盾构隧道施工盘形滚刀推力分布规律研究

 盾构掘进时,刀盘由油缸推压到工作面上,滚刀与岩石之间产生相互作用。为研究各滚刀推力分布规律,分析影响滚刀与岩石相互作用的影响因素,指出掘进过程中滚刀推力分布主要与岩石刚度有关。假设滚刀与岩石弹性点接触,建立刀盘与岩石相互作用的三维弹性支点力学模型并进行了简化,运用有限元方法对其进行分析与比较。研究表明,刀盘上各滚刀的推力分布并不均匀,滚刀布置稀少处的推力较高,面刀推力均比边刀推力高出40%～60%。相同的刀盘形式,滚刀布置方式不同,其推力分布差异较大。最后,运用蒙特卡罗有限元方法,分析岩石刚度变化对滚刀推力分布的影响,岩石越软,滚刀推力分布越均匀;反之,滚刀推力分布的均匀性越差。在硬地层中掘进时,个别推力高的滚刀磨损严重,换刀频繁,影响了施工进度。因此,该部位的滚刀布置值得进一步研究。     

Effect of replacing disc cutters with chisel tools on performance of a TBM in difficult ground conditions

A summary of a research program covering a period of two years on the performance of a TBM in a very complex and difficult geology is presented in this study. The formations in the study area varied from alluvium, sludge, mudstone, shale and limestone to quartzite with strengths from soft to very hard. The dykes frequently intruded the sedimentary rocks resulting in different degrees of weathering and fracturing in the country rock causing tremendous delays in progress rate of the TBM. The disc cutters started cutting inefficiently in clayey medium strength ground with extreme water income, at where also excessive disc consumptions started due to insufficient friction between the disc cutters and very soft (sludgy) formation, and it was decided to replace all disc cutters with chisel tools (ripper, scraper). Before making this important decision that could affect totally the excavation efficiency and production rate, some theoretical estimations were performed using the Evans’ cutting theory after some modifications based on the previous experimental studies for relieved cutting mode and wear flat, front ridge and vee-bottom angles found in complex shapes of chisel tools to estimate deterministically the torque and thrust requirements of the TBM.Field measurements of the torque and thrust requirements of the TBM equipped with the chisel tools validated the theoretical considerations and the deterministic model used for predicting the performance. Statistical analysis indicated that the model could be used reliably for performance prediction. This study also gave a unique opportunity to compare the performance of disc cutters and chisel tools used on the same TBM at variety of grounds and to analyze the effect of replacing disc cutters with chisel tools on the performance of the TBM. The field measurements indicated that the chisel tools were superior to the disc cutters in especially soft to medium strength rocks.     

Development of a new laboratory apparatus for the examination of the rotary-percussive penetration in tunnel boring machines

This paper describes the design and implementation of a new laboratory apparatus to model the recently proposed rotary-percussive penetration (RPP) technology to be applied in tunnel boring machines (TBMs). It also deals with the tests carried out to explore the pure effect of appending a percussive load to the other applied loads during excavation in the prepared specimens. Results of this study confirmed that the combined mode of cutting-impact is very effective in the cutting of the moulded specimens. A good agreement was also achieved between the results of the experiments and the previously developed analytical model. Therefore, this research generally shows that the percussive load can ultimately improve the rate of penetration (ROP) of disc cutters of a modelled tunnel boring machine.     

Predicting performance of EPB TBMs by using a stochastic model implemented into a deterministic model

The current study is an attempt to address the stochastic nature of the rock excavation process by suggesting a stochastic performance prediction model implemented into a deterministic model developed for hard rock TBMs. Full-scale linear cutting experiments using constant cross-section and V-type of disc cutters are performed on two different limestone samples to provide the basic input required for the deterministic model used for estimation of instantaneous penetration rate, daily advance rate, thrust and torque requirements of TBMs. Stochastic estimation is performed by using a Monte Carlo simulation program by applying iterations to implement the probabilistic distribution of each model parameter and provide knowledge of a confidence level. Results of the suggested model are verified by measuring the field performance of two earth pressure balance (EPB) TBMs excavating competent rocks in semi-closed mode. The results indicate that the suggested model works well for prediction of instantaneous cutting/penetration rate for both TBMs and both types of disc cutters. However, an improvement on the model is required for estimation of cutterhead torque and thrust of EPB TBMs. The stochastic model implemented into the deterministic model results in almost similar predictions with the deterministic model in 50% (best guess) probability. However, the stochastic modeling provides a tool for exploring the full implications of linear cutting experiments and allows assessing the probability of occurrence and predicting variations of the TBM performance parameters, covering the uncertainties/risks.     

PDC钻头复合钻进破岩机理及个性化设计探讨

在复合钻进工况下,地面和井下马达的复合驱动虽能使PDC钻头的钻速能得到显著提升,但钻头寿命也会显著缩短。通过研究定向井、水平井下部钻柱的受力变形特性,建立了复合钻进下PDC钻头的运动学模型,研究了转速比、布齿位置、下部钻柱几何状态等对切削齿切削轨迹的影响规律。在此基础上,改进了PDC钻头破岩数字仿真系统,并利用该系统研究了PDC钻头在复合钻进工况下的运动学、切削力学规律以及井底形态特点。研究结果表明:除了高转速因素以外,复合钻进钻头破岩效率增高的主要原因在于PDC钻头切削齿的不平行刮切特性,以及螺杆弯角所导致的钻头牙齿的不均衡切削状态。针对PDC钻头在复合钻井条件下的破岩机理和失效特点,探讨了复合钻进PDC钻头个性化设计的技术思想和实施方法,为复合钻进条件下PDC钻头工作性能的改进提供了理论依据和技术手段。     

环脊式PDC钻头破岩机理实验研究

环脊式PDC钻头是一种采用不连续布齿原理在井底形成易破碎岩石环脊的钻头技术新思想。在不同岩性、不同岩脊尺寸等条件下,开展了针对岩脊的牙轮牙齿的单齿静压和PDC齿刮切破岩单元实验,以及针对平整表面岩石的对比实验;设计制造了全尺寸可变参数实验钻头,并进行了环脊式PDC钻头与常规PDC钻头的室内钻岩对比实验。实验研究结果表明:与平整岩样的实验相比,牙轮牙齿和PDC齿在岩脊上的切削破碎载荷和破碎比功均显著降低;在全尺寸钻头钻岩实验中,与同等布齿密度条件下的常规PDC钻头相比,环脊式钻头的破岩比功显著降低,破岩效率明显提高;环脊式PDC钻头在钻进过程中有明显的体积性破碎现象,岩屑的尺寸或粒度显著增大,有利于地质录井。     

复杂岩石地层隧道掘进机操作特性分析

为提高掘进效率,改进掘进机与地层的匹配性设计,对掘进机的操作特性进行研究。基于重庆越江隧道盾构掘进试验,分析复杂岩石地层盾构刀盘扭矩、刀盘推力及转速的参数选用原则,在此基础上,分析主掘进参数与切深的关系。随后,对不同地层条件下刀盘扭矩与推力之间的匹配性进行分析,绘制了刀盘扭矩与推力之间的操作特性曲线,并用于分析和制定不同地层条件下的主掘进参数匹配方案。对于较软的泥岩,刀盘扭矩先达到最大值,而推力却不能发挥其最大能力;岩石强度增高,所需推力增加,在发挥扭矩能力的前提下,推力也能发挥其功能,从而使二者达到最佳操作关系;若岩石强度过高,推力保持在最大值,但切深很浅,滚刀旋转阻力减小,刀盘扭矩很难发挥最大能力。因此,应视地层软硬,根据刀盘推力与扭矩的操作特性对刀盘的主掘进参数进行合理设计,并在掘进过程中实时调整其匹配关系。     

简单复合岩体中TBM多滚刀破岩机理离散元分析

采用引入考虑胶结尺寸的微观接触模型的PFC^2D离散元软件,对全断面岩石掘进机（TBM）盘形滚刀作用下简单形式的复合岩体破岩机理进行数值模拟研究。进行了单滚刀、双滚刀和三滚刀作用下的复合岩体破碎过程的模拟。模拟结果表明：滚刀破岩过程可以分为三个阶段：加载阶段、卸载阶段和残余跃进阶段。通过双滚刀和三滚刀侵入复合岩体的推力-侵深曲线分析,软岩上的滚刀比硬岩上的滚刀进入各阶段稍慢,略有滞后;不同滚刀间的峰值法向推力相差较大,易造成滚刀磨损。对于花岗岩-绿片岩复合岩体,破岩时接触力链被岩体分界面分割,硬岩区胶结破坏数目较多,双滚刀、三滚刀侵入时易形成贯通裂缝;破岩效率由大到小为双滚刀效率、三滚刀效率、单滚刀效率,而且双滚刀能够将效率提高一倍左右。     

Prediction of thrust and torque requirements of TBMs with fuzzy logic models

For successful tunnel excavations, selection of proper tunnel boring machine (TBM), optimization of design parameters and prediction of their performance are critical. Normal and rolling forces of disc cutters are used for determination of thrust, torque and power requirement of TBMs as well as prediction of their performance. Much research has been conducted to predict these parameters of disc cutters using analytical, empirical and numerical approaches. In recent years alternative methods, such as fuzzy logic, have been extensively used to deal with subjects having ambiguities and uncertainties. A model was established to predict normal forces of constant cross section (CCS) disc cutters in the rock cutting process by using fuzzy logic method. The other model which predicts specific energy requirement of disc cutter can also be used for predicting the rolling forces of these cutters. These models are based on experience and verified the database which consists of linear cutting test results generated at the Earth Mechanics Institute of the Colorado School of Mines. The models predict forces of disc cutters using uniaxial compressive and tensile strength of rocks, disc diameter and tip width, penetration and spacing of cuts.     

不同刀具配置下隧道掘进机高效破岩机理与推力预估

为解决隧道掘进机刀盘刀具破岩的安全性、可靠性、高效性这一隧道掘进机施工难题,从高效破岩机理和刀盘刀具与围岩耦合作用规律两个方面进行了研究,对单刀及多刀破岩理论体系进行了完善。结合理论分析和滚刀岩机作用综合实验台上的实验结果,提出了红砂岩、石灰岩和花岗岩等3种常见岩石的最优破岩刀间距,并给出了当岩石强度位于40～170 MPa之间时的最优刀间距计算式。综合考虑各种因素对隧道掘进机总推力、刀盘扭矩的影响,提出了复合式隧道掘进机总推力、刀盘扭矩估算的理论公式。通过工程实例验证,该理论计算式具有较高的科学性和精确性。研究成果可直接用于刀具选型布置、推力、扭矩设计,从而降低隧道掘进机的制造成本、提高施工效率。     

Influence of cavern spacing on the stability of large cavern groups in a hydraulic power station

Many factors influence the static and dynamic stabilities of the rocks surrounding large cavern groups, such as in a hydropower station. In order to study the influence of cavern spacing on the stability of adjacent caverns, two kinds of dynamic-history simulation models for large cavern groups were set up by considering three different strengths of rock masses (soft rock, medium hard rock, and hard rock). One model included two caverns and the other included three caverns. The numerical simulations of these models were conducted under the loading of gravity and the combined loadings of gravity and earthquake motion, separately. To fully consider the dynamic features of rock masses, a damaged plasticity model with a non-associated potential flow was adopted for the surrounding rocks. Due to the stress redistribution and the scattering effect, simulated results indicate that, taking the caverns located in soft rocks, for example, if the spacing is less than one cavern characteristic length (taken to the biggest width of a cavern in the group), the static and dynamic responses of adjacent caverns are significantly affected by their spacing. The damage and the distribution of tensile stress surrounding the caverns are extremely extensive. Once the spacing approaches or exceeds twice the cavern characteristic length, the damage and the distribution of tensile stress of caverns keep unchanged, and the effect of nearby caverns disappears. In some situations, as the rock strength decreases, the damage becomes more severe and the area of tensile stress becomes more extensive. The critical distance of cavern spacing decreases as the strength of the surrounding rocks increases. The conclusions of this work could be used as a primary guidance to the anti-earthquake design for practical engineering.     

PDC钻头岩石可钻性测定与分级新方法研究

PDC钻头作为最重要的油气钻井破岩工具,其岩石可钻性级值是进行钻头个性化设计与选型、优化钻井参数的关键依据,在中硬以上的地层价值尤为重要。然而,我国2000年颁布实施的石油天然气行业标准《岩石可钻性测定及分级方法》却存在明显的缺陷,对中硬以上的岩石经常出现测试无效、无法获得可钻性级值数据的现象。通过对不同岩性岩石试样的大量微钻头可钻性实验测试,发现标准钻压过低、PDC微钻头结构参数不合理是中硬以上岩石测试无效的主要原因。针对这些问题,首先,研究了微钻头切削齿安装角度对其干涉状态的影响规律,提出了最优的微钻头侧转角,消除了微钻头切削齿与岩石发生干涉的可能性;其次,开展了5种岩石在不同钻压下的微钻头钻岩实验,实验数据表明变压可钻性级值与钻压之间呈线性关系,提出了采用钻压分档测试、当量转化分级或分档独立分级的可钻性测试与分级新方法。该方法既能有效解决中硬以上岩石的可钻性测试问题,又能与过去的软岩测试数据相兼容。主要研究成果已经被2016版行业标准《岩石可钻性测定及分级》所采纳。     

高强度围岩隧洞TBM刀具磨损规律研究

刀具磨损是影响TBM掘进效率的重要因素,该文以北疆供水二期工程XEVIII标段隧洞为依托,开展高强度围岩条件下刀具磨损规律研究。该标段已掘进段围岩强度最大为160MPa,平均为120MPa。根据掘进过程中的刀具磨损统计资料,分析不同刀位的刀具磨损值、围岩强度和掘进参数对刀具磨损的影响以及不同掘进参数对刀具磨损的敏感度,结果表明：中心滚刀和正面滚刀的累计磨损量随安装半径增大呈指数式增长,边缘滚刀累计磨损量受安装角度影响,随安装半径增大先增大后减小;边缘滚刀的单刀磨损量最大,正面滚刀次之,中心滚刀最小;随着围岩强度提高,中心滚刀和正面滚刀每延米磨损量呈指数型增长,边缘滚刀每延米磨损量呈二次函数型增长,所有刀具每延米累计磨损量呈线性增长;围岩强度不变时,随着刀盘转速、刀盘扭矩、推力、贯入度增大,刀具每延米磨损量均呈二次函数型变化,先增大后减小,随着掘进速度增大,刀具每延米磨损量呈二次函数型变化,先减小后增大;刀具磨损对刀盘扭矩和推力最为敏感,为减小磨损,建议施工中将刀盘扭矩控制在1100～1300kN·m或2100～2400kN·m,将推力控制在9000～11000kN或15000～16000kN。     

旋转模块式PDC钻头破岩机理研究

针对深部难钻地层钻头的钻速低、寿命短、能耗高等问题,在常规固定齿PDC钻头上引入旋转模块结构,旋转模块齿和固定切削齿“交叉刮切”破碎岩石,提高钻头的破岩效率,且旋转模块齿交替轮流工作的方式使得切削齿冷却及时,减缓切削齿的磨损,延长钻头寿命。介绍了新型钻头的结构特点和工作原理,对旋转模块进行了变参数实验,实验结果表明:旋转模块随着侧转角的增大,转速增加;随着轴倾角的增大,转速降低。研究得到旋转模块在不同结构参数下的切削载荷以及破碎比功的变化规律,验证了旋转模块齿和固定切削齿“交叉刮切”破碎岩石,能够降低破岩比功,为后续旋转模块式PDC钻头的设计提供理论依据和支撑。     

The use of water jets to assist free-rolling cutters in the excavation of hard rock

Earlier work has shown that the use of water jets at moderate pressure enhances mechanical cutting in hard rock. To assess the potential of this technique for use in conjunction with free-rolling cutters, a series of laboratory tests was conducted with disc and button cutters to determine the effect of variations in the jet and cutting parameters on the cutter performance. In these tests, it was found that the use of water jets at pressure in the range of 5–40 MPa can reduce the forces on a free-rolling cutter by 40 per cent, which represents a significant improvement in cutting performance. The reduction in thrust force was found to be dependent on jet pressure: the greater the pressure, the greater the reduction. The reduction in rolling force was independent of jet pressure over the range investigated. The results indicate that no additional improvements in cutting performance of any significance are to be gained by an increase in jet pressure above 40 MPa. The most effective jet configuration for the reduction of cutter forces was found to be four coherent water jets, two laterally disposed on each side of the cutter and directed at the arc of contact between the cutting edge and the rock.     

动静载荷耦合作用下岩石破碎理论分析及试验研究

根据压头侵入岩石的断裂特征,确定了动静载荷耦合侵入岩石过程中所形成的中间、径向和侧向裂纹长度与侵入载荷、冲锤质量和冲击速度关系式,分析了冲击–静压切削组合破岩模式下冲击间距(频率)对破岩效果的影响。在自行研制的动静态多功能岩石破碎试验台上,以花岗岩为试验对象分别进行了动静耦合载荷侵入岩石试验和冲击–静压切削破岩试验。结果表明:组合载荷模式能大幅度提高破岩效果,冲击间距与切削深度之比值对破岩比能耗有很大影响,并且存在最优比值可使破岩达到最佳效果;合理的加载方式应是冲击载荷使岩石产生足够大的开裂区,再与之匹配适当的静压和切削力将开裂区岩石切削下来;大冲击能、高冲击频率、小冲击间距对于破碎脆性硬岩有较好的效果。     

微心PDC钻头心部结构优化的实验研究

在油气勘探中,需要在地层中进行岩石取样同时保证钻头的破岩效率和机械钻速,因此需要对微心PDC钻头心部结构进行优化。通过在不同尺寸的3种不同岩性(砂岩、灰岩和花岗岩)的岩心柱上完成静压、折断、冲击3种破坏形式的破岩实验,设计及制造一只直径为φ152.4 mm的可变参数的微心PDC钻头,并在不同尺寸的砂岩岩心柱上完成室内台架实验。实验结果表明:折断的破岩效率最高,静压其次、冲击最小;与全覆盖的钻头相比,微心PDC钻头机械钻速提高49%~112%;微心PDC钻头岩柱的高度对钻头的机械钻速影响较小,而岩柱的直径对机械钻速影响较大;微心PDC钻头在3种岩样中均能实现体积破碎,产生大岩屑,能提高破岩效率和机械钻速,并得到3种破岩方式下的最优岩心柱尺寸。     

风干与饱水状态下花岗岩单轴流变特性试验研究

对软弱岩石(体)的流变特性进行了许多研究，相比较而言。对坚硬(相对)完整岩石流变特性的研究则少得多。坚硬完整岩石的流变特性对岩土工程的影响在很多情况下可以忽略。但在长期恶劣环境作用下，例如。长期浸泡于水中呈水饱和状态。其影响则会大许多。因而了解坚硬完整的岩石在恶劣环境作用下的流变特性，是很有意义的。鉴于此。开展了花岗岩在饱水状态下流变特性的试验研究。并与其风干状态作了对比，在强度和变形特性方面获得了重要的资料。     

基于岩碴粒径分布规律的TBM破岩效率分析

岩碴的形状、大小及其粒径分布规律是综合反映TBM破岩效率的重要指标,也是TBM掘进参数与岩石性质的重要联系。根据盘形滚刀破岩机制,对TBM掘进岩碴进行了现场量测和筛分试验,获得了TBM岩碴尺寸特征和粒径分布规律。在此基础上,对实测岩碴尺寸和粒径分布数据进行了统计分析和理论分布函数拟合。分析了粗糙度指数与岩石强度、岩石耐磨性的关系,探讨了不同围岩等级下粗糙度指数随掘进推力的变化规律。研究结果表明:①片状岩碴的长轴与短轴之比约为1.5,而长轴与厚度之比则差别较大,其长轴、短轴和厚度均服从正态分布;②不同岩性条件下岩碴粒径分布均符合Rosin–Rammler函数分布;③岩碴粗糙度指数越大,TBM破岩效率越高;硬岩条件下岩碴粗糙度指数随单轴饱和抗压强度增大而减小,而中硬—软岩条件下则相反;④无论是软岩还是硬岩,岩碴粗糙度指数随岩石耐磨性增大而减小,岩石耐磨性越强,TBM破岩效率越低;⑤TBM破岩效率与围岩等级密切相关,可根据现场实测岩碴粒径分布规律,确定Ⅱ级和Ⅲ级围岩条件下TBM破岩效率最佳时的掘进推力区间。     

润渭冲洗液对胎体材料的润滑作用

本文用试验的方法证实了润滑剂对胎体的润滑性是影响金刚石制品工作效率与寿命的一个重要因素，并得出结论：钻进硬岩时，润滑剂应对胎体的润滑性较差，以保证新金刚石不断出露、提高时效；而钻进研磨性较大的岩层时，所用润滑剂对胎体的润滑性应较好，以减少胎体的磨损达到提高寿命的目的。根据以上结论本文提出了一种新型、高效润滑剂—Ｓ－１型润滑剂，并在室内进行了试验，证实了Ｓ－１型润滑剂有明显提高时效的作用。