The amylose and lipid contents,dimensions, and gelatinisation characteristics of some wheat starches and their A- and B-granule fractions

Starches isolated from 23 bread wheats (Triticum aestivum) and 26 durum wheats (T. durum) contained 26.3-30.6% (mean 29.1%) total amylose, 19.3–25.1% (mean 22.9%) apparent amylose and 783–1144mg 100g^?1 (mean 977 mg 100g^?1) lysophos-pholipids. Gelatinisation temperatures were 57.3–64.9°C (mean 61.8°C) and enthalpies 6.4–11.8 Jg^?1 (mean 9.7Jg^?1) in excess water, measured by differential scanning calorimetry. There were no correlations between any of these parameters. Starch granule size distributions were determined with a Coulter Counter and 100–channel analyser. A-granule mean volumes were 1235–2585μm³ (av. 1778), modal volumes 863–1804μm³ (av. 1264), mean diameters 13.9–16.0μm (av. 13.99), and specific surface areas 0.236–0.302m²g^?1. B-granule mean volumes were 35.4–100.4μm³ (av. 55.9), modal volumes 16.5–54.5μm³ (av. 27.7), mean diameters 3.66–5.07μm (av. 4.09), and specific surface areas 0.684–0.920m²g^?1. The B-granule contents of the starches were 12.8–34.6% (av. 27.3) by weight (sedimentation method) and 13.0–37.3% (av. 24.0) by volume (Coulter method), the latter being the more accurate method.     

The effect of relocation of whole-crop wheat and corn silages on their quality

Whole-crop wheat and corn silages in 1.5-L anaerobic jars were exposed to air for 0 up to 48 h during their anaerobic storage period to simulate relocation of silages. Ensiling treatments included control (no additives) and either Koffosil T (Koffolk Inc., Petah Tikva, Israel) comprising a mixture of organic acids or Lactobacillus plantarum MTD1 (Ecosyl Products Ltd., Stokesley, UK). In the first set of experiments, the duration of exposure to air had little effect on ensiling parameters or on the aerobic stability of the final silages. In the second set of experiments, both the inoculant and duration of exposure to air had an effect on various fermentation parameters and on the aerobic stability of the final silages. We concluded that if the silages are of good quality, the duration of the relocation process has little effect on silage quality or its aerobic stability. However, if the silage contains any factor that may affect its aerobic stability, it is more sensitive to the time it takes to re-ensile the forage.     

Waxy and high-amylose wheat starches and flours—characteristics,functionality and application

Starch is a predominant component of wheat grain. It plays an important role in appearance, structure and quality of food products. Starch consists of two kinds of glucose polymers (amylose and amylopectin) with the ratio of amylose/amylopectin ranging between 25–28 and 72–75%, respectively. The isoforms of granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) are responsible for the biosynthesis of amylose fraction, whereas amylopectin synthesis is more complicated with concerted activities of the soluble starch synthase together with branching and de-branching enzymes. Recently, waxy (amylose-free) and high-amylose wheats produced through the development of new physicochemical and biological techniques provide the unique starch functional properties. The starches of these wheats have the specific structures and unique characteristics that are believed to enhance the quality of food products. In this review, we will focus on recent advances in the studies of the characteristics of waxy and high-amylose wheat flours and starches and their application for food processing. In addition, we also propose further research ideas for clearer understanding of their characteristics and for their effective utilization.     

Impacts of acid-methanol treatment and annealing on the enzymatic resistance of corn starches

Normal corn, Hylon V and Hylon VII starches were acid-methanol-treated at 25 °C for 1–30 days in methanol containing 0.36% HCl, and then annealing at 50 °C for 72 h in excess water. The rapid digestible starch (RDS), slow digestible starch (SDS) and resistant starch (RS) contents of starch before and after treatments were determined. The molecular structure, thermal properties, double helix content and relative crystallinity of starch were observed for elucidating the impacts of acid-methanol treatment and annealing, as well as the molecular structure, on the enzymatic resistance of starch. Results showed that the weight-average degree of polymerization of acid-methanol-treated corn starches ranged from 884 × 10³ to 404, 778 × 10³ to 299 and 337 × 10³ to 250 anhydrous glucose units for normal corn, Hylon V and Hylon VII starches, respectively. Annealing increased the RS content of starch, and the increment of RS increased with decreasing molecular size of starch. Furthermore, the change in RS content after treatments depended on the content and weight-average chain length of amylose fraction of starch. The RS content of starch after treatments increased from 19.2 to 56.2%, 69.9 to 86.1%, and 73.1 to 89.1% for normal corn, Hylon V and Hylon VII starches, respectively. The gelatinization peak temperature and double helix content of starch increased after acid-methanol treatment or annealing. Results demonstrate that the degradation of starch, causing by acid-methanol treatment, enhances the mobility and realignment of starch chains in molecules during treatments and further increases the enzymatic resistance of starch granules.     

羟丙基化反应对普通玉米杂交种淀粉糊化性质的影响

采用实验室的方法提取了普通玉米杂交种淀粉,并制取羟丙基淀粉。采用快速黏度测定仪(RVA)分析所有淀粉的糊化性质,结果表明:羟丙基化改变了所有原淀粉的糊化性质参数即提高了所有原淀粉的峰值(Peak)和衰减值(Breakdown),降低了所有淀粉的谷值(Trough)、终黏度(Final)、回生值(Setback)、出峰时间(pTim e)和糊化温度(pTem p)。但对不同的糊化性质参数及不同的玉米杂交种影响的幅度是不同的。原淀粉和羟丙基淀粉的糊化性质参数在普通玉米杂交种间的相关性均达到了极显著水平,说明普通玉米杂交种间淀粉的糊化性质差异在羟丙基化反应之前就已经存在。羟丙基化使原淀粉的糊化性质参数间的相关性显著水平发生了不同的变化,表明羟丙基化对不同的普通玉米杂交种及其淀粉的糊化性质参数的影响是不同的。     

Effect of annealing on the semicrystalline structure of normal and waxy corn starches

The influence of amylose and amylopectin on structural reorganization occurred during annealing was studied for normal and waxy corn starches. Annealing caused an increase in crystallinity in the waxy corn starch, whereas the number of pores on the granule surface, observed by SEM, increased especially for normal corn starch. Amylose and amylopectin chains of the annealed normal corn starch were degraded to greater extension during enzymatic hydrolysis than those of the native starch. On contrary, the annealing caused a protective effect on waxy corn starch amylopectin toward the enzymatic reaction suggesting that this treatment promoted a better interaction between amylopectin chains of waxy corn starch. The amylose molecules of normal corn starch may have impaired the mobility of amylopectin molecules and restricted the reorganization of the crystalline structure during the annealing. The major increase in pores number on the granule surface of annealed normal corn starch, resulted of the endogenous amylase action during annealing, could facilitate the exogenous enzymes’ role in the degradation of the starch granules’ amorphous area.     

Milk lipid in vitro digestibility in wheat,corn and rice starch hydrogels

Starch-based hydrogels or nanoemulsions have been used to regulate lipid digestibility. However, there is a paucity of reports on how starch gels affect milk lipid in vitro digestion. This study compared the pancreatic-lipase-catalysed digestibility of milk lipids in two matrices: milk fat dispersion and milk fat-loaded starch gels. Optical microscopy analysis illustrated that lipid droplets were distributed evenly in starch gels. The peak viscosities of lipid-containing starch gels were higher than those of samples without filled-lipids, whereas final viscosities were reduced with the addition of lipid. Free fatty acid release measurement showed that milk fat embedded in starch gels were two to three times more digestible than dispersed milk fat globules in aqueous phase, as confirmed by a multistep hydrolysis reaction model. This study offers a feasible way to manipulate milk lipid digestibility by stabilisation with starch gels.     

Properties of enzyme modified corn, rice and tapioca starches

Corn, rice and tapioca starches were partially hydrolyzed by treating the starch dispersions with heat stable α-amylase. Dextrose equivalent (DE) of 8–12 was achieved by hydrolyzing the starch samples (10–20% w/v) for 30 min at 90 ± 2 °C. Scanning electron micrographs showed that starch granules had broken down to smaller particles. High performance liquid chromatography with refractive index detection indicated that oligosaccharides with broad molecular weight distributions are present in the reaction products. Hydrolyzed starch dispersions were analyzed for their rheological properties. The storage modulus values (G′) for 20% solid containing slurries were 7373 and 1470 Pa for untreated and enzyme treated samples, respectively, indicating a marked decrease in solid properties due to enzyme action. The complex viscosities (η^*) for native corn starch and hydrolyzed corn starch were 8243 and 1637 Pas, respectively, which indicate that the enzyme treatment decreases the overall resistance of the sample to flow such that the product can spread easily. Further 13C CP/MAS NMR and FTIR studies revealed the loss of ordered structures in the enzyme modified starches. Free flowing fat substitute in the form of fine powder was prepared by spray drying the hydrolyzed starch slurry.     

小麦淀粉的特性黏度

以15种小麦淀粉为原料,在极稀的淀粉溶液中对比浓黏度-浓度做图,外推到浓度为零处,由截距得到淀粉的特性黏度。     

玉米淀粉和马铃薯淀粉共混糊化及凝胶特性的研究

本文研究了不同比例（100:0、75:25、50:50、25:70及0:100）玉米淀粉和马铃薯淀粉混合物的糊化及凝胶特性。结果表明,玉米淀粉的峰值黏度(3.07 Pa?s)、最终黏度(2.99 Pa?s)、稠度系数（11.31）及流体行为指数（0.39）均显著低于马铃薯淀粉（分别7.04 Pa?s、3.98 Pa?s、33.18和0.62）,而糊化温度（76.18℃）显著高于马铃薯淀粉（71.05 ℃）,混合物的相应值均介于2种纯淀粉之间,但并不呈线性关系,凝胶的破断力和水分子状态等参数也呈类似特征,表明2种淀粉在搅拌下加热糊化时发生了相互作用。静置状态下加热测得的凝胶化焓值呈累加效应。     

Application of enzyme-treated corn starches in breakfast cereal coating

Presently ready-to-eat cereals are coated with high levels of sugar coating to extend the bowl life. Because of health concerns of added sugar, there is a need to identify alternative coating materials. This study was designed to test the efficacy of debranched corn starches with varying amylose contents as a cereal coating. Hylon VII (70% amylose), common, and waxy corn starches were gelatinized and debranched, and then sprayed onto ready-to-eat breakfast cereal flakes. The surface morphology, milk absorption, texture, and digestibility of coated cereals were determined. A starch film with a thickness of 50 to 130 μm was observed with scanning electron microscopy on the surface of the cereals coated with Hylon VII. All starch-coated cereals had a lower milk absorption value than the uncoated and glucose-coated controls. Among starch coatings, common corn starch and Hylon VII resulted in lower milk absorption than did waxy corn starch. After soaking in milk for 3 min, the peak force and work to peak of the cereals coated with corn starches were higher than those of the glucose control and uncoated reference. The cereals coated with Hylon VII were found to have an increase in dietary fiber content. The results suggest that debranched amylose-containing corn starches could extend the bowl-life of ready-to-eat cereals. Practical Application: Currently, many cereals are coated with sugar to keep them from becoming soggy in milk. However, added sugar has been linked to obesity, hyperactivity, and dental caries. This has led to the investigation of alternative coating materials. This study employed the film-forming properties of enzyme-treated corn starch to function as a coating material in breakfast cereal flakes. In addition, the enzyme-treated high amylose corn starch also increased the dietary fiber content of the cereal flakes.     

A survey of water‐extractable arabinopolymers in bread and durum wheat and the effect of water‐extractable arabinoxylan on durum dough rheology and spaghetti cooking quality

BACKGROUND: Information on the variation in water‐extractable arabinopolymers (WEAP) in durum wheat and their impact on pasta quality is limited. A survey of the content of WEAP in selected bread wheat varieties and durum wheat was conducted and the influence of water‐extractable arabinoxylans (WEAX) on dough and spaghetti quality was examined by fortifying low‐WEAP durum semolina with purified WEAX. RESULTS: Bread wheat typically possessed higher levels of WEAP than durum wheat, but the latter had a greater range. Purified WEAX was extracted from bread wheat cultivar Sunlin which possessed a high level of WEAP. The extract was used to fortify semolina (0.125–2% w/w) derived from durum wheat variety Tamaroi (low WEAP). Fortification caused a near linear increase in farinograph water absorption of approximately 12% over the range of addition, leading to dough weakening. Reduced cooked pasta stickiness was observed at all levels of WEAX addition. CONCLUSION: Increased WEAX content may be a means to improve pasta quality by reducing pasta stickiness. Durum wheat showed a wide range of WEAP contents, and this may well be exploited by developing cultivars with elevated WEAP levels. © 2008 Crown in the Right of the State of New South Wales and Society of Chemical Industry.     

玉米粉粒度对小麦玉米混和粉馒头品质影响

为研究玉米粉粒度对面团特性及馒头品质的影响,确定适于制作馒头的玉米粉粒度,将普通玉米粉利用标准筛筛分成40、60、80、100目四个等级,对其色泽、持水力、糊化特性等性质进行分析。再分别按玉米粉∶小麦粉=3∶7的质量比配成混合粉,进行粉质特性和馒头蒸制实验。结果表明,随着玉米粉粒度的减小,其持水力增大,糊化温度减小,混合粉的吸水率缓慢增大,面团形成时间、面团稳定时间逐渐减小,而弱化度显著(p<0.05)增大。随着玉米粉粒度的减小,混合粉馒头硬度增大,比容减小,感官评分则先增大后减小,添加80目玉米粉的馒头感官品质最好。      

玉米粉粒度对小麦玉米混和粉馒头品质影响

为研究玉米粉粒度对面团特性及馒头品质的影响,确定适于制作馒头的玉米粉粒度,将普通玉米粉利用标准筛筛分成40、60、80、100目四个等级,对其色泽、持水力、糊化特性等性质进行分析。再分别按玉米粉∶小麦粉=3∶7的质量比配成混合粉,进行粉质特性和馒头蒸制实验。结果表明,随着玉米粉粒度的减小,其持水力增大,糊化温度减小,混合粉的吸水率缓慢增大,面团形成时间、面团稳定时间逐渐减小,而弱化度显著(p0.05)增大。随着玉米粉粒度的减小,混合粉馒头硬度增大,比容减小,感官评分则先增大后减小,添加80目玉米粉的馒头感官品质最好。     

Interaction of wheat and rice starches with yellow mustard mucilage

The effect of yellow mustard mucilage (YMM) on gelatinization and retrogradation of wheat and rice starches were studied. Considerable interactions were observed between YMM and wheat and rice starches which were accompanied by a marked increase in viscosity. DSC studies showed that the presence of YMM did not affect peak gelatinization temperature (T_p) of wheat and rice starches, but slightly increased melting enthalpy (ΔH) and the phase transition temperature range (T_c−T₀). Addition of YMM markedly changed wheat and rice starch gel textures by increasing hardness, adhesiveness, chewiness and springiness. The addition of YMM–locust bean gum (LBG) mixture (9:1) similarly increased the viscosity of wheat and rice starches but decreased gel hardness. The swelling power as well as solubilized starch and amylose were decreased for both starches in the presence of YMM. Syneresis in wheat and rice starches was also decreased by the presence of YMM.     

Influence of moisture content on the degradation of waxy and normal corn starches acid-treated in methanol

Waxy and normal corn starches with different moisture contents, 5.1-16.9% and 4.8-15.9%, respectively, were prepared and treated in methanol containing 0.36% HCl at 45 °C for 1 h. Recovery of all the treated starches was found to be above 90%. Peak viscosity, gelatinization temperature and enthalpy change of gelatinization of waxy and normal corn starches decreased after treatment and this decrement was found to be more in treated starches having lower initial moisture content. The weight-average degree of polymerization and chain length (CL) of waxy and normal corn starches decreased upon acid-methanol treatment. The decrement ratio of molecular weight of modified starches was found to be negatively correlated with the initial moisture content of the starches. The decrement ratio of normal corn starch was higher than waxy corn starch with similar moisture content of starch. The content and CL of long chain fraction of amylopectin for waxy corn starch slightly decreased after treatment, while no obvious trend was found among starches with different moisture contents. CL of amylose for acid-methanol-treated normal corn starch decreased and this change was found to be higher in starches with lower initial moisture contents. Results demonstrated that the initial moisture content of starch granules strongly influenced the functional properties and degradation of starch treated by acid in methanol.     

糯小麦辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯的性质研究

进行了糯小麦辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯性质的测定,结果表明,经过OSA改性之后,糯小麦辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯糊的粘度、透明度、凝沉性和冻融稳定性得到显著改善。当取代度由0增加至0.0144时,淀粉糊的峰值粘度由3228.00cP增加到5309.00cP。而峰值时间却由3.4min降至2.9min。透光率由28.31%提高到69.52%,25℃下静置14d时析出水的体积由22.63mL降低为0.23mL,经过4次冻融循环后的析水率由54.25%降至3.72%。并且,蔗糖与SSOS相互作用,使淀粉糊的透明度和凝沉性增加,抗老化稳定性增强;NaCl使淀粉糊的透光率降低,凝沉性下降,淀粉糊不稳定,易于老化。