增大,在频域中能量频移的特性。考虑这两个振动信号特征,提出了一种颤振特征提取方法。提取颤振发生频带中振动信号的能量比和奇异谱熵系数作为两个颤振特征,并通过人工神经网络模型实现切削颤振的识别。文中提出的颤振监测系统包括特征提取和分类,能够精确辨识立铣加工中的稳定、过渡和颤振状态。     

基于切削技术的金刚石刀具磨损特征分析

金刚石刀具的磨损情况决定其使用寿命。用金刚石PCD刀具切削6061-T6镁铝合金工件,通过不同切削速度、切削深度、振动频率、刀具后角时的切削力及切削温度变化,研究不同刀具前后角、进给量、切削转速时的工件表面粗糙度及刀具磨损面积。结果表明:金刚石刀具的切削力和切削温度随切削速度、切削深度的增加而增大,随振动频率的增加而减小;刀具后角增大,金刚石刀具的切削力呈先下降而后缓缓上升趋势,但对切削温度的影响很小。当刀具前角为10°,刀具后角为8°,切削速度为0.46?m/s,切削深度为28?μm,进给量为0.10?mm/r,切削转速为4100?r/min,振动频率为22?kHz,切削振幅为9?μm时,金刚石刀具的磨损面积最小,磨损程度最低,使用寿命最长,但工件的表面粗糙度稍高。