混凝土腐蚀监测用参比电极制作及电化学性能研究

参比电极对监测混凝土中钢筋的电位至关重要。使用凝胶作为电极内部电解质、水泥浆作为渗透层,制成Ag/AgCl凝胶参比电极。在混凝土模拟液中测试了电极电位的稳定性、电极的温度系数以及氯离子含量对电位的影响,通过动电位和恒电流极化测试了电极的抗极化性能,并在混凝土中进一步研究了电极电位的时变特性。结果表明,电极电位有良好的稳定性和可靠性,电极温度系数较小,氯离子含量对电极电位的影响可以忽略,电极抗极化性能优良。研制的电极可用于实时监测混凝土内部钢筋的腐蚀电位,为钢筋混凝土构件寿命预测提供参考。     

CB/PVDF干式柔性生物电势电极的制备及性能研究

干式柔性生物电势电极不需要导电介质就能与皮肤表面直接贴合进行生物电检测,且能避免凝胶电极失水造成的信号质量降低等问题,可以完美地替代传统湿电极进行人体健康监护。本研究将炭黑(CB)和聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)进行复合,制备了CB/PVDF柔性电极,电阻率最低可达0.3Ω·cm。研究了CB含量对极化电位的影响,发现CB含量为35%(质量分数)的电极的极化电位最为稳定。对人体进行生物电采集,所得心电信号稳定,能够清晰地辨别P波、QRS波群以及T波等心电特征信号,且信号质量优于失水后的银/氯化银凝胶电极,表明CB/PVDF干式柔性生物电势电极可以替代银/氯化银凝胶电极,用于长期人体生物电信号监测。     

西部氯盐渍土介质中混凝土的氯离子扩散性

为研究西部氯盐渍土介质中混凝土的氯离子扩散性,采用实验分析、微观扫描、理论预测相结合的方法,分析混凝土中氯离子含量与分布规律、氯离子对流区深度与峰值含量、表层氯离子含量时变规律以及试件表层微观形貌,预测既定混凝土保护层厚度处达到钢筋锈蚀临界氯离子浓度所需时间。研究结果表明,沿扩散深度混凝土中自由氯离子含量与总氯离子含量均呈现出先增长后降低的趋势,二者具有很好的线性关系;存在明显的氯离子含量峰值,随浸泡时间的变化较小;随着浸泡时间的增加,对流区深度逐渐加大,表层氯离子含量逐渐增加,混凝土中Friedel’s和Cl元素逐渐增多。理论分析结果显示,氯离子扩散系数随着扩散深度增加而增大,随浸泡时间增加而减小,使用寿命预测结果与工程实际混凝土结构腐蚀情况吻合较好,预测模型可用于西部氯盐渍土介质中混凝土结构使用寿命预测与分析。     

近海管路腐蚀控制监测方法

<正> 拖挂船/牵引导线电位是最广泛用以监测沿近海管路阴极保护电位的方法之一。它在可达之处,诸如海底竖管或海岸试验站与管道进行试验连接而进行监测。或者,也可以与放置在已知管道电位的某处海底上的固定电极进行试验连接而进行监测。将银/氯化银(Ag/AgCl)参比电极     

氯盐侵蚀下铜矿渣混凝土高温后内部钢筋锈蚀规律

为探究高温及铜矿渣细骨料对混凝土中钢筋锈蚀模式的影响规律,对不同铜矿渣置换率的混凝土试件进行高温试验,然后采用干湿循环浸泡法对试件进行人工加速氯离子侵蚀试验,并利用电化学方法测量自然电位值以监测混凝土内部钢筋的锈蚀情况,最后测量混凝土内部氯离子含量及钢筋锈蚀率。结果表明：自然电位法可以较好地反映试件内部钢筋的实际锈蚀情况;高温破坏了混凝土抗氯离子侵蚀性能,从而导致混凝土试件中的钢筋锈蚀程度随经历温度的升高而增大;此外,高温下铜矿渣自身较大的膨胀变形及冷却后与水泥净浆间不协调收缩的综合作用进一步破坏了混凝土微结构,使钢筋锈蚀率随着铜矿渣置换率的提高而增大;最后建立了氯盐侵蚀下铜矿渣混凝土高温后内部钢筋锈蚀深度拟合公式。     

Ag/AgCl氯离子传感器在混凝土中的应用

尝试将试验室制作的Ag/AgCl氯离子传感器用于混凝土中测试,验证该传感器应用于混凝土结构中的可行性。测试了传感器在混凝土试件中的长期稳定性,建立了传感器在混凝土中的线性响应方程,并通过加速氯离子渗透的方式对建立的线性方程进行了验证。试验结果表明,传感器在混凝土试件中可以长期稳定有效地工作,85d电位波动25mV,传感器在氯离子掺量相同的试件中电位响应一致性良好;通过建立的线性方程计算得到的电位响应值与实测电位响应值符合得很好,所建立的方程与试件水胶比水平无关,与氯离子的引入方式无关,是适用于混凝土结构的比较准确的线性方程。通过该方程的建立即可实现使用该传感器监测混凝土结构中的氯离子分布,达到钢筋锈蚀提前预警的目的。     

电渗析法除氯离子制高纯碳酸钙的研究

本文研究了用电渗析法除碳酸钙中的氯离了，测定了电渗析时间，电位梯度，投料量，换电极室溶液等因素对氯离子脱除率的影响。实验结果表明：氯离子脱除度随电渗析的时间延长，电位梯度的增加而增大，随中室碳酸钙抽量的增加而减小。     

混凝土氯离子含量快速测定仪校准方法研究

正目前,我国还没有相应国家检定规程或校准规范对混凝土氯离子含量快速测定仪进行计量检定或校准,因此,对其校准方法的研究有利于量值溯源和量值传递。选择北京耐久科技仪器有限公司生产的NJCL-H型混凝土氯离子含量快速测定仪作为校准对象。仪器包含电计和电极两部分,分别从电计电位和配套电极两个方向讨论和研究其校准方法。一、电计部分电位示值误差校准混凝土氯离子含量快速测定仪主机部分具有     

混凝土结构工程除盐的研究与应用

基于氯离子腐蚀混凝土的电化学机理,探讨了用电化学方法反其道而行消除混凝土中氯离子的原理、可行性与工程应用前景。通过除盐试验和除盐后混凝土构件受力性能试验,研究了影响电化学方法除盐效果的各种参数(如碱溶液、电极电位、电流密度、金属网腐蚀牺牲等)及其对混凝土结构性能的影响;分析了除盐后钢筋周围混凝土凝胶体孔隙内碱类物质的积聚,及其对钢筋与混凝土之间粘结力的影响。除盐后的拉拔试验和钢筋混凝土板的弯曲试验表明,除盐后钢筋与混凝土之间的粘结性能会受到损伤,但粘结力的损伤不会对混凝土构件的正常使用性能和承载能力造成显著影响。     

盐雾环境下受荷混凝土中氯离子扩散试验

针对海洋盐雾环境,开展不同荷载水平作用下混凝土中氯离子扩散试验,测试混凝土中不同深度的氯离子含量,总结混凝土中氯离子扩散规律,拟合氯离子扩散荷载影响系数与构件应力状态之间的关系式。结果表明,拉应力作用下混凝土中氯离子含量增加,氯离子扩散系数增大;压应力作用下混凝土中氯离子含量降低,氯离子扩散系数减小;氯离子扩散系数随着时间增加逐渐减小,表面氯离子浓度随着时间的增加逐渐增大。考虑荷载影响的氯离子扩散模型可为预测实际工程受荷混凝土结构的使用寿命提供参考。     

Multiprobe chloride sensor for in situ monitoring of reinforced concrete structures

In situ monitoring of the chloride content is one of the most important procedures in preventing and controlling chloride-induced corrosion in reinforced concrete structures. Thus, the development of chloride sensors is of paramount importance for the continuous monitoring of concrete structures. The sensors must present long lifetime and reliability and operate in a wide range of chloride concentrations.The present work aims at developing and testing a sensor based on Ag/AgCl electrodes for in situ monitoring of chloride ions in reinforced concrete structures. Although these electrodes are widely used in analytical experiments due to their sensitivity to the chloride ion, little is known on their behaviour during exposure to alkaline environments, such as those existing in concrete.The multiprobe sensor presented in this work was tested in mortar and concrete specimens, revealing good stability. The results reveal that the Ag/AgCl sensor presents good sensitivity in a wide range of chloride concentrations.     

Ag/AgCl微电极束的制作及其原位检测焊缝局部腐蚀的效果

金属焊接件焊缝处易优先发生腐蚀,单个微电极难以测量焊接件同一时刻、不同位置的局部腐蚀行为。自制了Ag/AgCl微电极束,用其测试了X80钢焊接件在天然海水和模拟的咸淡水(0.1 mol/L NaCl溶液)中以及X65-316L焊接件在模拟的酸性海洋大气环境(0.1 mol/L,pH=2的NaCl溶液)中的电位分布,预测了焊材的局部腐蚀行为。结果表明:制作的Ag/AgCl微电极束性能稳定,用其测定X80焊接件和X65-316L焊接件在不同环境中的电位分布,可准确推测腐蚀发生的位置。     

Growth of Silver Nanowires from Controlled Silver Chloride Seeds and Their Application for Fluorescence Enhancement Based on Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance

A “Polyol” method has granted low‐cost and facile process‐controllability for silver‐nanowire (Ag‐NW) synthesis. Although homogenous and heterogeneous nucleation and growth during Ag‐NW synthesis are possible using polyol methods, heterogeneous nucleation and growth of Ag NW guarantees highly selective growth of nanostructures using silver chloride (AgCl) seeds, which provides a stable source of chloride ions (Cl?) and thermodynamic reversibility. In this paper, a microdroplet has been adopted to synthesize uniform AgCl seeds with different diameter that are used for seed‐mediated Ag‐NW synthesis. The concentration of two precursors (AgNO₃ and NaCl) in the droplets is modulated to produce different sizes of AgCl seeds, which determines the diameter and length of Ag NWs. The process of the seed‐mediated growth of Ag NWs has been monitored by observing the peak shift in the time‐resolved UV–vis extinction spectrum. Furthermore, the distinct plasmonic property of Ag NWs for transverse and longitudinal localized‐surface‐plasmon‐resonance (LSPR)‐mediated fluorescence enhancement is utilized. The high aspect ratio and sharp tips work as simple antennas that induce the enhanced fluorescence emission intensity of a fluorophore, which can be applied in the fields of biological tissue imaging and therapy.     

Application of a new Cl-plasma-treated Ag/AgCl reference electrode to micromachined glucose sensor

Micromachined glucose sensors were fabricated and integrated with the plasma-treated Ag/AgCl reference electrodes for the first time. The surface of the Cl-plasma exposed AgCl layers was of granule-shaped morphology and showed the favorable long-term stability with a 13-mV potential drift after 5 h over a commercial liquid-junction Ag/AgCl reference electrode in phosphate buffered saline. The fabricated devices showed a typical behavior of an amperometric glucose sensor and a successful operation as a three-electrode system. Due to the integrability of the reference electrode and the use of low-temperature steps only, the new micromachined process can allow easy mass production of the device and the monolithic integration of signal processing circuitry in the future.     

Solution-gated graphene field effect transistors integrated in microfluidic systems and used for flow velocity detection

Solution-gated graphene field effect transistors (SGGT) were integrated in microfluidic systems. The transfer characteristics of a SGGT with an Ag/AgCl gate electrode shifted horizontally with the change of the ionic concentration of KCl solution in the microchannel and the relationship can be fitted with the Nernst equation, which was attributed to the change of the potential drop at the Ag/AgCl electrode. Therefore the gate electrode is one important factor for the ion sensitive property of the SGGT. Then SGGTs were used as flow velocity sensors, which were based on measuring the streaming potentials in microfluidic channels. A linear relationship between the shift of the transfer curve of the SGGT and the flow velocity was obtained, indicating that the SGGT is a promising transducer for measuring flow velocity in a microchip. Since the streaming potential is influenced by the three physical quantities, including the flow velocity, the ionic strength of the fluid and the zeta potential of the substrate, the device can be used for sensing any one of the three quantities when the other two were known. It is noteworthy that SGGTs have been used for various types of chemical and biological sensors. Array of the devices integrated in multichannel microchips are expected to find many important applications in the lab-on-a-chip systems in the future.     

混凝土设计参数对氯盐环境下钢筋锈蚀的影响研究

研究了混凝土设计参数包括水胶比、胶凝材料组成、保护层厚度和混凝土氯离子含量等对氯盐环境下混凝土中钢筋锈蚀的影响。通过模拟氯盐环境下混凝土中钢筋所处的锈蚀环境,并以一定的方法加速混凝土中钢筋的锈蚀,采用电化学测试手段(钢筋腐蚀电位和钢筋腐蚀电流密度)来评价各设计参数对钢筋锈蚀的影响。结果表明,水胶比越小、保护层厚度越大、混凝土氯离子含量越小、使用矿物掺合料能有效延缓钢筋开始锈蚀时间,并在不同程度上减小钢筋的锈蚀速率。试件在试验一段时间后被破损,将钢筋周围砂浆制样并进行SEM扫描电镜元素分析试验,进一步验证电化学测试方法的准确性及钢筋的锈蚀程度。     

In situ measurement of Cl- concentrations and pH at the reinforcing steel/concrete interface by combination sensors

This paper presents an in situ, nondestructive method of monitoring Cl- concentrations and pH values at the steel/concrete interface. The Ag/AgCl electrodes prepared by the electrochemical anodization and the Ir/IrO2 electrodes prepared by thermal oxidation in carbonate served as Cl- concentration and pH sensors, respectively. The potentiometric response of the Ag/AgCl electrode to the logarithm of Cl- concentrations ranging from 1 x 10(-4) to 2 M in saturated Ca(OH)2 solution simulating the inner electrolytic medium of concrete shows good linearity. The Ir/IrO2 electrode also exhibits an ideal Nernstian response in the range of pH 1-14. The Ag/AgCl and Ir/IrO2 electrodes were combined into a multiplex Cl-/pH sensor, and the sensor was embedded in concrete close to the steel/concrete interface to realize an in situ and long-term measurement of Cl- concentrations and pH values. The results indicate that the combined sensor is robust and sensitive enough to in situ measure Cl- concentrations and pH quantitatively at the steel/concrete interface, which is of indispensable importance to the study of corrosion and protection of the steel in concrete.     

Ag/AgCl固体参比电极性能研究

研究了浸泡时间、粉末制备方法和相对流速等因素对专利方法制备的全固态Ag/AgCl参比电极的电位稳定性影响.实验发现,固相法粉末制备的电极其浸泡稳定性好,电位波动在2mV以内,海水流速小于3.6 m·s-1时对电极电位无显著影响,满足工程需要,可作为水下阴极保护电位检测和监测用参比电极.     

Zr/ZrO2 sensors for in situ measurement of pH in high-temperature and -pressure aqueous solutions

The aim of this study is to develop new pH sensors that can be used to test and monitor hydrogen ion activity in hydrothermal conditions. A Zr/ZrO2 oxidation electrode is fabricated for in situ pH measurement of high-temperature aqueous solutions. This sensor responds rapidly and precisely to pH over a wide range of temperature and pressure. The Zr/ZrO2 electrode was made by oxidizing zirconium metal wire with Na2CO3 melt, which produced a thin film of ZrO2 on its surface. Thus, an oxidation-reduction electrode was produced. The Zr/ZrO2 electrode has a good electrochemical stability over a wide range of pH in high-temperature aqueous solutions when used with a Ag/AgCl reference electrode. Measurements of the Zr/ZrO2 sensor potential against a Ag/AgCl reference electrode is shown to vary linearly with pH between temperatures 20 and 200 degrees C. The slope of the potential versus pH at high temperature is slightly below the theoretical value indicated by the Nernst equation; such deviation is attributed to the fact that the sensor is not strictly at equilibrium with the solution to be tested in a short period of time. The Zr/ZrO2 sensor can be calibrated over the conditions that exist in the natural deep-seawater. Our studies showed that the Zr/ZrO2 electrode is a suitable pH sensor for the hydrothermal systems at midocean ridge or other geothermal systems with the high-temperature environment. Yttria-stabilized zirconia sensors have also been used to investigate the pH of hydrothermal fluids in hot springs vents at midocean ridge. These sensors, however, are not sensitive below 200 degrees C. Zr/ZrO2 sensors have wider temperature range and can be severed as good alternative sensors for measuring the pH of hydrothermal fluids.