废弃食用菌栽培料在好氧反硝化中的初步应用

将废弃食用菌栽培料(SMC)首次应用于好氧反硝化脱氮中,考察了SMC投加量、初始亚硝氮浓度、温度、初始pH值和转速对好氧反硝化脱氮率的影响。结果表明,在SMC投加量为4%、温度为30℃、初始pH值为7、转速为180r·min~(-1)的条件下,初始浓度为40mg·L~(-1)的亚硝氮在78h内被完全去除,脱氮率达100%。表明,SMC具有应用于好氧反硝化脱氮的潜力,也为"以废治废"的循环经济路线提供了新思路。     

光合细菌RP-1人造生物膜处理污水脱氮除磷效果

光合细菌RP-1菌株制备的人造生物膜在黑暗好氧条件下可将氨氮、NO2-N、TP和CODCr同步去除,且无污泥产生,适宜的pH为中性,其活性高低与碳源存在量呈正相关.当氨氮达500 mg/L时,对氨的硝化无抑制作用,并具有好氧和厌氧反硝化除亚硝态氮的能力.应用光合细菌RP-1人造生物膜处理被垃圾渗滤液污染的湖水,可迅速去除其中的高浓度氨氮和总磷.     

碳源类型和温度对BAF脱氮性能影响研究

以某钢铁厂的二级出水为研究对象,研究了曝气生物滤池(BAF)系统的挂膜,不同碳源类型和温度对该系统脱氮的影响。结果表明:利用含有硝化菌与好氧反硝化菌的富集菌液进行挂膜,16d基本完成挂膜,氨氮、硝态氮的去除率分别高达90.2%和92.2%。不同碳源类型对系统的脱氮性能影响存在差异,以葡萄糖和乙醇作为碳源时效果最佳,氨氮和硝态氮的去除率均超过85%,总无机氮去除率分别是93.4%、95.6%。乙酸钠为碳源时亚硝态氮的质量浓度积累最高达5.79mg/L,采用其它碳源时亚硝态氮几乎没有积累;当不投加外部碳源时,通过内源呼吸代谢作用进行硝化反硝化效果最差,总无机氮的去除率仅有20.4%。随着温度的上升,硝化和反硝化效果逐渐升高,其中硝化的最适温度是在27.3℃左右,氨氮的去除率高达91.1%,好氧反硝化过程对温度的耐受性比较好,在17.5～33.1℃时,平均去除率大于90%。     

一株好氧反硝化菌的同步脱氮降解苯胺特性

采用批式实验探究了碳源、抗生素、重金属对好氧反硝化苯胺降解菌株同步脱氮降解苯胺特性的影响。结果表明:经生理生化反应和16S r DNA测序,鉴定为不动杆菌属(命名为Acinetobacter sp.H3)。在30℃、90 r/min振荡培养条件下,异养硝化率、TN去除率、苯胺降解率最大分别达57.98%、54.24%、100%。在35μg/L抗生素和80 mg/L重金属胁迫下,苯胺仍能完全转化降解,好氧反硝化则受到了不同程度的抑制。     

A_2SBR工艺反硝化除磷系统的快速启动与稳定运行

为了实现废水同时脱氮除磷的目的,采用A2SBR工艺进行了长期的实验室实验,考察反硝化除磷系统的启动与运行效果。结果表明:在进水COD质量浓度200 mg/L,磷酸盐质量浓度4—11 mg/L,缺氧段硝酸盐质量浓度从25 mg/L提高到55 mg/L的条件下,采用"厌氧(2.5 h)-沉淀排水(1 h)-缺氧(3.5 h)-沉淀排水(1 h)"的周期性运行方式,可在31 d内成功启动A2SBR反硝化除磷系统,厌氧段COD、硝态氮和磷酸盐去除效率分别为77%,90%和84.96%。稳定运行后硝态氮和磷酸盐去除效率分别达到92%和91%,COD去除率高于80%,其出水磷酸盐质量浓度接近于0,表现出良好的反硝化脱氮和除磷性能。     

有机碳源和DO对短程硝化的影响

在SBR反应器中控制温度为(30±1)℃,pH为7.5～8.5,DO质量浓度为0.6～1.8mg·L-1,MLSS质量浓度稳定在5 000 mg·L-1左右,实现了短程硝化反硝化,并在C/N为1/1、1/2、1/4和DO质量浓度为0.3～O.4、0.4～0.6、0.6～1.6、1.6～2.0 mg·L-1的情况下,对亚硝酸氮累积的效果进行对比试验.结果表明,氨氮的去除率随着C/N的增加而降低,C/N=1/4时氨氮去除率达到98.3%,亚硝态氮的累积率达到了99.95%,DO质量浓度为0.6～1.6mg·L-1时最适合于同步硝化好氧反硝化脱氮.出水氨氮质量浓度为0.57mg·L-1,亚硝态盐氮质量浓度为125.78mg·L-1,硝酸盐氮质量浓度为O.26mg·L-1.     

溶解氧对亚硫酸盐型自养反硝化的影响

亚硫酸盐可代替碳源作为电子供体被脱氮硫杆菌利用进行反硝化,去除水中硝酸盐。亚硫酸钠可作为脱氧剂,在30℃,10.17 mmol/L的亚硫酸钠可在4 min内将水中DO降至0 mg/L。添加相同量亚硫酸钠,半封闭状态下,DO容易上升,稳定周期短,一个周期内硝态氮去除率仅为46.74%;而全封闭状态下,DO可长期稳定在0 mg/L,一个周期内硝态氮的去除率可达到97.74%。溶解氧会对亚硫酸盐型自氧反硝化产生抑制,通过改变亚硫酸钠投加量与采用全封闭状态可以消除抑制。     

硝态氮浓度对短程反硝化的反硝化速率影响研究

短程反硝化的反硝化过程是将水中的硝态氮反硝化控制在亚硝态氮阶段,亚硝态氮被直接还原成氮气的过程。硝态氮是亚硝态氮积累的来源,是影响短程反硝化过程的重要因素。通过改变硝态氮浓度,研究了不同浓度条件下的亚硝态氮的积累率,以及以短程反硝化的反硝化速率。结果表明,随着硝态氮浓度增加,亚硝态氮积累率先增大后趋于稳定,反硝化速率先增大再降低后趋于稳定,硝态氮浓度影响亚硝酸根积累率从而影响反硝化速率。实验采用双Monod方程模拟其反硝化过程动力学,根据方程可以预判不同硝态氮浓度下的反硝化速率。     

亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化组合工艺处理煤气化废水的研究

为了实现煤气化废水的经济有效脱氮，分别研究了单独亚硝化及其与厌氧氨氧化组合工艺对实验室模拟废水和实际煤气化废水的脱氮性能，分析了废水中苯酚对亚硝化反应器运行的影响及其自身转化。结果表明：质量浓度为7～50 mg/L的苯酚对亚硝化系统首先产生抑制，但随着运行时间延长，系统性能逐渐恢复。在处理实际煤气化废水时，逐渐增加进水中煤气化废水的比例，废水中毒性物质对亚硝化过程的影响能够被克服，亚硝化反应器可以实现稳定运行。在亚硝化反应器中，亚硝态氮积累率达90%左右，COD去除率达98%，反硝化脱氮对总氮的去除率达到60%左右；组合工艺中亚硝化反应器和厌氧氨氧化反应器均能够稳定运行，厌氧氨氧化脱氮率维持在70%左右；实际煤气化废水亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化全程氮去除率平均达到86%。     

菌株DN-3的分离鉴定及其脱氮性能研究

由活性污泥中分离得到一株脱氮菌株DN-3,通过对菌株形态观察、生理生化鉴定及16SrDNA序列分析,确定该菌株为脱氮副球菌属,该菌株可利用丁二酸钠和甲醇作为碳源和电子供体进行反硝化脱氮.在限氧条件下反应48 h时,总氮脱除率达99.9％;在好氧条件下反应48 h时,总氮脱除率只有37％.该菌株在限氧及好氧条件下,可利用氨氮进行异养-好氧反硝化,氨氮脱除率均可以达到99％以上;在限氧条件下,可单独利用硝态氮作为氮源进行反硝化脱氮.该菌株可实现同步硝化反硝化,可以独立完成生物脱氮的全部过程.     

Simultaneous heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification at high initial phenol concentration by isolated bacterium Diaphorobacter sp. PD-7

A strain capable of phenol degradation, heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification was isolated from activated sludge of coking-plant wastewater ponds under aerobic condition. Based on its morphology, physiology, biochemical analysis and phylogenetic characteristics, the isolate was identified as Diaphorobacter sp. PD-7. Biodegradation tests of phenol showed that the maximum phenol degradation occurred at the late phase of exponential growth stages, with 1400 mg·L-1 phenol completely degraded within 85 h. Diaphorobacter sp. PD-7 accumulated a vast quantity of phenol hydroxylase in this physiological phase, ensuring that the cel s quickly utilize phenol as a sole carbon and energy source. The kinetic behavior of Diaphorobacter sp. PD-7 in batch cultures was investigated over a wide range of initial phenol concentrations (0–1400 mg·L-1) by using the Haldane model, which adequately describes the dynamic behavior of phenol biodegradation by strain Diaphorobacter sp. PD-7. At initial phenol concentration of 1400 mg·L-1, batch experiments (0.25 L flask) of nitrogen removal under aerobic condition gave almost entirely removal of 120.69 mg·L-1 ammonium nitrogen within 75 h, while nitrate nitrogen removal reached 91%within 65 h. Moreover, hydroxylamine oxidase, periplasmic nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase were successful y expressed in the isolate.     

壳聚糖抑制饮用水中亚硝酸盐形成的研究

研究了活性炭、壳聚糖及m(活性炭)/m(壳聚糖)=1的混合物对水中亚硝酸盐含量的影响。通过对比研究,发现壳聚糖及m(活性炭)/m(壳聚糖)=1的混合物对饮用水中的亚硝酸盐均有一定去除作用,壳聚糖平均去除率为28 9%,m(活性炭)/m(壳聚糖)=1的混合物平均去除率为54 5%。m(活性炭)/m(壳聚糖)=1的混合物能有效抑制ρ(NaNO3)=1.0mg/L的水溶液中亚硝酸盐的形成,亚硝酸盐氮的质量浓度保持在0 006mg/L以下。     

低C/N比异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌筛选及硝化特性

针对生物法处理低C/N比废水存在碳源不足、脱氮效率不高问题,从石化废水处理厂活性污泥中分离得到一株低C/N比异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌株WUST-7。通过形态学观察、生理生化试验和16S rDNA序列分析,鉴定其为假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas sp.）。通过单因素实验,考察碳源种类、培养温度、初始pH和摇床转速对菌株硝化性能的影响,确定最优异养硝化培养条件为：丁二酸钠为碳源、培养温度30～35℃、初始pH8.0～9.0、摇床转速150～200r/min。在最优异养硝化条件下培养9h,可将初始浓度为107.52mg/L的氨氮去除90.64%,并且在整个培养过程中没有亚硝酸盐氮的积累,硝酸盐氮含量也始终低于3.5mg/L,总氮的去除率达88.63%。实验结果表明,菌株WUST-7在利用氨氮进行硝化反应的同时,还可以利用硝酸盐氮进行反硝化,具有良好的同步硝化反硝化潜能。     

取代苯氧乙酸二乙氨基乙醇酯的合成、表征及生物活性

以取代苯酚为原料亲核取代制得取代苯氧乙酸,采用硅胶负载四氯化锡为催化剂,二甲苯为溶剂,与二乙氨基乙醇发生酯化反应合成了6个苯氧乙酸二乙氨基乙醇酯衍生物。利用IR、1HNMR、13CNMR和MS对其结构进行了表征。初步的活性测试表明:与2,4-D(2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸)相比,大多数目标化合物均可促进玉米幼苗生长,提高玉米幼苗的硝酸还原酶活性,其中2-溴苯氧乙酸二乙氨基乙酯的处理质量浓度为20 mg/L时玉米幼苗硝酸还原酶活性最高。     

给水管网水中氯胺消毒的氨氮释放规律

研究了对不同氯氨比条件下氯胺释放氨氮的规律,考察了pH、有机物浓度、亚硝酸盐浓度和Fe2＋对氯胺释放氨氮规律的影响。结果表明随着氯氨比的增加氨氮释放量降低,Cl∶N＝3∶1和Cl∶N＝5∶1的氯胺释放氨氮的量分别为0．91和0．35 mg/L;pH对氯胺释放氨氮有一定影响,氨氮浓度随着pH升高而降低;有机物含量和亚硝酸盐浓度对氯胺释放氨氮有显著影响,随着有机物和亚硝酸盐含量的增加,氯胺释放的氨氮浓度增加;管网中的 Fe2＋也会加快氯胺释放氨氮的速度。     

nirS基因重组工程菌降解亚硝酸盐的初步研究

通过基因工程手段增加厌氧氨氧化菌亚硝酸盐还原酶(nitrite reductase,nirS)的表达量,运用质粒载体p GEM-T克隆nirS基因。琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测显示,nirS基因重组工程菌在440 bp处有明显的目的条带;nirS基因重组工程菌扩大培养7~8 h后即达到生长曲线稳定期,引入外加氮源后,菌体生长情况更优。通过不同菌液投加量以及处理不同初始浓度的亚硝酸钠溶液,检测nirS基因重组工程菌的性能。结果表明,当nirS基因重组工程菌投加30 m L(细菌数为2.3×107个/m L),亚硝酸盐初始质量浓度为40 mg/L时,亚硝酸盐去除率达到90%以上。nirS基因重组工程菌可适用于亚硝酸盐废水的处理。     

异养硝化菌的分离及脱氮特性研究

从活性污泥中分离得到异养硝化菌株Y1,该菌的最优硝化条件：C／N为9．6,温度为30％,初始pH为9．0,摇床转速为250r／min。在此条件下,初始浓度为152．88mg／L的氨氮经8h降解后浓度降低到4．02mg／L,硝化过程中未发现中间产物亚硝酸氮和硝酸氮积累。菌株Y．不仅具有异养硝化作用,还能以硝酸氮作为唯一氮源进行好氧反硝化作用,40h内对初始浓度为196mg／L的NO3--N降解率为99．05％。     

Nitrogen Removal Characteristics of a Newly Isolated Indigenous Aerobic Denitrifier from Oligotrophic Drinking Water Reservoir,Zoogloea sp. N299

Nitrogen is considered to be one of the most widespread pollutants leading to eutrophication of freshwater ecosystems, especially in drinking water reservoirs. In this study, an oligotrophic aerobic denitrifier was isolated from drinking water reservoir sediment. Nitrogen removal performance was explored. The strain was identified by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis as Zoogloea sp. N299. This species exhibits a periplasmic nitrate reductase gene (napA). Its specific growth rate was 0.22 h⁻¹. Obvious denitrification and perfect nitrogen removal performances occurred when cultured in nitrate and nitrite mediums, at rates of 75.53% ± 1.69% and 58.65% ± 0.61%, respectively. The ammonia removal rate reached 44.12% ± 1.61% in ammonia medium. Zoogloea sp. N299 was inoculated into sterilized and unsterilized reservoir source waters with a dissolved oxygen level of 5–9 mg/L, pH 8–9, and C/N 1.14:1. The total nitrogen removal rate reached 46.41% ± 3.17% (sterilized) and 44.88% ± 4.31% (unsterilized). The cell optical density suggested the strain could survive in oligotrophic drinking water reservoir water conditions and perform nitrogen removal. Sodium acetate was the most favorable carbon source for nitrogen removal by strain N299 (p < 0.05). High C/N was beneficial for nitrate reduction (p < 0.05). The nitrate removal efficiencies showed no significant differences among the tested inoculums dosage (p > 0.05). Furthermore, strain N299 could efficiently remove nitrate at neutral and slightly alkaline and low temperature conditions. These results, therefore, demonstrate that Zoogloea sp. N299 has high removal characteristics, and can be used as a nitrogen removal microbial inoculum with simultaneous aerobic nitrification and denitrification in a micro-polluted reservoir water ecosystem.     

苯酚对污水生物脱氮系统亚硝积累及污泥性能的影响

采用SBR缺氧/好氧反应工艺,研究了不同苯酚浓度对脱氮过程中亚硝积累与污泥性能的影响。结果表明,苯酚浓度在0~90 mg·L^-1变化时系统出现2次明显亚硝酸盐积累,最终稳定维持在70%±5%,低浓度(0~30 mg·L^-1)系统亚硝酸盐积累恢复是微生物改变自身结构及分泌胞外聚合物导致;高浓度(60~90 mg·L^-1)苯酚条件下亚硝积累是由于苯酚对AOB(ammonia-oxidizing bacteria,氨氮氧化细菌)和NOB(nitrite-oxidizing bacteria,亚硝酸氧化细菌)抑制作用引起的微生物种群改变形成。氨氮氧化速率和氮氧化物生成速率由10.85 mg N·(g MLSS)^-1·h^-1和10.12 mg N·(g MLSS)^-1·h^-1降低至2.79 mg N·(g MLSS)^-1·h^-1和2.32 mg N·(g MLSS)^-1·h^-1,亚硝酸盐积累率和氮氧化物生成速率呈现负相关性,与苯酚浓度呈正相关;荧光原位杂交表明苯酚的抑制使得硝化菌群结构发生了变化,AOB 相对数量由2.80%增加为9.30%。苯酚的可降解性使得系统污泥浓度由2500 mg·L^-1左右上升至5870 mg·L^-1。当EPS(extracellular polymeric substances,胞外聚合物)总量由67.20 mg·(g VSS)^-1减少至32.10 mg·(g VSS)^-1时,SVI从165 ml·g^-1降到50 ml·g^-1。亚硝酸盐积累、丝状菌和胞外聚合物是引起活性污泥系统SVI变化的原因,其中NAR影响最大,丝状菌次之。     

Stimulation of Phenol Removal Efficiency of Aspergillus versicolor by Surfactants,a Promising Way to Treat Phenol-Containing Waste Waters

The effect of the cationic surfactant, dodecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (DTAB), on phenol bioremoval efficiency of an Aspergillus versicolor strain was examined. The strain was grown in mineral salt (MS) medium and the effect of DTAB was investigated as a function of different pH values, phenol and surfactant concentrations. The effect of pH was tested within the range of 4–7 and the maximum bioremoval was found at pH 4. Initial phenol concentrations investigated ranged from 100 to 600 mg/L, and the effects of surfactant concentrations on the removal were tested with 0, 0.25, 0.5 and 1 mM DTAB, which showed that 0.5 mM surfactant was the most effective concentration. The maximum bioremoval rates found after 72 h incubation were 99.48 and 99.15 % in 100 and 200 mg/L initial phenol-containing samples, respectively, where the phenol removal capacity of the fungus was only 142.373 mg/g in the DTAB blank samples. The maximum phenol uptake capacity of 267.162 mg/g was measured in the presence of 0.5 mM DTAB at 200 mg/L initial phenol concentration. These results showed that DTAB considerably increased the bioremoval efficiency of the strain tested at relatively lower phenol concentrations. The feasibility of this bioremoval method for industrial wastewater treatment is discussed.