Modal Identification Study of Vincent Thomas Bridge Using Simulated Wind-Induced Ambient Vibration Data

Abstract:   In this article, wind-induced vibration response of Vincent Thomas Bridge, a suspension bridge located in San Pedro near Los Angeles, California, is simulated using a detailed three-dimensional finite element model of the bridge and a state-of-the-art stochastic wind excitation model. Based on the simulated wind-induced vibration data, the modal parameters (natural frequencies, damping ratios, and mode shapes) of the bridge are identified using the data-driven stochastic subspace identification method. The identified modal parameters are verified by the computed eigenproperties of the bridge model. Finally, effects of measurement noise on the system identification results are studied by adding zero-mean Gaussian white noise processes to the simulated response data. Statistical properties of the identified modal parameters are investigated under an increasing level of measurement noise. The framework presented in this article will allow us to investigate the effects of various realistic damage scenarios in long-span cable-supported (suspension and cable-stayed) bridges on changes in modal identification results. Such studies are required to develop robust and reliable vibration-based structural health monitoring methods for this type of bridge, which is a long-term research objective of the authors.     

大跨度非对称悬索桥振动基频的参数敏感性分析

为了研究大跨度非对称悬索桥的动力特性,基于ANSYS软件建立了某大跨度主缆不等高支承悬索桥的三维有限元模型。在计算自振频率时考虑了表征结构非对称的参数,进行了前20阶模态分析,并分析了矢跨比、结构非对称参数、加劲梁抗弯刚度及主塔抗弯刚度等关键结构参数对其振动频率的影响。研究结果表明：不同的参数对非对称悬索桥振动基频的敏感性不同,一阶竖弯和扭转频率随矢跨比的增大减小,相对于正对称的振动频率,反对称的频率对矢跨比参数更敏感;非对称悬索桥的一阶反对称竖弯和扭转基频不受非对称结构参数的影响,而正对称竖弯和扭转基频随非对称结构参数的增大而减小;一阶横弯的自振频率对加劲梁刚度的变化非常敏感,当加劲梁的抗弯刚度增加到原来的3倍时,结构原有的振型次序发生了改变,但主塔抗弯刚度参数的变化对结构各向频率的影响很小,研究结果可为非对称悬索桥的结构设计和动力分析提供参考。     

Control of wind-induced vibration of long-span bridges and tall buildings

With the rapid increase in scales of structures, research on controlling wind-induced vibration of large-scale structures, such as long-span bridges and super-tall buildings, has been an issue of great concern. For wind-induced vibration of large-scale structures, vibration frequencies and damping modes vary with wind speed. Passive, semiactive, and active control strategies are developed to improve the wind-resistance performance of the structures in this paper. The multiple tuned mass damper (MTMD) system is applied to control vertical bending buffeting response. A new semiactive lever-type tuned mass damper (TMD) with an adjustable frequency is proposed to control vertical bending buffeting and torsional buffeting and flutter in the whole velocity range of bridge decks. A control strategy named sinusoidal reference strategy is developed for adaptive control of wind-induced vibration of super-tall buildings. Multiple degrees of freedom general building aeroelastic model with a square cross-section is tested in a wind tunnel. The results demonstrate that the proposed strategies can reduce vibration effectively, and can adapt to wind-induced vibration control of large-scale structures in the uncertain dynamic circumstance.     

基于一致耦合法某大型博物馆结构风致响应精细化研究

针对传统三分量方法中采用SRSS组合背景分量和共振分量获得脉动风总响应的局限,在结构动力学和随机振动理论基础上,推导出结构脉动风总响应的实际理论组合计算式,提出用于补偿背景分量和共振分量之间耦合项的一致耦合法来求解结构的风致响应。该方法从理论上适用于任一复杂柔性结构的风致响应精细化分析。以某大型自然博物馆柔性钢结构为例,采用一致耦合法以及改进的三分量方法进行风致响应计算,并与全模态完全二次型（CQC）法计算结果进行对比分析,结果表明：背景、共振及其交叉项分量均需考虑,其中又以共振分量为主导,并且共振模态之间的耦合效应显著,背景和共振分量之间的交叉项也不能忽略。一致耦合法具有较高的精度和稳定性,是此类结构风振响应机理分析的有效方法。     

大跨度桥梁结构耦合抖振响应频域分析

基于结构的固有模态坐标 ,提出了用于大跨度桥梁耦合抖振响应分析的有限元CQC(thecompletequadraticcombination)方法。在合理假设基础上 ,推导了桥梁结构的节点等效气动抖振力公式。应用随机振动理论 ,提出了桥梁结构节点位移和单元内力功率谱密度和方差的计算方法。该方法采用了含 18个颤振导数的气动自激力模型 ,可以考虑自然风的任意风谱和空间相关性以及桥梁抖振响应的多模态和模态耦合效应 ,且计算效率很高。此外 ,对主跨跨度 13 85m的江阴长江大桥的耦合抖振问题进行了分析 ,得出了一些结论。分析结果表明 ,在大跨度悬索桥中 ,多模态效应和模态耦合效应对主梁的竖向和扭转位移抖振响应有显著的影响     

大跨径三塔双主跨斜拉桥非线性风致静力失稳分析

大跨径桥梁的风致静力失稳问题不容忽视.我国一座建成后将是世界上跨度最大的三塔双主跨斜拉桥的空气静力稳定性值得关注.依据大跨径桥梁非线性风致静力失稳分析理论,考虑荷载非线性与几何非线性,采用优化的增量与内外两重迭代相结合的方法对该桥的空气静力稳定性进行了分析.描述了该桥特殊的失稳形态,讨论了拉索、桥塔和辅助墩对其空气静力稳定性的影响及机理,并从风荷载与结构刚度的关系解释了该桥的风致静力失稳机理.     

Accident assessment of vehicles on long-span bridges in windy environments

Currently, there are very few systematic analyses of vehicle performance on bridges in windy environments. There are thus no scientific data to support bridge management in this regard, such as when to close traffic on bridges. This paper presents a framework of vehicle accident analysis model on long-span bridges in windy environments. In the accompanying paper, a three-dimensional analysis of the coupled bridge-vehicle-wind system is developed. Each vehicle is modeled as a combination of several rigid bodies, axle mass blocks, springs, and dampers. Dynamic interaction analysis is then conducted on the vehicle-bridge system to predict the “global” bridge and vehicle dynamic responses without considering accident occurrences. The results of the global bridge-vehicle vibrations serve as the basis for the present accident analysis of the “local” vehicle vibrations. With the global vibrations as inputs of the accident model, the lateral response, yaw response of the vehicle, and the reaction forces of each individual wheel are obtained and the stability condition of the vehicles are analyzed. The vehicle accidents on long-span bridges are then identified with given accident criteria. The developed framework can be used in not only analyzing the vehicle performance on highways and on bridges, but also in predicting useful information for emergency preparedness agencies in developing evacuation plans.     

基于Ritz-POD的谐波激励法及其在大跨悬挑屋盖风致响应分析中的应用

大跨度复杂悬挑屋盖结构存在模态频率密集和模态耦合明显等特征,传统频域完全二次型组合(CQC)法和时域方法均不同程度存在计算效率低下和内存需求巨大的问题而不适用于此类结构的风致响应计算.谐波激励法(HEM)和基于Ritz-POD的CQC(RPCQC)方法的提出实现了精度和CQC法一致的快速计算,这使得复杂大跨度屋盖结构风...     

大跨度自锚式悬索桥的动力特性分析

以钱江九桥和青岛海湾桥大沽河航道桥两座自锚式悬索桥为例,用通用有限元软件ANSYS建立了大桥的三维有限元动力计算模型,对大桥进行了静力和动力计算分析,发现存在多阶拉索振动振型并对此现象进行了分析,为大跨度自锚式悬索桥的设计、施工提供了参考。     

大跨斜拉桥环境模态频率识别的最大熵法研究

大跨斜拉桥结构的振动特性随环境与运营条件的变化表现出时变的特征。本文对润扬大桥斜拉桥结构的实测加速度响应信号采用复模态指示函数法(CMIF法)进行了模态参数识别,在此基础上采用最大熵法对实测模态频率的不确定性进行了分析。分析结果表明,环境温度的变化对斜拉桥模态频率的影响是长期性的趋势,而交通荷载和风荷载对模态频率的影响则由于荷载的非平稳性呈现瞬时的颤动变化。采用最大熵法较好地改善了润扬大桥斜拉桥的环境模态频率识别效果,有效地减少了实测模态频率因车辆和风荷载随机因素影响的变异性。     

筒网状空间缆索体系的平拉式人行悬索桥的探讨

本文依据超大跨径平拉式人行悬索桥的抗风稳定性要求,提出一种筒网状空间缆索体系的平拉式人行景观悬索桥的结构体系,将传统平拉式悬索桥的平行主缆,改进为分散的单叶双曲面空间缆索,提高其自振扭转频率和扭弯频率比。结合西藏某峡谷200m人行景观悬索桥,进行工程参数设计,建立Midas有限元分析模型,开展动力模态分析研究,验证筒网状平拉式人行景观悬索桥抗风稳定性的优越性。     

等效静力风荷载背景和共振之间的耦合效应

在结构动力学和随机振动理论基础上,推导出结构脉动风总响应的实际理论组合公式,首次定义了耦合恢复力协方差矩阵这一参数,提出用于补偿背景和共振分量之间耦合项的一致耦合方法（CCM）来求解结构的总风致响应,并赋予等效静风荷载背景和共振耦合项以明确的物理含义。以某大跨屋盖结构为例,采用CCM法进行风致响应和等效静风荷载计算,通过与全模态完全二次型组合（CQC）计算结果进行对比分析,深入揭示了背景和共振耦合项的作用机理,验证了本文方法的高精度和有效性,为此类结构风致响应和等效静风荷载的精确求解和机理研究提供新的思路。     

大跨度缆索承重桥梁风振控制回顾与思考——主梁被动控制效果与主动控制策略

桥梁风工程研究多采用外观形态和安装位置固定的被动气动措施,面对未来规划中的超大跨度桥梁,难于缓解随跨径增长的服役期内强健性能需求。在总结和回顾桥梁主梁气动控制措施发展历程后,由理论算法、物理模型尺度效应和复杂来流流态等三个方面,对比归纳了导致大跨桥梁风致行为在数值计算、风洞试验和现场实测等多尺度验证过程存在差异的原因;着重以主动气动措施为对象,综述了近三十年相关技术的发展过程,总结了现有的主动气动措施具有控制能力针对特定来流条件、控制性能仅适用特定风振现象、控制效果具有结构外形尺寸敏感性的特点和不足,由此提出研发具有实时反馈机制的自适应主动控制面气动措施等发展趋势。     

State-of-the-art of long-span bridge engineering in China

This paper introduces the state-of-the-art of longspan bridge engineering in China with emphases on recent long-span bridge projects, bridge deck configuration and material, design codes of long-span bridges and improvement of aerodynamic performance. The recent long-span bridge projects include thirty-eight completed suspension bridges, cable-stayed and arch bridges with a main span over 400 m, and eighteen major bridges are under construction. The bridge deck configuration and material, with prestressed concrete decks, steel-concrete composite decks and steel box decks together with several popular cross-sections, are presented. The third part briefly outlines four design codes, including static and dynamic design for highway long-span bridges, and the recent engineering experiences gained from several aerodynamic vibration control projects of long-span bridges are shared in the last part.     

大跨度预应力混凝土斜拉桥的动力特性研究

以一座大跨度预应力混凝土斜拉桥为例,阐述了斜拉桥动力分析中所采用的几种有限元模型,并根据通用程序建立了典型斜拉桥的三维空间有限元模型,详细分析了该典型斜拉桥结构的动力特性。研究表明:典型斜拉桥结构固有频率很低,模态密集,存在很多耦合振动的情况。     

模态间气动耦合效应对调谐质量阻尼器最优参数的影响

基于多模态耦合抖振理论,导出带有被动调谐质量阻尼器(TMD)的桥梁多模态耦合抖振系统运动微分方程,采用随机振动理论求解系统运动微分方程,并编制了桥梁多模态耦合抖振TMD控制和参数分析程序。以一座斜拉桥为算例,着重分析了模态间气动耦合效应对TMD最优参数和控制效率的影响。     

特高压大跨越输电塔动力特性和风振响应分析

针对特高压大跨越输电塔跨越档距大、塔体高且负荷重的特点,从材料选取、导线排列方式、结构动力特性以及风振响应等几个方面对1 000 kV特高压双回路跨越输电塔进行分析,总结了所研究塔型的动力特点,对其风振系数进行了计算和讨论,并根据动力特性分析提出了结构设计中风振系数的取值方法。结果表明:风振系数具有较大的离散性,不同塔身高度应取不同的值进行计算;该方法为特高压大跨越输电塔的结构设计提供了参考。     

考虑地形影响和多点激励的大跨高墩桥地震响应分析

提出一种综合考虑行波和地形影响的大跨结构在多点输入下的地震响应分析方法。首先计算P波在多种角度入射下两座山峰以及其间自由场地的时程响应,并以此作为两座山峰之间大跨桥梁的桥台及桥墩基础多支承点处的地震输入,这种地震输入综合了行波和地形的影响。然后基于多点激励下地震响应分析方法,编制有限元分析程序,在此基础上分析了考虑行波和地形综合影响下一座360m4跨高墩连续刚构桥的多点激励地震响应。从分析结果看,考虑地形效应和不考虑地形效应的差别较大,不考虑地形效应可能会较小的估计结构的内力响应。因此,大跨度结构地震响应分析应考虑地形的影响。本文分析结果可供抗震设计参考。     

大跨度混凝土斜拉桥模态试验技术研究

随着大跨度斜拉桥建设的迅速发展,试验模态分析对于验证设计、建立结构动力学模型以及桥梁安全运行的状态评估具有重要意义。斜拉桥是由索、梁和塔三种受力特点完全不同的构件组成的组合体系,尤其是混凝土斜拉桥由于恒载内力较钢斜拉桥大很多,且振动信号衰减更明显,其模态试验比其它桥型更加困难。本文通过研究混凝土斜拉桥的模态参数特点,发展了一种包含两种方式基于环境激励的桥梁模态试验方法(UINO法),提出了利用互功率谱法进行模态参数识别的分析技术,并以此为基础开发了桥梁模态试验专用软件系统QL-SYMT。通过多座大跨度混凝土斜拉桥的模态试验证明,该系统不仅能有效识别出桥梁的模态参数而且方便易行。     

Influence of Stabilizing Cables on Seismic Response of a Multispan Cable-Stayed Bridge

Abstract:   A recent trend in the design of long-span bridges is multispan cable-stayed bridges with three or more towers. A critical problem of multispan cable-stayed bridges is the stabilization of the central tower(s), which has resulted in increasing application of stabilizing cables. The Ting Kau Bridge in Hong Kong is one of a few multispan cable-stayed bridges adopting stabilizing cables ever built. In this article, the dynamic properties of multispan cable-stayed bridges with stabilizing cables and the effect of stabilizing cables on bridge seismic response are studied by referring to the Ting Kau Bridge. Based on a validated 3D finite-element model, modal analysis is conducted which shows that the longitudinal stabilizing cables bring about a number of global modes with strong modal interaction among the deck, towers, and cables. The seismic response and internal force in the central tower are found to be much larger than those in the side towers. The longitudinal stabilizing cables are very effective in reducing the internal force in the central tower generated by longitudinal earthquake excitation, but insignificantly affect the seismic response in the bridge deck and side towers. As a whole, the stabilizing cables act favorably in the reduction of seismic response of the bridge.