用于高速无线数据通信的空时编码

在无线通信中,当采用多发送天线增加带宽效率时,空时编码可以提供分集增益和编码增益.本文介绍并比较了两种用于高速无线数据通信的空时编码空时格栅编码(STTC)和空时分组编码(STBC).     

STBC块传输系统中的一种新型分集合并算法

该文在二发一收的空时分组码(STBC)单载波块传输系统中,提出一种空时和多径分集合并接收算法。通过基于STBC的单载波频域均衡(STBC-SC-FDE)算法得到对发送信号的估计,以此和信道状态信息(CSI)分离接收信号中的各多径分量,对各多径分量分别采用STBC合并,最后再将各多径分量的合并输出结果按照最大比(MRC)的方式进行合并,从而实现空时二维RAKE接收。该算法在较低的计算复杂度情况下,可以同时获得发射分集和多径分集,Monte Carlo仿真验证了该算法的性能。     

多副接收天线下的差分空时分组码系统分析

差分空时分组编码(DSTBC:Differential Space-Time Block Code)由于接收端不需要进行信道估计,可大大简化接收机复杂度,但是现有的研究大都集中在单天线接收。文章详细分析了DSTBC在多天线接收条件下的编码、调制和解调.仿真结果表明,多接收天线的DSTBC系统比单接收天线的STBC(Space-Time Block Code)系统,性能更为优越。通过比较可看出,在静止情况下或者中速移动但信道条件比较好的情况下,DSTBC系统完全可以作为STBC系统的替代。     

空间相关信道下分布式MIMO系统中的STBC-VBLAST组合方案

在空间相关信道下分布式多输入多输出(D-MIMO)系统中,提出了一种新的空时分组编码(STBC)和垂直分层空时编码(VBLAST)组合方案.为充分利用D-MIMO系统的拓扑结构和空间相关信道的特性,在下行D-MI-MO系统的每个分布式天线(DA)簇内采用STBC,而在不同DA簇之间采用VBLAST.同时,为了降低系统复杂度并节省总发射功率,采用了基于最小传播路径衰落准则的天线选择方案.仿真结果证明,对比于传统VBLAST方式,所提出的STBC-VBLAST组合方案能显著降低系统误比特率(BER)并提高空间相关信道下BER性能的鲁棒性.因此,该组合方案是实现空间相关信道下D-MIMO系统下行分集与复用的折衷的一种有效方案.     

相关衰落信道MIMO STBC分集增益与多用户自适应OFDMA研究

首先沿用经典的分集增益特性分析了在已知与未知多输入多输出（MIMO）信道状况的条件下空时分组码（STBC）接收机的性能,从而揭示了相关衰落下信道矩阵的秩和特征值扩展对分集增益与编码增益等极其重要的影响;接着提出了一种与多天线STBC等效的单发单收（SISO）模型,将复杂的分集增益指标转换为直观的SNR指标,明确表示出接收机SNR与信道相关矩阵之间的关系,并以此为基础,提出一种实用的多用户MIMO-OFDM系统STBC编码优化的子载波资源分配OFDMA方法,进一步提高频谱效率与系统性能.     

基于循环延迟分集的分组预编码和空时频编码技术

该文提出一种把循环延迟分集应用在分组线性预编码的新方案。该方案首先应用循环延迟分集来虚拟一个多径时延扩展的信道,在此基础上应用分组线性预编码以获得频率分集增益。该方案的译码复杂度相对较低,可以针对不同的信道模型有相应的编码方案,至少能获得与空时编码同样的分集增益M(M为发射天线数),且信道估计相对简单,不降低传输码率。该方案结合空时分组码可构造出新的空时频编码方案。仿真结果表明,该方案具有良好的译码性能。     

WCDMA系统STTD发送分集RAKE接收机的性能分析

第三代移动通信系统WCDMA的发送分集方式有两种：开环模式和闭环模式,其中开环模式采用基于空间－时间分组编码的STTD发送分集方式。本文针对WCDMA系统中的STTD发送方式,给出了利用公共导频信道进行信道估计,实现相干RAKE接收的模型算法、性能分析及仿真结果。仿真表明,在总发送比特能量相同的条件下,尤其是在接收机缓慢移动的情况下,采用STTD发送分集的RAKE接收性能优于单天线发送时的RAKE接收机的性能,而在高速移动情况下,STTD发送方式不能提供优于单天线发送时的接收性能。     

空时/频编码在OFDM系统中的应用

介绍了空时编码(STBC)和空频编码(SFBC)应用于OFDM系统,实现发射分集,并对基于梳状导频的LS(最小二乘)算法采用正交导频设计方案,把多天线信道估计转化为单天线信道估计,大大简化了运算。仿真结果表明,实现的空时和空频编码OFDM方案不仅误码性能良好,且具有系统实现复杂度低、接收机结构简单等优点。     

WIBRO系统中基于SM-STBC的自适应天线分组算法

在多天线系统中,采用空间复用空时块码(STBC,space-time block code)可以在空间复用增益和分集增益之间达到很好的性能折中.文中提出一种应用在无线宽带系统中,基于空间复用STBC的自适应天线分组算法.该算法可以自适应地将天线进行分组,在组内采用STBC分集方案,组间采用空间复用方案.优化分组既能在每个子载波上基于最小SNR最大化准则来进行,也可在整个频带上使用平均互信息最大化准则来确定.仿真结果表明,我们提出的两种自适应天线分组方法都可以有效地改善系统的性能.     

DS-CDMA系统新的空时并联结构 及二维自适应DBF算法

针对直接序列扩频码分多址(DS-CDMA)移动通信接收系统,本文提出了一种新的空时二维信号处理结构,这是一种"智能天线与瑞克(RAKE)接收机的并联连接"(PI-SA&RR)结构.基于PI-SA&RR结构,提出了空时二维自适应数字波束形成(ST2-DADBF)算法.与"二维RAKE接收机"(2-DRR)相比,ST2-DADBF算法不需要对延时-波达方向(DOA)进行估计就能够获得最优空-时域联合输出.与"导频符号辅助相干自适应天线阵列分集接收机"(PSA-CAAADR)相比,ST2-DADBF算法能够使智能天线和RAKE接收机联合参与自适应算法,不需要对RAKE分支信道参数进行估计,是一种真正的二维自适应算法.针对多用户移动通信系统,同时考虑到信道的时延扩展和空间角度弥散的影响,本文给出了一种接收信号的通用模型,基于该模型对ST2-DADBF算法进行了计算仿真.仿真结果表明,ST2-DADBF算法能够在空时二维域中捕获感兴趣用户的各个多径分量,并将这些多径分量同步相干合成,同时抑制其它用户在时域和空域形成的干扰,因而可获得良好的误码率(BER)性能.     

The diversity gain of transmit diversity in wireless systems withRayleigh fading

In this paper, we study the ability of transmit diversity to provide diversity benefit to a receiver in a Rayleigh fading environment. With transmit diversity, multiple antennas transmit delayed versions of a signal to create frequency-selective fading at a single antenna at the receiver, which uses equalization to obtain diversity gain against fading. We use Monte Carlo simulation to study transmit diversity for the case of independent Rayleigh fading from each transmit antenna to the receive antenna and maximum likelihood sequence estimation for equalization at the receiver. Our results show that transmit diversity with M transmit antennas provides a diversity gain within 0.1 dB of that with M receive antennas for any number of antennas. Thus, we can obtain the same diversity benefit at the remotes and base stations using multiple base-station antennas only     

正交空时分组码在OFDM系统中的性能估计

在宽带OFDM系统中对正交空时分组码方案进行了研究,根据Almouti方案的译码原理给出了在正交空时分组码传输的频率选择性衰落信道条件下接收机输出瞬时信噪比的一般表达式,同时分两种情况进一步分析了其最小距离球界的符号差错性能。结果表明,在系统发送天线数、接收天线数及多径数目乘积较小的情形下,系统可以达到最大的分集增益。     

Fading-resistant modulation using several transmitter antennas

This paper proposes a bandwidth-efficient fading-resistant transmission scheme which implements transmitter diversity using L antennas at the base station. When the antennas are spaced sufficiently far apart, the transmission from each antenna undergoes a different degree of fading. These transmissions are coordinated to mitigate the effects of Rayleigh fading, and the mobile receiver can recover the entire L-dimensional transmitted vector signal as long as the signal energy of at least one coordinate is large enough. L-dimensional fading-resistant signal constellations are generated by maximizing a figure of merit for the Rayleigh fading channel. This scheme offers a significant performance improvement over a conventional single-antenna binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) scheme when coding is ineffective due to slow fading     

空间相关MIMO信道中一种自适应的天线选择算法

该文研究了空间相关性对于多输入多输出空间复用(MIMO-SM)系统性能影响问题,并提出了一种适用于迭代迫零软干扰抵消接收机的天线选择算法。平坦衰落信道中,发送天线相关性将降低接收天线选择算法的性能,该文所研究的算法采用可变的接收天线数以获得不同的接收分集,增加一定的硬件实现复杂度但可以显著减小发送天线相关性引起的误码性能下降。在2个发送天线,4个接收天线的天线配置场合,计算机仿真证实该算法在帧误码率上优于简单的行相关算法(CBM)。     

使用分集技术的信号调制类型识别

针对衰落环境下的调制识别,该文基于决策理论和多天线接收分集技术提出了一种解决方法。根据对未知信道和信号参数的不同处理方式,推导了用于识别的似然函数,并构造了分类器。采用多天线分集技术提高正确识别率,并考虑了天线空间位置对分集合并的影响,提出了解决办法。计算机仿真结果表明该文所述方法的有效性和正确性。     

Adaptive Channel‐Matched Extended Alamouti Space‐Time Code Exploiting Partial Feedback

Since the publication of Alamouti's famous space‐time block code, various quasi‐orthogonal space‐time block codes (QSTBC) for multi‐input multi‐output (MIMO) fading channels for more than two transmit antennas have been proposed. It has been shown that these codes cannot achieve full diversity at full rate. In this paper, we present a simple feedback scheme for rich scattering (flat Rayleigh fading) MIMO channels that improves the coding gain and diversity of a QSTBC for 2ⁿ (n = 3, 4,…) transmit antennas. The relevant channel state information is sent back from the receiver to the transmitter quantized to one or two bits per code block. In this way, signal transmission with an improved coding gain and diversity near to the maximum diversity order is achieved. Such high diversity can be exploited with either a maximum‐likelihood receiver or low‐complexity zero‐forcing receiver.     

Multiuser Interference Cancellation and Detection for Users with More Than Two Transmit Antennas

We consider J transmitter units each equipped with N transmit antennas over wireless Rayleigh fading channels. Previously in [1], it was proved that when each transmitter unit has TV transmit antennas, using (J - 1)N + r receive antennas for any r ges 1, the receiver can completely separate the signals of J users. The provided diversity to each user was shown to be Nr if the units employ space-time trellis codes even if the units transmit asynchronously. Here, we consider the case when all units are synchronized and employ quasi-orthogonal space-time block codes (N > 2). It is proved that in this case a receiver with J + r - 1 antennas with r ges 1 can separate the transmitted signals of all units and provide each unit with a diversity order of Nr. Based on our interference cancellation technique, we then offer an array processing scheme which provides trade-off between diversity and spatial multiplexing. It is shown via simulations that this array processing scheme performs better than well-known modulation schemes, e.g. space-time block codes and BLAST, for a moderate number of receive antennas.     

LDPC-based space-time coded OFDM systems over correlated fadingchannels: Performance analysis and receiver design

We consider a space-time coded (STC) orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) system with multiple transmitter and receiver antennas over correlated frequency- and time-selective fading channels. It is shown that the product of the time-selectivity order and the frequency-selectivity order is a key parameter to characterize the outage capacity of the correlated fading channel. It is also observed that STCs with large effective lengths and ideal built-in interleavers are more effective in exploiting the natural diversity in multiple-antenna correlated fading channels. We then propose a low-density parity-check (LDPC)-code-based STC-OFDM system. Compared with the conventional space-time trellis code (STTC), the LDPC-based STC can significantly improve the system performance by exploiting both the spatial diversity and the selective-fading diversity in wireless channels. Compared with the previously proposed turbo-code-based STC scheme, LDPC-based STC exhibits lower receiver complexity and more flexible scalability. We also consider receiver design for LDPC-based STC-OFDM systems in unknown fast fading channels and propose a novel turbo receiver employing a maximum a posteriori expectation-maximization (MAP-EM) demodulator and a soft LDPC decoder, which can significantly reduce the error floor in fast fading channels with a modest computational complexity. With such a turbo receiver, the proposed LDPC-based STC-OFDM system is a promising solution to highly efficient data transmission over selective-fading mobile wireless channels     

Limiting performance of block-fading channels with multipleantennas

We derive the performance limits of a radio system consisting of a transmitter with t antennas and a receiver with r antennas, a block-fading channel with additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), delay and transmit-power constraints, and perfect channel-state information available at both the transmitter and the receiver. Because of a delay constraint, the transmission of a codeword is assumed to span a finite (and typically small) number M of independent channel realizations; therefore, the relevant performance limits are the information outage probability and the “delay-limited” (or “nonergodic”) capacity. We derive the coding scheme that minimizes the information outage probability. This scheme can be interpreted as the concatenation of an optimal code for the AWGN channel without fading to an optimal beamformer. For this optimal scheme, we evaluate minimum-outage probability and delay-limited capacity. Among other results, we prove that, for the fairly general class of regular fading channels, the asymptotic delay-limited capacity slope, expressed in bits per second per hertz (b/s/Hz) per decibel of transmit signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), is proportional to min (t,r) and independent of the number of fading blocks M. Since M is a measure of the time diversity (induced by interleaving) or of the frequency diversity of the system, this result shows that, if channel-state information is available also to the transmitter, very high rates with asymptotically small error probabilities are achievable without the need of deep interleaving or high-frequency diversity. Moreover, for a large number of antennas, delay-limited capacity approaches ergodic capacity     

最大比发射/选择接收技术的性能研究

为了提高系统性能并降低接收端(移动台)的硬件复杂度,提出一种新的MIMO传输技术。即在发射端(基站)按最大比发射(MRT,maximal-ratio transmit)技术,接收端则基于信噪比最大的原则仅选择一根接收天线来处理信号,记作MRT/RAS(maximal-ratio transmit/receiver antenna selection)。根据随机矩阵和排序统计的最新理论,推导出瑞利衰落信道下MRT/RAS系统的中断概率、误码率(BER)等性能指标的确切表达式。仿真结果表明MRT/RAS系统可以取得很好的阵列增益及满分集增益。相同频谱条件下,性能超过某些复杂的空时编码系统。而且在准静态衰落信道下,信道估计错误对取得的分集阶数并没有影响。仿真试验也证明了分析结果的正确性。