System Outage Probability Due to PMD in High-Speed Optical OFDM Transmission

In this paper, closed-form analytical bounds on PMD-induced symbol error rate and outage probability in high-speed long-haul optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexed (OFDM) systems are derived, evaluated, and verified experimentally in order to assess the PMD tolerance of this modulation format. To obtain the analytical results, the PMD channel is modeled as a linear time-invariant system, whose end-to-end transfer function is used to upper-bound symbol error and outage probabilities in IM/DD optical OFDM transmission. The symbol error rate bounds predicted by the general analytical model are verified experimentally on a 10-Gb/s OFDM system with instantaneous DGD ranging between $Deltatau = 0$ and 120 ps . The outage probability bounds indicate that, if no RF guard bands are required, OFDM enables high-speed transmission with at least twice the PMD tolerance provided by an equivalent uncompensated OOK-based system at system outage probabilities $P_{{rm out, sys}}≪10^{-5}$ . If RF guard bands are required to mitigate effects of other distortions, it is shown that a penalty in the system PMD tolerance proportional to the intermediate RF subcarrier frequency, $f_{{rm RF}}$, is exerted. Consequently, a tolerance tradeoff exists in IM/DD OFDM systems, wherein $f_{rm RF}$ as well as baseband constellation size may be viewed as design parameters that can be optimized depending on specific system requirements.      

多中继协作通信系统的中断概率分析

协作分集不仅能提升数据传输速率,还可以提高数据传输的稳定性。协作通信方法使用带有一根天线的移动台,在多用户环境中可以共享其他移动用户的天线,这样可产生多根虚拟发射天线,进而得到相应的分集增益,改善移动通信系统的性能。现在通过研究发现,在多中继协作通信中,非对称信道采用放大转发方式下的中继传输,在AF重复转发和机会转发2种方式下表现出了较小的链路中断概率,系统性能得到明显的提升。     

Bit Error Probability and Bit Outage Rate in Chaos Communication

This paper investigates the notion of the probability of bit error (PBE) and its distribution in chaos-based communication systems; these are seen as being the fundamental quantities to both the well-known bit error rate (BER) and the new concept in chaos communications of bit outage rate (BOR). The form of the distribution illustrates the degree to which bit error rate is a stable representation of performance. Bit outage rate is another measure of performance which gives practically helpful information about bit error. For a simple coherent chaos-shift-keying system the distribution of bit error probability is derived exactly, and theoretically exact formulas for the bit outage rate and bit error rate are presented. Two specific cases are developed to obtain useful qualitative and quantitative information. The cases concern independent Gaussian spreading, as a lower benchmark and logistic map spreading, as typical of effective chaotic spreading. Comparisons are obtained between these spreading distributions and between different extents of their spreading, calibrated against per bit signal to noise ratio. A general conclusion is that bit outage and bit error rates are complementary measures of performance.     

非理想信道信息下认知中继系统中断概率研究

本文针对存在信道估计误差的情况,分析了非理想信道状态信息下认知中继系统的性能.建立了非理想信道状态信息下认知中继系统的数学模型,推导出了非理想信道状态信息下认知中继系统中断概率的表达式.理论分析表明在非理想信道状态信息下认知中继系统的性能较理想状态有所下降,但更符合实际情况.同时数值仿真结果验证了理论分析的正确性.     

Exact Outage Probability Analysis for a Multiuser MIMO Wireless Communication System With Space–Time Block Coding

A multiuser multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) system with orthogonal space-time block coding (OSTBC) is analyzed for the uplink of a wireless communication system in a Rayleigh fading environment. In the first part of this paper, a simple and exact closed-form expression for the outage probability of the signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR) is derived at the input of the base station (BS) receiver by making the following two assumptions: 1) All the users transmit their data by using the same OSTBC; and 2) the users are power controlled by the same BS so that the interfering users are requested to transmit with the same power. In the second part of this contribution, the outage probability of the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) is calculated at the output of the BS receiver, which, in our case, is a spatial matched filter. To be able to analytically solve the latter problem, the presented analysis is restricted to the case of a single interferer and a 2 2 MIMO system with Alamouti coding. Monte Carlo simulations are carried out to verify the proposed analytical expressions for the outage probability.     

Polarization-Dependent Loss-Induced Outage Probabilities in Optical Communication Systems

Polarization-dependent loss (PDL)-induced outage probabilities (OPs) in optical communication systems are investigated using a semi-analytical method, taking into account the different statistics of the noise parallel and orthogonal to the signal. We show that in today's optical communication systems that typically operate at low optical signal-to-noise ratio due to the use of forward-error-correction coding, neglecting the orthogonal noise or the different statistics between the orthogonal and parallel noise significantly underestimates or overestimates PDL impairments. We find that PDL impairments are larger at lower optical signal-to-noise ratio. Required system margins at an OP of 10^-5 for given PDL values are calculated.     

一种在光纤通信中的偏振稳定系统设计与实现

针对光信号在非保偏环境下传输偏振态随机变化的现象,设计了一种可实时保持信号偏振态稳定的系统,用于光纤通信系统接收端。该偏振稳定系统采用基于偏振跟踪的直接检测方案,使用功率差作为反馈变量,无需高速电路支撑。反馈控制算法采用禁忌-粒子群优化算法,将粒子群算法自适应化并引入禁忌表,形成收敛速度快、不易陷入局部最优值的优质算法。系统硬件实现后,经实验验证了该偏振稳定系统的有效性,且对光信号的调制速率、调制格式透明。     

Outage Probability in GSM-GPRS Cellular Systems With and Without Frequency Hopping

General packet radio service(GPRS) is designed for transmitting packet data andis supposed to take its radio resource from the pool ofunused channels of GSM voice services. Obviously, theintroduction of GPRS has an impact on the voice services.In this paper, we present a method to calculate theoutage probability of the GSM-GPRS network for bothnon-frequency hopping and frequency hoppingsystems. This method takes into account Rayleighfading, power control (with error), discontinuoustransmission, and frequency hopping (if applied). Theoutage probability of voice services affected by theintroduction of GPRS is discussed. The number ofunused voice channels allocated to GPRS depends on thedifference between the outage level of the existingGSM network and the maximum acceptable level. Thefrequency hopping system can accommodate more GPRStraffic than the non-frequency hopping system. Thepower control error has more impact on systemperformance when more channels are allocated to GPRS.Beyond our expectations, for the non-frequency hoppingsystem, the channels provided for GPRS are not muchdifferent between high channel occupancy and lowchannel occupancy of voice services. In contrast, for thefrequency hopping system, the system can provide morechannels for GPRS at low channel occupancy. The cellservice area decreases by about 10% 20% for eachadditional channel allocated to GPRS.     

高速光纤通信系统中偏振模色散的补偿方法

偏振模色散(PMD)已成为高速光纤通信系统发展的严重障碍。文章介绍了偏振模色散的概念,对现有的主要偏振模色散的补偿方法进行了分析和比较。指出用保偏光纤(PMF)和偏振控制器(PC)来补偿PMD是目前比较可行的方法,而用光子晶体光纤(PCF)进行PMD补偿的方法也在进一步研究之中。     

高速光纤通信系统中偏振模色散的补偿方法

偏振模色散（PMD）已成为高速光纤通信系统发展的严重障碍。文章介绍了偏振模色散的概念，对现有的主要偏振模色散的补偿方法进行了分析和比较。指出用保偏光纤（PMF）和偏振控制器（PC）来补偿PMD是目前比较可行的方法，而用光子晶体光纤（PCF）进行PMD补偿的方法也在进一步研究之中。     

基于混沌映射的偏振移位键控光通信系统

提出了一种基于数字混沌与偏振移位键控(PolSK)技术的光保密通信系统.该系统选取几种偏振态部分或完全相同的PolSK方式,在系统不同时钟周期,发送端根据实时产生的数字混沌序列选用不同的PolSK方式调制信息,接收端利用同步的混沌序列与相应的PolSK方式解调信息.数字混沌序列的伪随机特性使得该系统的PolSK调制方式呈现无规则变化.当星座点个数不少于6且选用的PolSK方式不少于4种时,可选的PolSK组合超过1060种,系统的密钥空间庞大.用OptiSystem和Matlab软件相结合的方法进行了系统仿真,并做了一定的数值分析.仿真与分析结果表明,该光通信系统通信正常,具有较强的保密性.     

协同通信中双向多中继网络的中断概率分析

针对频率非选择性瑞利衰落信道条件下,研究了双向多中继协同通信系统的中断概率性能.首先基于模型的信号传输过程分析了系统的信道容量.然后根据单条链路接收信噪比的累积分布函数,推导了系统中断概率的闭合上界表达式;根据接收端采取最大比合并时的接收信噪比最大,计算了信噪比最大时的概率密度函数,推导了系统中断概率的闭合下界表达式.最后,结合具体的数值仿真对不同参数下的系统中断概率分别进行了详细的分析比较.仿真实验验证了理论推导的结果,并且还表明了双向多中继模型的中断概率优于双向单中继模型.     

偏振模色散及其对光纤通信系统影响的判断

本介绍了偏振模色散（PMD）的产生及其属性,介绍了工程测量仪表方法,结合工程实例,介绍了PMD对光通信系统的影响及其判断。     

高速光纤通信系统中偏振模色散问题的研究概述

本文从起因、定义和补偿技术等方面对单模光纤中的偏振模色散问题做了简要介绍。     

Outage Probability of MRC With Arbitrary Power Cochannel Interferers in Nakagami Fading

We propose a new approach to outage probability analysis of predetection maximal ratio combining (MRC) diversity reception in Nakagami-m fading channels. We generalize prior work in that we consider L independent cochannel interferers with arbitrary powers and fading parameters as well as the effects of additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). Our approach results in a general expression for outage probability under very broad assumptions. Moreover, our approach leads to a closed-form expression for outage probability in most cases of interest. We also provide numerical results that demonstrate the performance improvement obtained through MRC diversity combining in the presence of cochannel interferers.     

Nonlinear Polarization Rotation in Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers With Linear Polarization Maintenance

We propose a geometrical model based on the concept of dynamic eigenstates of polarization to describe the behavior of nonlinear polarization rotation (NPR) arising in semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs). The rotation axis with respect to either the bias current or the optical power variation is demonstrated on the Poincare sphere (PS), meanwhile a procedure to find the rotation axis is presented. Thus, the SOA-based NPR with linear polarization maintenance (zero polarization ellipticity angle) can be achieved experimentally. The rotation of polarization azimuth on the PS with respect to the bias current, the probe signal power, and the pump signal power variation is measured experimentally. The 180deg phase difference between the transverse electric and the transverse magnetic modes can be all achieved with linear polarization maintenance.     

Multilevel Optical Systems With MLSD Receivers Insensitive to GVD and PMD

This paper analyzes optical transmission systems based on high-order modulations such as phase-shift keying signals and quadrature amplitude modulations. When the channel is affected by group velocity dispersion (GVD), polarization mode dispersion (PMD), and phase uncertainties due to the laser phase noise, the optimal receiver processing based on maximum-likelihood sequence detection and its practical implementation through a Viterbi processor is described without a specific constraint on the receiver front end. The implementation issues are then faced, showing that at least a couple of widely known front ends, with proper modifications, can be used to extract the required sufficient statistics from the received signal. The aspects related to the receiver adaptivity, the complexity reduction of the Viterbi processor, and the possibility of employing polarization diversity at the transmitter end are also discussed. It is demonstrated that, as long as a sufficient number of Viterbi processor trellis states is employed, GVD and PMD entail no performance degradation with respect to the case of no channel distortions (the back-to-back case).     

Mitigating PMD in Fiber Optical Parametric Amplifiers With Alternating Fiber Twists

We show by means of analytical calculations and numerical simulations that the impact of polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) on the gain spectrum of fiber optical parametric amplifiers (OPAs) can be reduced by imposing twists along the fiber axis. Alternating twists are used in order to cancel the induced circular birefringence.      

10 Gbit/s的光纤通信系统中一阶偏振模色散自动补偿技术的研究

分析并通过实验验证了光纤通信系统中偏振模色散引起的脉冲展宽对接收信号频谱的影响 ,在此基础上提出了一种偏振模色散的补偿技术。在 10Gbit/s的传输线路中实现了一阶偏振模色散 (PMD)的自动补偿。