油气长输管道第三方施工标准化研究

油气长输管道是目前我国石油、天然气输送的主要途径,但是随着我国工业化和城乡现代化建设发展,油气长输管道周围的环境在不断发生变化,第三方施工成为目前我国危害油气长输管道安全运行的重要原因之一。本文对我国常见的第三方施工破坏情形、我国油气长输管道第三方施工相关要求等方面进行总结分析,并指出目前造成第三方施工破坏的客观原因及监管中存在问题,提出油气长输管道第三方施工监管标准化相关建议,为提升我国油气长输管道第三方施工监管水平提供科学参考。     

管道第三方破坏泄漏扩散模型研究

管道输送是石油与天然气最经济、合理的运输方式。随着油气田内部管网和长输油气管道的大量铺设以及在役管道服役时间的增长,管道失效事故时有发生。管道第三方破坏是指第三方在从事其它活动过程时,因为不了解管道的地下位置或者无视输气(油)管道的危险性所造成的管道损坏。管道第三方破坏已成为气(油)管道事故风险因素中的首要因素。针对当前国内外油气管道运行现状指出开展油气管道第三方破坏风险评估技术研究的紧迫性,研究了管道第三方破坏的泄漏扩散模型,为第三方破坏的定量分析提供了计算模型支撑。最后,提出几点有助于加快我国油气管道第三方破坏风险评估技术步伐以及完善油气管道完整性管理机制的建议。     

油气管道第三方破坏及其监控管理方法

油气管道第三方破坏已经上升为管道失效的主要原因,文章阐述了管道第三方破坏的主要原因及表现形式,并简单介绍了5种对油气管道第三方破坏的监控管理方法一声学监测、光纤系统、卫星监测、阴极保护监测及呼叫系统,这对以后管道的安全管理与运行有重要的意义.     

基于屏障的海底管道第三方破坏风险评价方法研究

海底管道是油气资源运输的主要方式。随着油气资源的大量开采,受海洋特殊工况的影响,风浪流的冲刷、各种船只的随机性载荷作用,导致海底管道遭受第三方破坏的风险增加。在统计海底管道事故的基础上,综合考虑海底管道第三方破坏主要因素,利用安全屏障理论,构建海底管道第三方破坏模型,提出基于Bow-Tie模型的海底管道第三方破坏风险评价方法,提高对海底管道事故和风险的防控能力,为海底管道安全管理提供可靠的技术支持。     

强化管道风险控制降低第三方施工破坏

油气输送管道的安全运行,才能达到预期的输送效率。而对于管道的安全平稳运行,需要合理控制管道的安全风险,降低第三方施工造成的破坏,引起第三方施工单位的注意,避免对油气输送管道造成破坏。     

天然气长输管道第三方破坏现状分析

为了防止天然气长输管道运行受到第三方影响,调研了国内外天然气长输管道第三方破坏现状。通过分析国内外输气管道不同失效原因的事故率及发展趋势,总结我国输气管道第三方破坏管理方法存在的问题。分析结果表明:我国第三方破坏所占比例远高于国外管道行业发达国家,应采取管道监测方法对第三方破坏进行。通过对管道第三方破坏事件进行实时监测,可以有效减少管道破坏受到第三方破坏的影响。     

浙江省级天然气管道第三方破坏失效概率计算方法探讨

第三方破坏不仅取决于管道自身条件,而且还受外部环境、运行管理条件的直接影响,所引起的管道失效概率具有很强的随机性。本文对欧洲输气管道失效数据库提供的相关失效数据进行线性回归分析,结合浙江省级天然气管道运行情况,基于风险评估第三方破坏评分体系与权重确定方法,综合考虑管道环境和运行管理条件,提出了管道第三方破坏失效概率预测模型。运用VB语言编制了计算程序,对8条管线进行计算,计算结果表明:对浙江省级天然气管道失效概率影响最大的因素是管径、壁厚和埋深。所建立的预测模型可作为评判输气管道第三方破坏的量化指标,为浙江省级天然气管道的运行、维护和检测提供参考依据。     

油气管道输送过程中的安全保护措施

油气管道输送过程中,存在各种安全隐患,如果不加以控制和管理,就会影响到油气输送管道的安全。如第三方的施工破坏,导致管道的泄漏事故的发生,引起严重的安全事故,给油气的输送造成巨大的经济损失,并带来安全风险,必须解决油气输送管道的安全问题,采取科学的保护措施,保证油气输送管道的安全运行。     

成品油管道在线泄漏检测技术新进展

智能化管道和智慧管网都离不开管道泄漏监测。生态环境建设的加强、第三方施工的影响、打孔盗油事件的发生、地质灾害对油气管道的破坏等,都需要精准、有效地发现和管控管道泄漏。本文概述了目前国内外输油管道在线泄漏的检测方法,详细介绍了基于模型修正与专家诊断的成品油管道在线泄漏检测新技术,通过实际应用展现了该技术的先进性,为输油管道企业乃至行业提供了可靠的经验。     

长输油气管道第三方施工预防与管控

现代人们对油气的需求量不断变大,而油气管道为油气运输过程中最常用的一种方式,其在油气运输过程中发挥着重要作用。近几年,人们加强了对长输油气管道施工的研究,在实际施工过程中,应当做好第三方施工预防与管控,通过该方式提高长输油气管道工程质量,完成对油气的安全运输。     

乙苯,苯乙烯的生产及合成乙苯,苯乙烯催化剂的研究进展

苯乙烯是重要的石油化工原料。本文介绍了国内外苯乙烯生产的发展概况，合成乙苯，苯乙烯所用的催化剂种类，并就苯乙烯生产及催化剂的发展趋势提出了自己的观点。     

Synthesis and characterization of homopolymers and copolymers of various acrylates and acrylonitrile

Various homopolymers and copolymers of methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, and acrylonitrile in different feed ratios were synthesized. These were characterized by IR, ¹³C-NMR, DSC, DTA, and TGA. Spectroscopic characterization helped in differentiating copolymers of different mol ratios. Thermal analysis revealed different degradation patterns for homopolymers and copolymers. The temperature and energy changes associated with various phase transitions were dependent on the chemical composition of homo- and copolymers, as expected. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

生物质气化及生物质与煤共气化技术的研发与应用

总结了生物质原料的特点及生物质单独气化的缺点;介绍了国内外生物质气化技术及生物质与煤共气化技术的研发与应用现状;分析了在此领域国内外的发展趋势与前景;概括了开展生物质与煤共气化技术研发的意义。     

Electronic structures and reactivities of monometallic and bimetallic clusters of Au and Cu

The variation of the Au 4f binding energy of Au clusters with the cluster size has been established by measuring the binding energies of clusters whose size distributions were independently determined by HREM and STM. The binding energy increases significantly when the cluster size is less than 2 nm. Au-Cu bimetallic clusters of the composition Cu₃Au have been deposited for the first time on carbon substrates. The shifts in the core level binding energies of the bimetallic clusters show the effect of alloying in the case of large clusters, but show effects of both alloying and cluster size in the case of the small clusters. The interaction of CO with Cu₃Au clusters is stronger than with a bulk Cu metal. The interaction of CO with small Cu clusters also seems to be stronger than with bulk Cu or with large Cu clusters.     

钾盐资源及钾肥供需情况分析及预测

阐述了国内外钾盐资源及钾肥生产现状,对国内外钾盐的供需形势进行了分析及预测,从资源、原材料、国际市场三方面提出了解决我国钾盐短缺的措施。     

Kinetics and Mechanism of Oxidation of Mono- and Polyacetals

Abstract

Kinetics and mechanisms of oxidation of 6 acetals by molecular oxygen and ozone in liquid phase have been studied. Reaction with molecular oxygen (70°C, 15–16 hr) leads to the formation monoethers of the corresponding glycols with 68–90% selectivity. Salts of metals and complexes with crown-ethers have increased the reaction rate significally. Ozone have reacted with acetals with formation similar products. The mechanisms of intermediate stages have been proposed.     

Comparison of the Adhesion and Cohesion of Triblock and Random Copolymers of Styrene and Butadiene

A substantially greater detachment energy is required to strip a polyethylene tereph-thalate (Mylar) film from a styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) triblock copolymer compared to that for peeling from a random styrene-butadiene (SBR) copolymer. This is true even though the intrinsic interaction between the Mylar and each elastomer is expected to be similar because of their virtually identical chemical composition. It is proposed that this difference in peel strength (between the SBS and SBR) is a consequence of the much higher dissipative capacity of the former elastomer. Another manifestation of this is the higher cohesive tear strength of the SBS compared to the SBR. Extents of energy dissipation within each elastomer during detachment of the Mylar adherend are consistent with the hypothesis that the average maximum stress experience before detachment is some similar fraction of each elastomer's tensile strength.     

责任和责任心的涵义与结构

责任是人应主动承担的角色义务和对其因过失所造成后果应承担的责罚.有两层涵义:一是义务;二是后果.责任心是个体自觉做好分内事务和履行道德义务的心理倾向,是个性心理品质成分中自我特征维度上的重要内容.责任心具有两个方面的涵义:一是角色分内职责;二是角色道德义务.责任心是一种通过责任认知、责任个性和责任适应的动态形式表现出来的静态品质,责任心是责任心过程结构与责任心关系结构相互制约、相互影响的统一体.     

二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵和丙烯酰胺的合成及应用

用复合引发体系(过硫酸盐-偶氮类引发剂)和脂肪胺类氧化还原体系引发,在实验室获得了单体转化率≥98%,特性粘数高于13.6 dL/g的阳离子共聚物PDA,探讨了控制聚合物分子量的影响因素.     

Wetting properties of homopolymers and copolymers of pentafluorostyrene and methylacrylate and homopolymer blends

Polypentafluorostyrene (PPFS), polymethylacrylate (PMA), and poly(pentafluorostyrene-co-methylacrylate), poly(PFS-co-MA) were prepared and the wetting characteristics of polymer blends of PPFS and PMA were compared with that of poly(PFS-co-MA) via contact angle measurements. The critical surface tension of polypentafluorostyrene was found to be 22.6 dyne/cm, which is comparable to the value reported for polytrifluoroethylene (22 dyne/cm). The critical surface tension of poly(PFS-co-MA) is not linearly related to its composition. The polymer blends of PPFS and PMA exhibit significant surface enrichment of the fluoropolymer. The harmonic-mean method¹ was employed to determine surface tensions of these polymers and many known polymers. It is found that the method produces useful surface tension data provided the contact angle values are derived from testing liquids of dissimilar polarity.