聚丙烯酸/锂藻土纳米复合水凝胶对亚甲基蓝吸附性能的研究

研究了聚丙烯酸/锂藻土纳米复合水凝胶对染料亚甲基蓝的吸附性能,考察了不同吸附条件,包括凝胶用量、染料浓度、吸附时间及溶液p H条件等对水凝胶吸附效果的影响。实验结果表明,水凝胶对亚甲基蓝的吸附过程在30 min内即能达到平衡,吸附速度快;最大吸附容量高达1 192.9 mg/g,是普通吸附剂吸附容量的几十倍,吸附效果好;凝胶的吸附等温线拟合结果符合Freundlich模型,动力学拟合结果显示,凝胶对亚甲基蓝的吸附过程符合二级动力学模型。     

PAA/PEG复合水凝胶膜的制备及其性能

以丙烯酸(AA)为单体、聚乙二醇(PEG)为大分子模板、N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂、过硫酸铵为引发剂,通过自由基溶液聚合法原位聚合制备了聚丙烯酸(PAA)/PEG复合水凝胶膜,研究了PEG用量对复合水凝胶成膜性、热稳定性、溶胀性能和力学性能的影响。结果表明:成功制备了PAA/PEG复合水凝胶膜;适量PEG的引入有利于复合水凝胶成膜;PAA/PEG复合水凝胶膜的热稳定性良好;PEG的引入对水凝胶膜的吸水溶胀性能不利;适量PEG有利于提高凝胶的力学性能,复合水凝胶膜软而韧;PEG与AA质量比为0.4的PAA/PEG复合水凝胶的拉伸强度和断裂标称应变最大,分别为1.58 MPa,414%。     

造纸废水提取物制备木质素水凝胶及其吸附性能研究

以造纸废液提取的亚铵木素为原料,以聚乙二醇二缩水甘油醚为交联剂,制备了一种多孔水凝胶,探索了最优条件下水凝胶的吸水溶胀性能。以亚甲基蓝阳离子型染料为模型,考察了亚铵木素水凝胶对其的吸附和解吸行为,实验结果表明亚铵木素水凝胶对亚甲基蓝吸附量大(为0.94 mg/L),吸附稳定性较好(最大脱吸附量仅为0.33 mg/L)。用该方法制备的水凝胶具有较好的溶胀性能、保水性能和吸附性能,在工业、农业等领域具有广阔的应用前景。     

半纤维素/TiO2复合凝胶的光催化降解性能

以半纤维素和TiO₂纳米粒子为原料制得半纤维素/TiO₂复合凝胶。分别用红外光谱分析和扫描电镜对复合水凝胶进行了表征,分析表明半纤维素上成功接枝聚丙烯酸,凝胶呈现多孔结构,且随着TiO₂含量的增加凝胶孔径减小。考察了半纤维素/TiO₂复合凝胶的溶胀性能以及对亚甲基蓝的光催化降解性能,研究表明半纤维素/TiO₂复合凝胶的溶胀率随着TiO₂粒子含量的增加而减小,随着pH的增大先增大后减小;对亚甲基蓝染料的降解率随着TiO₂含量的增加先增大后减小,随着pH的增大先增大后减小,随着亚甲基蓝初始浓度的增大而增大。     

有机/无机复合自修复水凝胶的制备及对Cu~(2+)吸附性能研究

以纳米粘土为交联剂制备了具有自修复性能的聚丙烯酰胺/海藻酸钠/粘土(PAM/SA/Clay)复合水凝胶。探讨了单体与粘土配比、单体与海藻酸钠配比等参数对水凝胶成胶性能的影响。重点对该复合水凝胶的自修复机理、自修复性能及对重金属(Cu~(2+))吸附性能进行评价。结果表明,该复合水凝胶中粘土与单体配比在1∶1时有良好的成胶性能;水凝胶的溶胀性能随粘土含量的增加而下降,最大溶胀率为20.3622g·g~(-1);随着海藻酸钠含量的升高,凝胶的重金属吸附性能提高,单体、粘土及海藻酸钠用量比为1∶1∶0.2时,24h吸附量最大为1.4300×10~(-5)mol·g~(-1);合成的水凝胶在室温下无需任何外加条件,24h即可实现损伤断面的良好的修复。     

半纤维素/TiO_2复合凝胶的光催化降解性能

以半纤维素和TiO_2纳米粒子为原料制得半纤维素/TiO_2复合凝胶。分别用红外光谱分析和扫描电镜对复合水凝胶进行了表征,分析表明半纤维素上成功接枝聚丙烯酸,凝胶呈现多孔结构,且随着TiO_2含量的增加凝胶孔径减小。考察了半纤维素/TiO_2复合凝胶的溶胀性能以及对亚甲基蓝的光催化降解性能,研究表明半纤维素/TiO_2复合凝胶的溶胀率随着TiO_2粒子含量的增加而减小,随着p H的增大先增大后减小;对亚甲基蓝染料的降解率随着TiO_2含量的增加先增大后减小,随着p H的增大先增大后减小,随着亚甲基蓝初始浓度的增大而增大。     

纳米铜碳/海藻酸钠复合水凝胶的制备及性能

以吸附了硫酸铜的天然棉纤维为原料,高温热解制备纳米铜碳复合材料(NCCC),并利用原位释放法以二价钙离子为交联剂制备出纳米铜碳复合材料/海藻酸钠(NCCC/SA)复合水凝胶,来缓释抑藻材料NCCC。调节CaCO₃/SA的质量比,考察海藻酸钠水凝胶的力学性能、溶胀和降解性能来优选凝胶载体。调节NCCC/SA质量比,考察NCCC/SA复合水凝胶力学性能、溶胀和降解性能。NCCC/SA质量比越大,复合水凝胶的力学性能越差,但其溶胀和降解性能几乎没有影响。为了应对动态水环境的使用要求,最终选用CaCO₃/SA的质量比为18.18%的海藻酸钠水凝胶为载体,NCCC/SA质量比为2∶1来制备复合水凝胶,并模拟NCCC的缓释,为NCCC应用于抑藻的研究奠定了理论基础。     

GO/GA-g-PAMPS复合水凝胶的制备及其对阳离子染料的吸附性能

以自制氧化石墨烯(GO)、阿拉伯胶(GA)、2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)为原料,采用一步水热法制备了GO/GA-g-PAMPS复合水凝胶,利用FTIR、XRD、SEM对复合水凝胶结构进行了表征。考察了水凝胶对阳离子染料亚甲基蓝(MB)和结晶紫(CV)的吸附性能。结果显示:在GO质量浓度为0.3 g/L、凝胶用量为0.05 g、溶液pH为7、温度为50℃、染料初始质量浓度为200 mg/L时,凝胶对MB和CV的吸附量和吸附率分别为395.68、381.70mg/g和98%、96%。经5次循环后,凝胶对MB和CV的吸附率仍能达到82.6%和81.2%。吸附等温线和动力学研究表明,凝胶对MB吸附更符合Freundlich模型,对CV的吸附更符合Langmuir模型,准二级动力学模型能更好地描述两种阳离子染料的吸附过程。热力学研究表明,水凝胶对两种染料吸附是自发、吸热和混乱度增加的过程。     

壳聚糖纤维/壳聚糖/海藻酸钠水凝胶溶胀性能与抑菌性能

制备了壳聚糖(CS)/海藻酸钠(SA)复合水凝胶,并通过加入吸水性壳聚糖长纤维、45%壳聚糖水刺无纺布、80%壳聚糖水刺无纺布、100%壳聚糖水刺无纺布、100%壳聚糖针刺无纺布这五种纤维,增强复合水凝胶的力学性能,探究了复合水凝胶的吸水溶胀性能与抑菌性能。结果表明,加入纤维后水凝胶在蒸馏水中的溶胀比明显降低,在碱性环境中,水凝胶的溶胀比显著上升,在偏中性环境中,水凝胶的溶胀比最低;加入纤维后,复合水凝胶仍具有一定的抑菌性,无纤维添加的水凝胶呈现出的抑菌能力一般,而加入了吸水性壳聚糖长纤维的具有最佳的抑菌性能。     

可注射甘油磷酸钠-壳聚糖/海藻酸钠复合水凝胶的制备及性能研究

通过物理交联方法,将海藻酸钠(SA)与甘油磷酸钠-壳聚糖(GP-CS)复合制备可注射GP-CS/SA复合水凝胶,考察了物料比(GP-CS与SA的质量比)对复合水凝胶凝胶化时间、溶胶含量、微观形态、热稳定性、平衡溶胀等物理化学性能的影响。结果表明,复合水凝胶中SA比例越大,凝胶化时间越短,溶胶含量越少;扫描电镜和红外光谱分析表明,GP-CS与SA通过物理交联形成三维网络结构的水凝胶;热重分析表明,复合水凝胶与GP-CS水凝胶的热稳定性没有很显著差异;平衡溶胀实验表明,随着SA比例的增大,复合水凝胶的溶胀率和平衡溶胀率升高。GP-CS/SA复合水凝胶比单一的GP-CS水凝胶具有更高的机械强度、更好的吸水性和平衡溶胀性能。     

Preparation and properties of poly(Nε,Nε-dicarboxymethyl-l-lysine)

A new ampholytic homopolypeptide, $\text{poly}\text{(N}{}^{\mathrm{\epsilon }}\text{,N}{}^{\mathrm{\epsilon }}\text{-}\text{dicarboxy-methyl-}\text{l}\text{-lysine}\text{)}$, which has one tertiary amino and two carboxyl groups in the side chain has been derived from a hydrochloride salt of poly(L-lysine). The polymer in aqueous solution seems to be in the coil form with locally extended structure (LES) at neutral pH. In both the acidic and alkaline regions, the molar ellipticity of the polymer changes as a result of change in net charge on the side chain. The conformational changes may be from the coil with LES to other coiled forms. 5–7 M NaClO₄ and 80% aqueous methanol induce the α-helix in the polymer at neutral pH. Divalent cations, Cu²⁺ and Ca²⁺, do not induce any remarkably ordered structures such as α-helix or β-structure in the polymer in aqueous solution at any pH. Ultraviolet absorption studies show an absorption peak of the polymer-Cu²⁺ complex near 240 nm. Dependence of the peak intensity on pH at various q values ($\text{q =}\text{[}\text{Cu}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{]}\text{[}\text{residue}\text{]}$) indicates the two steps of the complex formation. At q less than 0.64, the formation is described only with the first step. An average coordination number for Cu²⁺ at the first step was calculated to be about 2 by the method of Mandel and Leyte. The association constant of Cu²⁺ with the residue at the step was determined from the absorption data to be far smaller than that for the Cu²⁺-EDTA complex. The second step of the formation occurs in the case of large q but the absorption data for the second step cannot be obtained exactly due to precipitation.     

Wet Milling of Fe/Al/Al2O3 and Fe2O3/Al/Al2O3 Powder Mixtures

Wet milling of Al₂O₃-aluminide alloy (3A) precursor powders in acetone has been investigated by milling Fe/Al/Al₂O₃ and Fe₂O₃/Al/Al₂O₃ powder mixtures. The influence of the milling process on the physical and chemical properties of the milled powders has been studied. Particle refinement and homogenization were found not to play a dominant role, whereas plastic deformation of the metal particles leads to the formation of dislocations and a highly disarranged polycrystalline structure. Although no chemical reactions among the powder components in Fe₂O₃/Al/Al₂O₃ powder mixtures were observed, the formation of a nanocrystalline, ordered intermetallic FeAl phase in Fe/Al/Al₂O₃ powder mixtures caused by mechanical alloying was detected. Chemical reactions of Fe and Al particle surfaces with the atmosphere and the milling media lead to the formation of highly porous hydroxides on the particle surfaces. Hence the specific surface area of the powders increases, while the powder density decreases during milling. The fraction of Fe oxidized during milling was determined to be 0.13. The fraction of Al oxidized during milling strongly depends on the metal content of the powder mixture. It ranges between 0.4 and 0.8.     

Sintering of Si3N4-Y2O3-Al2O3

Sintering kinetics of the system Si₃N4-Y2O₃-Al₂O3 were determined from measurements of the linear shrinkage of pressed disks sintered isothermally at 1500° to 1700°C. Amorphous and crystalline Si₃N₄ were studied with additions of 4 to 17 wt% Y₂O₃ and 4 wt% A1₂O₃. Sintering occurs by a liquid-phase mechanism in which the kinetics exhibit the three stages predicted by Kingery's model. However, the rates during the second stage of the process are higher for all compositions than predicted by the model. X-ray data show the presence of several transient phases which, with sufficient heating, disappear leaving mixtures of β ' -Si₃N₄ and glass or β '-Si₃N₄, α '-Si₃N₄, and glass. The compositions and amounts of the residual glassy phases are estimated.     

Participation of lewis base on vinyl chloride polymerization with Al(C2H5)3CCl4 catalyst system

The polymerization of vinyl chloride has been investigated using an $\text{Al}\text{(}\text{C}{}_2\text{H}{}_5\text{)}{}_3\text{CCl}{}_4$ catalyst system in the presence of various Lewis bases. Effective Lewis bases are γ-butyrolactone, diglyme and diethylenetriamine which are multidentate. The rate of polymerization is dependent not only on the basicity of the Lewis base used but also on a coordination number of one. The latter is the predominant factor. For the effect of polymeric amines, a tentative hypothesis is discussed.     

Synthesis and Characterization of Ti0.33Ta0.33Nb0.33C and Ti0.33Ta0.33Nb0.33CxN1-x Whiskers

Ta_0.33Ti_0.33Nb_0.33C and Ta_0.33Ti_0.33Nb_0.33C _x N_{1− x} whiskers were synthesized via a carbothermal vapor-liquid-solid growth mechanism in the temperature range 900°-1450°C in Ar or N₂. The optimum temperature was 1250°C. Whiskers were obtained in a yield of 70-90 vol%. The whiskers were 0.5–1 µm in diameter and 10–30 µm in length. The starting materials that produced the highest whisker yield were: TiO₂, Ta₂O₅, Nb₂O₅, C, Ni, and NaCl. C was added to reduce the oxides, and Ni to catalyze whisker growth. NaCl was used as a source of Cl for vapor-phase transportation of Ta and Nb oxochlorides and Ti chlorides to the catalyst. The catalyst metal was recycled several times during the synthesis and was transported as NiCl₂( g ) according to thermodynamic calculations. The rate of formation and the chemical composition of the whiskers depended on the synthesis temperature, the choice of catalyst, and the atmosphere. At low temperatures, the whiskers were enriched in Nb and Ta, whereas the Ti content increased with increased synthesis temperature.